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Notice that the time estimate in African “pastoralist” SLC24A5 is 5ky older than Europeans. In other words…..no wonder Europeans were black about 6000BC. La Brana
--------------- Mechanisms of phenotype evolution OTH-MP10 Rapid Evolution of Lighter Skin Pigmentation in Southern Africa Meng Lin , Carlos Bustamante 3, 3, Brenna Henn 2
Abstract: Skin pigmentation is under strong directional selection, with lighter skin in northern European and East Asian populations, and darker skin in equatorial populations. However, selection on skin color and its mechanisms have only rarely been elucidated in studies of other populations worldwide. KhoeSan populations in far southern Africa, who are among the earliest diverged human populations, possess lightened skin pigmentation. We sequenced pigmentation genes to high coverage in over 400 KhoeSan individuals and demonstrate that a canonical skin pigmentation gene, SLC24A5, experienced recent adaptive evolution in the KhoeSan. The functionally causative skin lightening allele is present at a high frequency of 24% in the KhoeSan, ***after controlling ****for the recent European gene flow. The effect size of the allele is slightly larger than the mean pigmentation difference between Europeans and East Asians, explaining 11.9% of the variance in pigmentation in the KhoeSan. Haplotype analysis indicates that the derived haplotypes in these populations are identical to those fixed in Europeans. Using a hidden Markov model, we estimate the age of the ancestral haplotype carrying the derived allele in KhoeSan to be 18 kya [12 kya – 42 kya], somewhat older than the age of the allele in Europeans at 13 kya [6 kya – 41 kya]. We hypothesize!!!!!!! that the allele was only introduced into the KhoeSan within the past 3,000 years, likely by pastoralists moving from eastern Africa to southern Africa while retaining non-African admixture. We test this hypothesis using an approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) approach, incorporating demographic models and selection. The SLC24A5 locus is a rare example of strong, ongoing, parallel adaptation adopted through gene flow in recent human history. We demonstrate a novel strategy of tracing the selection on both the genotype and corresponding phenotype, by modeling the signal from the genetic association and its selection through demographic history. Expanded summary*: Human skin pigmentation is among the most notably diverse phenotypes across populations. It’s also one of the most strongly selected phenotypes in the recent human adaptation history, mirroring the migration paths to different latitudes where ultraviolet radiation (UVR) varies. To present, the genetic basis and evolution of skin pigmentation have been primarily studied in light skinned northern Europeans and East Asians, mostly discovered through strong signals in selection scans. The evolution mechanism of skin color in other parts of the world remains a huge mystery. In this study, we explore a rapid adaptation scenario of a skin lightening allele with large effect in KhoeSan population from the far southern Africa. Among the earliest diverged human populations, KhoeSan possess relatively light skin as compared to their Bantu-speaking neighbors. Through our association study in two KhoeSan communities, we found a large effect variant in the canonical pigmentation gene SLC24A5 that lightens skin pigmentation by 4 melanin units, and explains 12% of the phenotypic variance. This nonsynonymous variant is present at a high allele frequency of 38% in our cohort, which cannot be explained by the proportion of recent gene flow from Europeans. After targeted sequencing this region at high coverage in 430 individuals from this cohort, we demonstrate that the derived haplotypes in KhoeSan are identical to those fixed in Europeans, forming a strong starburst pattern in the network. Time of origin of the derived allele in the two populations are estimated to overlap with each other (18 kya[12 kya – 42 kya] in KhoeSan vs. 13kya[6 kya – 41 kya] in Europeans). The possible introduction of this allele to KhoeSan is about 2~3 kya via gene flow from eastern African pastoralists, who carried non-African admixture HA! Ha! hA! hA!. We test this hypothesis using an approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) approach, incorporating demographic models and selection. The broader implications and significance include that 1) our finding shows a rare case of strong selection on an allele introduced through introgression in human history; 2) method wise, we demonstrate a novel strategy of tracing the selection on both the genotype and corresponding phenotype, by modeling the signal from the genetic association and its selection through demographic history; 3) as an example of exploring selection in an understudied population, our finding enriches the understanding of the story on convergent evolution of light skin pigmentation
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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Just more confirmation of what we deduced here 5 years ago; The origin of OCA defect and first "white" people on the planet where African.
About 20 years ago while perusing the US library Of Congress, I find a photo entitled, "An African Caucasian, White tribe". The photo showed a tribe of African albinos. Sadly, the photo can no longer be accessed.
My guess is that Europeans who claim that whites have always been in Africa may be confusing Europeans whites with African albinos.
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OCA was not even mentioned, so no, the article is not confirming anything about OCA.
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To those who haven’t connected the dots. FortyTribes, Capra, ELMaestro, Ish, sage, Lioness , Swenet etc. The author is caught between a “rock and a hard place”. Why? Convoluted logic and maintaining the status quo. SLC24A5 is ***OLDER*** in the African Khoe-San compared to Europeans. Yet the author is postulating that Eurasian “pastoralists” gave the gene to the San. But to be fair the author stated pastoralist carrying “Eurasian” Admixture. He did not outright said that “Eurasian” admixture is not indigenous to Africa. Henn is good. That is why I like her. She plays it down the middle. Remember she stated to confirm her bs theory of back-migration was through further testing using uniparental markers. Ie Haplogroups. We know where yDNA E originated.
Which came first the chicken or the egg?
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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aDNA reveals a different demographic impact of the Neolithic transition in South and North of Spain -Gloria Gonzalez 1,*, 2, Guido Barbujani 1 Abstract:
Ancient DNA (aDNA) studies are strongly contributing to shed light on a widely debated topic in archaeology, anthropology and population genetics: the dynamics of the spread of farming into Europe, or Neolithic transition. In the last few years, nuclear aDNA from prehistoric samples have led to identify the genetic legacy of the Neolithic and later human migrations into modern Europeans. Far from closing the debate, these palaeogenomes are revealing a complicated scenario, where the demographic impact of the Neolithic transition seems to have been different in different geographic areas. Describing in detail how the transition occurred in each area, and by which combination of demic and cultural changes, is now an important research priority. The Iberian Peninsula, at the western edge of major human migrations is a particular interesting area for understanding otherwise elusive aspects of European prehistory. We have taken advantage of the high percentage of endogenous DNA preserved in the petrous bone to recover nuclear genomes from Spanish prehistoric samples by shotgun sequencing. The newly generated genome data has revealed a different demographic impact of the Neolithic transition in North and South of Spain, with northern populations having a smaller Middle East component in their gene pool than southern populations. Furthermore, the palaeogenetic data has revealed prehistoric contacts between the Iberian and African populations dated back to ***at least 3000 years ****before present.
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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quote:Originally posted by xyyman: [QB] To those who haven’t connected the dots. FortyTribes, Capra, ELMaestro, Ish, sage, Lioness , Swenet etc. The author is caught between a “rock and a hard place”. Why? Convoluted logic and maintaining the status quo. SLC24A5 is ***OLDER*** in the African Khoe-San compared to Europeans. Yet the author is postulating that Eurasian “pastoralists” gave the gene to the San.
the derived allele SLC24A5 is the allele before it was in mutated form causing depigmentation, that is what is older in Khosians they are saying. This specific mutation in SLC24A5 is called A111T
Posts: 42918 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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quote:Originally posted by xyyman: [QB] To those who haven’t connected the dots. FortyTribes, Capra, ELMaestro, Ish, sage, Lioness , Swenet etc. The author is caught between a “rock and a hard place”. Why? Convoluted logic and maintaining the status quo. SLC24A5 is ***OLDER*** in the African Khoe-San compared to Europeans. Yet the author is postulating that Eurasian “pastoralists” gave the gene to the San.
the derived allele SLC24A5 is the allele before it was in mutated form causing depigmentation, that is what is older in Khosians they are saying. This specific mutation in SLC24A5 is called A111T [/Q]
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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Lioness. Is English your first language? I know you like to pose as a sista from the hood. But Ebonics is not included.
quote:
1. Haplotype analysis indicates that the derived haplotypes in these populations are identical to those fixed in Europeans. 2. the age of the ***ancestral haplotype** carrying the*** derived allele*** in KhoeSan to be 18 kya [12 kya – 42 kya], somewhat older than the age of the allele in Europeans
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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quote:Originally posted by xyyman: Lioness. Is English your first language? I know you like to pose as a sista from the hood. But Ebonics is not included.
quote:
1. Haplotype analysis indicates that the derived haplotypes in these populations are identical to those fixed in Europeans. 2. the age of the ***ancestral haplotype** carrying the*** derived allele*** in KhoeSan to be 18 kya [12 kya – 42 kya], somewhat older than the age of the allele in Europeans
again
the "derived allele" is the allele before it was in the mutated form causing depigmentation
A specific mutation in SLC24A5 is called A111T
But not all SLC24A5 carriers have that later mutation
You don't seem to know what a derived allele is. That is why they could even hypothesize 3,000 years ago when the derived allele is much older
Posts: 42918 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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quote:Originally posted by xyyman: To those who haven’t connected the dots. FortyTribes, Capra, ELMaestro, Ish, sage, Lioness , Swenet etc. The author is caught between a “rock and a hard place”. Why? Convoluted logic and maintaining the status quo. SLC24A5 is ***OLDER*** in the African Khoe-San compared to Europeans. Yet the author is postulating that Eurasian “pastoralists” gave the gene to the San. But to be fair the author stated pastoralist carrying “Eurasian” Admixture. He did not outright said that “Eurasian” admixture is not indigenous to Africa. Henn is good. That is why I like her. She plays it down the middle. Remember she stated to confirm her bs theory of back-migration was through further testing using uniparental markers. Ie Haplogroups. We know where yDNA E originated.
Which came first the chicken or the egg?
Why are you using my name, when you don't know what I have or haven't connected?
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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Sorry Lioness, the derived allele *is* the skin-lightening variant in this case.
quote:Originally posted by Henn et al Haplotype analysis and demographic models indicate that the allele was introduced into the KhoeSan only within the past 3,000 years likely by eastern African pastoralists. The most common haplotype is shared among the KhoeSan, eastern Africans and Europeans but has risen to a frequency of 25%, far greater than expected given initial gene flow. The SLC24A5 locus is a rare example of strong, ongoing adaptation in very recent human history.
Came together with the East African autosomal signature, East African Y hg E-M293, and East African lactase persistence allele - and for whatever reason it's been selected for. It's common in Ethiopia and also appears to be under selection there.
The derived SLC24A5 allele is not believed to be from Europe in the first place. Earliest known example is from Georgia 13 000 years ago AFAIK, though it is found in East European hunter-gatherers already in the Mesolithic, so not exclusively of West Asian farmer origin.
Sounds like we will see a paper about Khoisan genetic adaptation sometime soon, should be interesting.
While you're connecting those dots, xyyman, don't forget to connect up that 3000 year old Tanzanian pastoralist with ~38% West Eurasian ancestry, and those 2000 year old South African Khoesan without any Eurasian ancestry. Posts: 660 | From: Canada | Registered: Mar 2017
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Ish. I am interested in your opinion as what Capra and Lioness gave.
I was just "throwing out my line" to no one particular but the usual players.
Anyone. Capra is the spin-master. Lioness he has you beat. lol!
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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Sexual selection or LD with more important traits such as lactase persistence or another disease related variant could explain selection, either that or massive population reduction size due to a genocide we don't know about.
And the A111T reffers to the Haplogroup lioness, we spoke about this before, I previously stated If the mutation occurs without the A111T Haplogroup that Slc24a5 was African or near Eastern... You were warned bro.
Posts: 1781 | From: New York | Registered: Jul 2016
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No Capra. First off That is bs. The “haplotype” is older in Khoi-San. Meaning the variation AROUND the allele is much higher in these African. Just as we saw in that La Brana paper for both the SLC45A2 and SLC24A5 alleles. The 13,000year old Eurasian was probably non-homozygous. Meaning far from fixed. In addition the haplotype is 18Kyo in Khoe-San. If I am a betting man. They will NOT provide data ie a comparison between Khoe-San and East Africans and Near East populations. They will NOT. They will leave it at …”based upon popular ARCHEOLOGICAL evidence” . They will NOT provide any genetic comparison.
I know their game now. They will not provide that data because they CAN”T!!!! lol. Lying Europeans!!!
BTW- Thanks for not making Lioness continue making a fool of themselves.
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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Man that logic sounds fucked up. The trait is 18 000 years old in the Khoisan, and 13 000 years old in Europeans/ Eurasians. But the Europeans managed to introduce it into Khoisan. How? A prehistoric time machine? Maybe that's what Stonehenge was. Razib I think is tweeting about the same thing Razib Khan ,and he is just as confused. The more African DNA that comes out, the harder will be the dick slap to the face.
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Could be LD with something disease-related maybe, LCT is on different chromosome. Or the SLC24A5 variant itself could have some sort of beneficial effect in other tissues but you need relaxed selection on skin pigmentation for it to be worthwhile.
Don't think a bottleneck makes sense, it would show up in other data and the allele is under selection in distant populations.
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Xyyman is so reckless and unfettered, I think he finally stumbled his way to gold. ha ha ha...
Posts: 288 | From: Asia | Registered: Mar 2016
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quote:Originally posted by Mansamusa: Man that logic sounds fucked up. The trait is 18 000 years old in the Khoisan, and 13 000 years old in Europeans/ Eurasians. But the Europeans managed to introduce it into Khoisan. How? A prehistoric time machine?
*You* don't understand it, doesn't mean it's illogical. Means you need to learn to understand it, or chill out and wait for informed criticism from someone who does. Which would not be xyyman, who is a deeply ignorant bullshitter.
No one is claiming that Europeans brought it to South Africa. It probably came from Asia to both Europe and South Africa separately (not that we know the origin for sure of course). Europeans do not represent all Eurasians. The age of the ancestral haplotype is not the age of introduction in Khoisan.
(Well of course Europeans did bring it to South Africa as well but they don't appear to be the main source.)
PS
Look, when people showed up in South Africa (or Europe) carrying the SLC24A5 derived haplotype they were not all carrying exactly the same version, okay? They were carrying different variations, and the common ancestor of these variations lived 18 000 years ago, give or take umpteen thousand years. That doesn't mean the common ancestor *lived in South Africa*.
Posts: 660 | From: Canada | Registered: Mar 2017
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"finally"? GTFOH! I post only gold. :rolleyes: :D
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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quote:Originally posted by capra: Could be LD with something disease-related maybe [.....] Or the SLC24A5 variant itself could have some sort of beneficial effect in other tissues but you need relaxed selection on skin pigmentation for it to be worthwhile.
I'm leaning towards the former, however when you say "worth while" what do you mean? The very recent bottleneck is unlikely, but it's possible, I find it strange all together how much pigment related Variants are found in southern Africa at moderate to high frequencies... I was thinking this all was a product of relaxation in lack of selection pressure from High intensity UV radiation. skin color Variation could've been more diverse on the continent going further into the past.
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BlessedbyHorus Xyyman made some threads that had some very informative posts within them, such as the "haplogroup H" and "White Europeans speak about black Europeans" Where are they??
Posts: 1781 | From: New York | Registered: Jul 2016
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Seeing some really good threads being posted. I've always maintained that Africa has a lot of secrets in store especially fr the Eurocentrist/Arabist/Hamitic cohort.
As an aside, wouldn't the environment also have played a factor in the selection? I always figured populations in southernmost Africa and Far northwestern Africa would be the lightest per this breakdown(yet I also figured geneflow from inner Africa would still keep these people relatively dark)
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Meet on the Level, act upon the Plumb, part on the Square. Posts: 574 | From: Guinee | Registered: Jul 2014
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I doubt environment played that much of a role because there was a thread here or at deshret that the either Inuit were darker than the Khoisan. I couldn't find it but found something else.
quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: OCA was not even mentioned, so no, the article is not confirming anything about OCA.
You also believe the chicken comes before the egg.
Now we have to wait an additional 5 years before white researchers release a paper confirming OCA is older than SLC24A5. Then ES can get all giddy again.
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I'm still waiting to see how this translates to "White Africans" as the sensationalist thread title states. Khoisan aren't white by any stretch of your imagination.
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Meet on the Level, act upon the Plumb, part on the Square. Posts: 574 | From: Guinee | Registered: Jul 2014
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Here is a Lady taking a DNA test at first I thought she was white,she's African but like most aframs she's mostly African,xyman posted a lot of stuff showing whites are a combo group of earlier and Neolithic Africans whose feature quickly changed. @2:04 https://youtu.be/srURDoK0US0Posts: 1123 | From: New York | Registered: Feb 2016
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quote:Originally posted by Narmerthoth: Now we have to wait an additional 5 years before white researchers release a paper confirming OCA is older than SLC24A5. Then ES can get all giddy again.
I'm curious, what do you mean by OCA? And what was it that EgyptSearch has been saying for past 8 years that this study has confirmed?
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quote:Originally posted by Punos_Rey: I'm still waiting to see how this translates to "White Africans" as the sensationalist thread title states. Khoisan aren't white by any stretch of your imagination.
Technically, whites would say he is "white" and probably that he inherited it from back migrating European "Eurasians". His family albinism is documented to go back 1000 years. The female who introduced the defect into his family tree 1000 years ago is also documented as being an African albino
-------------------- Selenium gives real life and true reality Posts: 4693 | From: Saturn | Registered: Apr 2012
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quote:Originally posted by BlessedbyHorus: I am seeing recently that they are Eurasianizing all African diversity.
Yep, while it is the other way around.
It all started as hostilely and resistance towards the OoA-theory.
Research has been put into the people who brought the OoA-theory, however no research has been done on the folks who brought in the Back-Migration-theory.
I think that will give answers we are looking for, because it appears that these "Caucasian-Eurasians" were magnificent.
It is now also suggested that the went deep into the Kalahari desert. I think these people have no idea what the Kalahari is about, not by a stretch of imagination. Topographically it's nonsense.
However, heterozygosity is found in these African populations.
quote: Within Africa, the most private alleles were in southern Africa, reflecting those in southern African Khoesan (SAK) San and !Xun/Khwe populations (fig. S6C) (12).
--Sarah A. Tishkoff et al.
quote: In contrast, the ancestors of the non-Khoisan groups, including Bantu-speakers and non-Africans, experienced population declines after the split and lost more than half of their genetic diversity.
--Hie Lim Kim et al. Khoisan hunter-gatherers have been the largest population throughout most of modern-human demographic history
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Originally posted by Mansamusa: Man that logic sounds fucked up. The trait is 18 000 years old in the Khoisan, and 13 000 years old in Europeans/ Eurasians. But the Europeans managed to introduce it into Khoisan. How? A prehistoric time machine?
*You* don't understand it, doesn't mean it's illogical. Means you need to learn to understand it, or chill out and wait for informed criticism from someone who does. Which would not be xyyman, who is a deeply ignorant bullshitter.
No one is claiming that Europeans brought it to South Africa. It probably came from Asia to both Europe and South Africa separately (not that we know the origin for sure of course). Europeans do not represent all Eurasians. The age of the ancestral haplotype is not the age of introduction in Khoisan.
(Well of course Europeans did bring it to South Africa as well but they don't appear to be the main source.)
PS
Look, when people showed up in South Africa (or Europe) carrying the SLC24A5 derived haplotype they were not all carrying exactly the same version, okay? They were carrying different variations, and the common ancestor of these variations lived 18 000 years ago, give or take umpteen thousand years. That doesn't mean the common ancestor *lived in South Africa*.
If we have to translate these "admixtures" into Hg's, what Hg's would they represent?
These say: "We sequenced pigmentation genes to high coverage in over 400 KhoeSan individuals and demonstrate that a canonical skin pigmentation gene, SLC24A5, experienced recent adaptive evolution in the KhoeSan."
They found adaptive evolution.
And recent is relative of course, considering the age of this group.
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Originally posted by xyyman: Ish. I am interested in your opinion as what Capra and Lioness gave.
I was just "throwing out my line" to no one particular but the usual players.
Anyone. Capra is the spin-master. Lioness he has you beat. lol!
You keep forgetting about La Brana specimen? He had derived alleles from Africa, causing lightskin in modern Europeans, or at least a section of the European population.
I also remember Sarah Tishkoff said something about discovering a plant which is being consumed by these Southern populations like Khoisan, dealing with lactose resistance.
quote:Human pigmentation
A functional SNP that has undergone genetic selection in Europeans resulting in near fixation is the non-synonymous rs1426654 G>A (Ala111Thr) variant in the human pigmentation gene SLC24A5. The A-allele has undergone positive selection in the last 100,000 years, contributing to the pale skin color of Europeans. The color of the human skin is largely determined by the amount and type of melanin pigment produced in the cutaneous melanocytes, which in turn impacts susceptibility to skin cancer, a condition mostly affecting people of pale complexion. The SLC24A5 genotype observed in the sequence data was validated using TaqMan allelic discrimination for our sequenced men and additional individuals, demonstrating a predominance of the melanin-producing G-allele in the lighter-skinned Bushmen (allele frequency 0.98, n=45), and darker-skinned southern African Bantus from the same region (allele frequency 0.90, n=31), while being uncommon in pale-skinned southern African Europeans (allele frequency 0.07, n=14). Retaining this allele would provide a selective advantage for survival in the harsh climate of the Kalahari Desert.
Human pigmentation, however, is a polygenic quantitative trait with high variability influenced by a number of candidate genes. A recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) of natural hair color (a marker for pigmentation) identified two key polymorphisms, one located in another potassium-dependent sodium/calcium exchanger gene SLC2A4A (rs12896399 G>T)15. Significantly associated with light hair color, we found this allele to be absent in our sequenced men. These observations highlight the need for synergy between environment and phenotypic attributes, allowing for reproductive advantage and survival.
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Originally posted by Punos_Rey: I'm still waiting to see how this translates to "White Africans" as the sensationalist thread title states. Khoisan aren't white by any stretch of your imagination.
Khoisan have inhabited the region of South Africa for a very long time. The most Southern places in South Africa have a Mediterranean climate. In the climate can drop very low and it even snows.
Search for "snow south Africa". You'll see plenty of images.
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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Deleted by Punky. What else. You do know he is not from Guinea?! Fortunately there is ESR which I reposted there.
This site is becoming like Davidski. Censorship at it's highest. Don't offend the white man but the black man is fair game.
quote:Originally posted by Narmerthoth:
quote:Originally posted by xyyman: Ish. I am interested in your opinion as what Capra and Lioness gave.
I was just "throwing out my line" to no one particular but the usual players.
Anyone. Capra is the spin-master. Lioness he has you beat. lol!
What became of your mental health thread?
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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I'm interested in reviewing the FULL report for the complete gnome breakdown.
XYZ, please post link, if you have it.
Here's the thing; MC1R/OCA is the parent, and SLC24A5 is the child. There can be OCA with no SLC24A5, but there cannot be SLC24A5, SLC45A, SLC45A2, C10orf11 missense without OCA.
If I am wrong, please enlighten me with data.
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a genetic disorder of melanin synthesis that results in hypopigmentation in hair, skin and eyes. OCA has been reported in individuals from all ethnic backgrounds but it is more common among those with Europeans ancestry. OCA is heterogeneous group of disorders and seven types of OCA are caused by mutations in TYR (OCA1), OCA2 (OCA2), TYRP1 (OCA3), SLC45A2 (OCA4), SLC24A5 (OCA6) and C10oRF11 (OCA7) genes. However, MC1R gene variants have been reported that modify OCA2 phenotype but the knowledge about the function ofMC1R gene in melanogenesis, and genotype-phenotype association, in case of OCA, is limited. In this review article we present a comprehensive description of classification of OCA, role of MSH-R in melanin synthesis, the sequence variations in MC1R and their association with OCA. This review will enhance our understanding of MC1R gene variants involved in human OCA2 phenotype.
Note, the above research is primarily focused on OCA1 & OCA2, the defects found in most "whites" respectively, and not OCA6 (SLC24A5).
Now, what this graph above is showing is both the pathways for Melanocyte AND Neuromelanin production! As is clear, they both are in the same pathways but there is a bypass which enables some limited production of neuromelanin when the normal Tyrosine highway pathway is blocked.
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I know some of you white people are dogmatic and are so blinded by prejudice…”forest for the trees”. The question to ask yourself is “what is white” before you critique my thread title. The author is implying that carrying the SLC24A5 derived allele makes Europeans white…in hue. So if Africans carry the same derived allele that would make them white…no?!. Of course it wouldn’t, fool, because for a human to be white like a Orcadian, whitest people on the planet, they need to carry several derived genes for pigmentation which includes and leads up to OCA. That is why Namerthoth is correct. It all leads to the OCA locus. That is why West Africans can carry up to 24% SLC24A5, Shriver et al, and still be black in complexion. The genes are COMPLEMENTARY, That is why even the 13000year old European Capra mentioned is probably black skinned because he was non-homozygous for SLC24A5 and ancestral for all the other pigmentation genes. White skin is a new phenomenon on the planet!!! Less than 5000 years old. That is why the experts agree that Europeans were black up to 5000years ago. Including the 400,000 year old Neanderthals…..sources cited. I knew white skin came from Africa about 7-years ago when I read Rees/Mekova paper about the “relaxation of constraints” when looking at the non-homogenous alleles found in West Africa. They were confused when they found west Africans carry white genes but were not white. See my ESR threads. It took these bigoted Europeans scientist 7 years to admit it and they are still trying to spin that it is Eurasian. Chicken or the egg?!
quote:Originally posted by Punos_Rey: I'm still waiting to see how this translates to "White Africans" as the sensationalist thread title states. Khoisan aren't white by any stretch of your imagination.
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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This site is becoming like Davidski. Censorship at it's highest. Don't offend the white man but the black man is fair game.
quote:Originally posted by Narmerthoth:
quote:Originally posted by xyyman: Ish. I am interested in your opinion as what Capra and Lioness gave.
I was just "throwing out my line" to no one particular but the usual players.
Anyone. Capra is the spin-master. Lioness he has you beat. lol!
What became of your mental health thread?
This is exactly right. Even posts like the OP are offensive to blacks intelligent enough to comprehend their meaning and the illusion they create, but acceptable to post by whites and blacks who fail to understand the dynamics, or more likely, do understand but have no shame in propagating lies to maintain the illusion.
Your post on the connection to mental illnesses was 100% on point, but as I stated in the thread, it is White lie #2, that there is no connection to OCA and mental illness. They'd like you to believe that Albinism is just a skin disorder, but cannot conceal that melanocytes are directly connected to the neural crest and provide melatonin and serotonin to the brain on demand. A disconnection of the flow of Melatonin is responsible for sleep disorders and other mental illnesses. We've shown that there is 5 years ago and those threads still exist.
-------------------- Selenium gives real life and true reality Posts: 4693 | From: Saturn | Registered: Apr 2012
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posted
No. I do not have the FULL study. I just came across a swarm of abstracts that I am trying to process. Just don’t have the time to look deeply. Infact that packet of “meta-data” you gave out several years ago I still haven’t processed it. Downloaded but just too busy. Maybe when I retire one day this can become a full time job. Then I can download bam files and such and do my own genetic analysis. In the mean time I have bills to pay.
Anyways. Here are a few interesting ones I pulled. Reich and Paabo are a fervent racist so know what to expect from the paper. West Africans are MORE "archaic"…….But my take-away from the study is even more stunning...as usual.....is Khoe_San inhabited regions further north…in the Zanzibar archipelago!!! That is an Island off the coast of East Africa. Did they sail to the Island? Lol! These confused white people.
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Intergrating ancient and modern DNA Reconstructing prehistoric African population structure and adaptation
Pontus Skoglund*, Svante Pääbo, David Reich
Abstract: The population genomic landscape of Africa prior to its transformation by expansions of farmers and pastoralists is poorly understood, partly due to poor ancient DNA preservation and partly due to the deep time scale of human population history on the continent. We assembled genome-wide data from ten sub-Saharan Africans who lived in the last 4,500 years, and show that one of the most deeply divergent present-day human lineages that is today found almost exclusively in people living in southern Africa, was in the past 2,000 years also present in populations much farther north in Malawi and the Zanzibar archipelago. These results highlight the existence of an ancient genetic cline stretched over thousands of kilometers along a south-north axis. By leveraging data from ancient African genomes without ancestry from more recent into-Africa migrations, we show that western Africans today may harbor ancestry from a lineage that separated from other modern human lineages earlier than any other, including the Khoe-San of southern Africa. Finally, we use the availability of time-stratified southern African genomes to document evidence of both selective sweeps and polygenic selection that might have conferred adaptations to desert environments.
quote:Originally posted by Narmerthoth: I'm interested in reviewing the FULL report for the complete gnome breakdown.
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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---- Complete mitochondrial genomes provide additional evidence on the geographical origin of the indigenous people of the Canary Islands Rosa Fregel 1Carlos D. Bustamante 1
Abstract: Deciphering the geographic origin of the Canary Islands’ indigenous inhabitants has fascinated both scholars and the general public. Ancient DNA (aDNA) evidence, based on PCR techniques, has confirmed the presence of North African mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages in the indigenous people, including the North African U6 haplogroup. In fact, one striking result was the discovery of the U6b1a sub-haplogroup, which is exclusively observed in ancient and modern populations of the Canary Islands, and it is absent in North Africa. Classical aDNA techniques have provided valuable information, but results have been always hindered by the risk of modern contamination. Moreover, PCR-based analyses are limited to a small portion of the mtDNA genome and important information from the coding region is unavailable. presence of additional autochthonous lineages that mimic the distribution observed for U6b1a. By using whole-genome sequences of indigenous samples, we have been able to identify additional autochthonous lineages that mimic the distribution observed for U6b1a. Those Canarian-specific haplogroups are sublineages of the Eurasian H, J and T, and the African L3 macrohaplogroups. With this refined phylogeographic information we will be able to unequivocally assess the indigenous origin of maternal lineages observed in the modern Canarian population. Apart from its clear significance for understanding the demographic history of the Guanche population, the results obtained in this project are also of paramount importance for the Canarian society. The success of projects and companies providing ancestry information indicates how people crave knowledge about their origin. This is especially true for the Canary Islands. The indigenous population plays an important role on the identity of the modern inhabitants of the Canary Islands, who are very interested in knowing as much as possible about this part of their history. However, due to the mystical aura that has always surrounded the Guanche population since the first European chroniclers started writing about them, misleading and pseudo-scientific information is sometimes fed to the public and accepted as fact. It is the responsibility of scientists to provide society with evidence and help providing insight to differentiate what is fact and what is myth. This project will allow us to keep answering those questions with state-of-the-art methods in the field.
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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posted
I said there are some good white people. Didn’t I? here they are admitting the lies that are constantly being told. -- Quote: “Guanche population since the first European chroniclers started writing about them, misleading and pseudo-scientific information is sometimes fed to the public and accepted as fact. It is the responsibility of scientists to provide society with evidence and help providing insight to differentiate what is fact and what is myth. This project will allow us to keep answering those questions with state-of-the-art methods in the field.”
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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posted
xyyman, so your conclusion is that khosians are the direct ancestors of modern white Europeans?
Posts: 42918 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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Not that.. All humans are descendants of Khoi-San including modern Europeans.
What the author is implying is that is an African pastoral group gave it to the San. Meaning the San were black greater than 3000years ago. which may be true. Remember Europeans and Neanderthals were black as far back as 400,000yeara ago.
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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posted
Oh Lioness! I had this figured out more than 5 years ago. There was NEVER any Eurasian back-migration. I will let you in on another “not so” secret. Since 2002 it was known there was no race and Europeans are a sub-set of Africans. Rosenberg et al made that clear when he showed Europeans are as much as 80% African using UNSUPERVISED autosomal markers. That is why they play these “selective sampling” games. Like eg using preferential markers to the AEians in Pre-Ptolemaic period.
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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quote:Originally posted by Mansamusa: Man that logic sounds fucked up. The trait is 18 000 years old in the Khoisan, and 13 000 years old in Europeans/ Eurasians. But the Europeans managed to introduce it into Khoisan. How? A prehistoric time machine?
*You* don't understand it, doesn't mean it's illogical. Means you need to learn to understand it, or chill out and wait for informed criticism from someone who does. Which would not be xyyman, who is a deeply ignorant bullshitter.
No one is claiming that Europeans brought it to South Africa. It probably came from Asia to both Europe and South Africa separately (not that we know the origin for sure of course). Europeans do not represent all Eurasians. The age of the ancestral haplotype is not the age of introduction in Khoisan.
(Well of course Europeans did bring it to South Africa as well but they don't appear to be the main source.)
PS
Look, when people showed up in South Africa (or Europe) carrying the SLC24A5 derived haplotype they were not all carrying exactly the same version, okay? They were carrying different variations, and the common ancestor of these variations lived 18 000 years ago, give or take umpteen thousand years. That doesn't mean the common ancestor *lived in South Africa*.
"It probably came from Asia to both Europe and South Africa separately (not that we know the origin for sure of course)."
I think Europeans need to get over themselves seriously. It's a shame that the majority of ancient samples we have so far are from the most unimportant, uninteresting, and frankly useless part of the world in terms of understanding ancient and prehistoric human history--- Western Europe, one of the last places to be populated by humans and which remained outside of ancient history for millenia before the rise of the Greeks and Romans.
There is nothing in terms of ancient DNA evidence so far which makes Asia as oppossed to Africa the likely provenance for this genetic adaptation. What the fuck does it mean to go on and on about how Africa has the most diversity in the world and at the same time find it so difficult to admit to simply admit to the possibility that this particular allele developed in Africa as opposed to this weird somewhere, anywhere, except Africa explanation you are trying to articulate here.
This is what you are saying, right? You don't know for sure where it orginated, You just know for sure that it did not originate from Africa. Correct me if I'm wrong.
Posts: 288 | From: Asia | Registered: Mar 2016
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quote:Originally posted by Mansamusa: "It probably came from Asia to both Europe and South Africa separately (not that we know the origin for sure of course)."
I think Europeans need to get over themselves seriously. It's a shame that the majority of ancient samples we have so far are from the most unimportant, uninteresting, and frankly useless part of the world in terms of understanding ancient and prehistoric human history--- Western Europe, one of the last places to be populated by humans and which remained outside of ancient history for millenia before the rise of the Greeks and Romans.
There is nothing in terms of ancient DNA evidence so far which makes Asia as oppossed to Africa the likely provenance for this genetic adaptation. What the fuck does it mean to go on and on about how Africa has the most diversity in the world and at the same time find it so difficult to admit to simply admit to the possibility that this particular allele developed in Africa as opposed to this weird somewhere, anywhere, except Africa explanation you are trying to articulate here.
This is what you are saying, right? You don't know for sure where it orginated, You just know for sure that it did not originate from Africa. Correct me if I'm wrong. [/qb]
I don't think he's saying that... don't get me wrong, I personally think it's origin was in North Africa, but I can be completely wrong. No-one knows for certain yet, but one thing you have to be mindful of is the distribution; Low frequency on the African continent vs relaxed frequencies and even fixation elsewhere. Also our eldest carrier is OOA, The easiest explanation at this particular point is an Asian Origin, with Africa as a possibility.
Posts: 1781 | From: New York | Registered: Jul 2016
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