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xyyman
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Geographic Population Structure (GPS) - The new tool

Any one has access or know how to use this tool?

IIRC this tool pinpoint the Makrani and Siddhi as originating from Botswana. Remember Botswana carry unusual population structure at K6?

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Pitfalls of the Geographic Population Structure (GPS) Approach Applied to Human Genetic History: A Case Study of Ashkenazi Jews.
Flegontov P1,

Abstract
In a recent interdisciplinary study, Das et al. have attempted to trace the homeland of Ashkenazi Jews and of their historical language, Yiddish (Das et al. 2016 Localizing Ashkenazic Jews to Primeval Villages in the Ancient Iranian Lands of Ashkenaz. Genome Biol Evol. 8:1132-1149). Das et al. applied the geographic population structure (GPS) method to autosomal genotyping data and inferred geographic coordinates of populations supposedly ancestral to Ashkenazi Jews, placing them in Eastern Turkey. They argued that this unexpected genetic result goes against the widely accepted notion of Ashkenazi origin in the Levant, and speculated that Yiddish was originally a Slavic language strongly influenced by Iranian and Turkic languages and later remodeled completely under Germanic influence. In our view, there are major conceptual problems with both the genetic and linguistic parts of the work. We argue that GPS is a provenancing tool suited to inferring the geographic region where a modern and recently unadmixed genome is most likely to arise, but is hardly suitable for admixed populations and for tracing ancestry up to 1,000 years before present, as its authors have previously claimed. Moreover, all methods of historical linguistics concur that Yiddish is a Germanic language, with no reliable evidence for Slavic, Iranian, or Turkic substrata.

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Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming

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xyyman
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https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/d7377q/a-genetic-gps-can-track-your-origins-1000-years-back

A new method for DNA tracking can pinpoint your ancestry with impressive accuracy. Image: Wikimedia

A new “GPS” for your DNA can track your where your ancestors lived a millennium ago, and much more accurately than previous methods—down to the exact village in some cases.

The GPS method stands for Geographic Population Structure, and is a play on words as it helps you find your way home, just not the home you currently live in, explain the researchers behind the method, Ehran Elhaik of Sheffield University and Tatiana Tatarinova of the University of Southern California.

According to their study published this week in Nature, the tool has traced DNA origins with 98 percent accuracy, while previous methods were often off by 700 km, which is a whole different country in some parts of the world. But when researchers applied their GPS-based approach to over 200 Sardinian villagers, they were able to place a quarter of them in their villages of genetic origin, and the rest within 50 km.

The increased accuracy of the new model is based on a simple, if controversial, assumption made by the study authors: that race doesn’t exist.

“The model of races is incorrect and should be dismissed," Elhaik told me in an email.

Up until now, tracing genetic origins assumed that people could be typified as a mix of two to three defined races, presupposing a homogenous “European” identity, Elhaik said. “By contrast, GPS represents a paradigm shift in population genetics whereby all populations are considered admixed to various degrees.”

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xyyman
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https://homedna.com/product/gps-origins

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Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming

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Linda Fahr
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Africans in India : From slaves to generals
From Pakistan Defence

January 29, 2013 First of its kind exhibition in New York explores the mark African slaves left in India’s history.

Since the 1400s, people from East Africa, from Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, and adjoining areas, have greatly distinguished themselves in India. They have written a story unparalleled in the rest of the world – that of enslaved Africans attaining the pinnacle of military and political authority. From Bengal in the northeast to Gujarat in the west and to the Deccan in Central India, these men and women known as Sidis and Habshis vigorously asserted themselves in the country of their enslavement.

The first Africans who reached India in the modern era were not captives but merchants. Commerce between East Africa and India goes back more than 2,000 years. The kingdom of Axum in Ethiopia had established a very active commerce with India and Axumite gold coins minted between 320 and 333 found their way to Mangalore in South India where they were discovered in the 20th century. Ivory, silver, gold, wine, olive oil, incense, wheat, rice, cotton cloth, silk, iron, copper, skins, salt, and sesame oil were some of the main items traded on both sides of the Indian Ocean and on to China. Axum was also involved in the slave trade. Trade between East Africa and India was boosted with the spread of Islam. Indian Muslims from Gujarat migrated to African trading towns in Kenya, Zanzibar and the Comoros Islands where they worked with African and Arab merchants.

While African traders traveled to and from India, some settled. In the 1300s, Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta met Ethiopian merchants in what are now India, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia. The most famous African trader was Bava Gor, who was also called Sidi Mubarak Nob, and made Ratanpur in Gujarat his home.

Till this day, the descendants of the Nawabs of Janjira, and the people of the town — once a principality near Mumbai — and in the neighboring state of Gujarat, in Sachin, another erstwhile principality, where the tradition of the Nawabs and their regal customs of old still thrive, revere the Sufi saint Bava Gor, who became the patron saint of the agate bead industry and is credited with increasing the trade of quartz stone between East Africa, the Persian Gulf, and India .

The Noble Ikhlas Khan With a Petition. Muhammad Khan (17th century), India. Opaque watercolor and gold on paper, c. 1650. 4 23/32 in. x 4 1/4 in San Diego Museum of Art.

In 1490, an African guard, Sidi Badr, seized power in Bengal and ruled for three years before being murdered. Five thousand of the 30,000 men in his army were Ethiopians. After Sidi Badr’s assassination, high-level Africans were driven out and migrated to Gujarat and the Deccan. In the Deccan sultanate of Bijapur, Africans formerly enslaved—they were called the “Abyssinian party”—took control. The African regent Dilawar Khan exercised power from 1580 and was succeeded by Ikhlas Khan. The Abyssinian party dominated the Bijapur Sultanate and conquered new territories until the Mughal invasion in 1686.

Amongst the most notable African rulers in India of the period were the Sharqi Sultans of Jaunpur (1394-1479 – the first or all the Sharqui sultans may have been Africans); Habshi Sultans of Bengal (1486-1493); Nawabs of Janjira (1618-1948); Sidi Masud of Adoni (17th century); and Nawabs of Sachin (1791-1948). one of the reasons why the African slaves managed to etch their mark in India was because they were good soldiers, whom the Indian rulers trusted for their prowess and loyalty.

“The Africans were renowned as good soldiers,The rulers probably thought them to be trustworthy and to be used in frontier areas of battle, where they had no link to other clans and other families of the rulers. They were subsequently put in position of authority, and took power for themselves.” High-ranking Africans were prominent in Bahmani Sultanate (1347-1518); Ahmadnagar (1496-1636); Bijapur (1490-1686); Golconda (1512-1687); Khandesh (1382-1600); Gujarat (1407-1572); Kutch (1500-1948); Bhavnagar (1660-1948); and Hyderabad (1724-1948).

One of the most famous high-ranking officials was Ikhlas Khan, an Ethiopian slave, who from the 1580s onward, was in charge of administration, commander-in chief and minister of finances under Sultan Ibrahim Adil Shah II and his son and successor, Muhammad Adil Shah of Bijapur. He was the real master of Bijapur and appears in numerous paintings. Another notable personality was Sidi Masud, an African vizier of Bijapur. He served three sultans until 1683. He lived in the city of Adoni and was essentially an independent ruler. The most celebrated of the Ethiopianpowerful leaderswas Malik Ambar (1548-1626). Born Chapu in Kambata, in Ethiopia, he was enslaved as a young man and taken to Mocha in Yemen. He was later sent to Arabia where he was educated in finance before being brought to Baghdad, Iraq. Converted to Islam, Chapu was renamed Ambar. He was later sold to India where he arrived in the early 1570s. He became a slave of Chengiz Khan (believed to have been an Ethiopian and a former slave), the prime minister of the sultanate of Ahmadnagar.

Much of the vocabulary used by the Afro-Sindhi is a modified Swahili. For instance, the word for shield in Swahili, ngao, is gao among the Afro-Sindhi; the word for moon (or one month) in Swahili, mwesi, is moesi in Afro-Sindhi. In Lyari, a neighborhood of Karachi, there is a Mombasa Street, the name coming from the Kenyan port city. These women are celebrating the Sufi saint Mangho Haji Syed Sakhi Sultan at Manghopir, a suburb of Karachi. Sheedis, like the Siddis of India, also revere the African saint Bava Ghor

Every year Sheedis gather at the shrine of the Sufi saint Mangho Haji Syed Sakhi Sultan at Manghopir, a suburb of Karachi, for their most important religious festival. Yaqub Qambrani, a former president of the All Sindh Al Habash Jama’at, a Sheedi organization, stresses, “It was difficult for the community to hold on to its traditions and culture due to slavery and the wadera shahi (feudalism) that was en vogue. We weren’t the only ones that were oppressed. Countless people were oppressed. But because of our physical appearance we were the ones that stuck out. That’s why we were particularly picked on. It is largely the same today, but it is less obvious.”

Pakistan has the largest number of people of African descent in South Asia. It has been estimated that at least a quarter of the total population living on the Makran coast are of African ancestry—that is, at least 250,000 men and women can claim East African descent on the southern coast of Pakistan and in the easternmost part of southern Iran. In Pakistan, African descendants are called Sheedi (Siddi.) Many are also called Makrani, whether or not they live in Makran.

General Hosh Muhammad Sheedi
General Hosh Muhammad Sheedi or Hoshu Sheedi was a Supreme Commander of Sindh’s Talpur army, who fought with valor against the British in the Battle of Dabbo and laid down his life in defense of his country (1843).
Hoshu belonged to the African-descent Sheedi community of Sindh Pakistan. Before his death in the Battleground of Dubbo he called out the slogan in which was originally coined by Talpur in the Battle of Miani:

Marsoon Marsoon,Sindhna Daisun
(“We will die but won’t give Sindh [to others]“)
He died in 1843, and was buried in Dubee near Tando Jam Road, Hyderabad Pakistan.He is considered a Sindhi hero.

Besides appearing in written documents, the Africans have been immortalized in the rich paintings of different eras, states, and styles that form an important component of Indian culture. Because of their high positions, they were captured in vivid and exquisite portraits as principal subjects or in the immediate vicinity of non-African rulers. Africans in India features dramatically stunning photographic reproductions of some of these paintings. As rulers, city planners, and architects the Sidis have left an impressive historical and architectural legacy that attest to their determination, skills, and intellectual, cultural, military and political savvy.

The imposing forts, mosques, mausoleums, and other edifices they built – some more than 500 years ago – still grace the Indian landscape. From humble beginnings, some Africans carved out princely states complete with their own coats of arms, armies, mints, and stamps. They fiercely defended them from powerful enemies well into the 20th century when, with another 600 princely states, they were integrated into the Indian state.

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Linda Fahr
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Nawab Sidi Mohammed Haider Khan, 1930

After renouncing his rights to the throne of Janjira, Sidi Mohammad Abdul Karim Khan established the Sachin State in 1791 in Gujarat. It survived until 1948, when it was incorporated into Bombay (Mumbai) before becoming part of Gujarat. The Siddi dynasty was Muslim and ruled over a population 85 percent Hindu and 13 percent Muslim. Nawab Sidi Mohammed Haider Khan was enthroned as the seventh ruler of Sachin in 1930. A well-read intellectual, he retired to Mumbai where he died in 1970.

Janjira is especially considered one of the best specimens of naval fort architecture. Well-conceived and well-defended, it was never conquered, though attacked dozens of times. The Sidi dynasty ruled over the island for 330 years. According to one account, the first conqueror of the island, in 1489, was an Ethiopian. Another Ethiopian, Sidi Yaqut Khan, is said to have been appointed officer in charge of the mainland in the late 1400s. The three-mile island of Janjira is entirely surrounded by a formidable fortress of 22 rounded bastions whose walls are 80-feet high Janjira and Sachin have a close connection in history: after renouncing his rights to the throne of Janjira, Sidi Mohammad Abdul Karim Khan established the Sachin State in Gujarat in 1791.

He was given the title of nawab and founded a dynasty that ruled over a mostly Hindu population. Sachin had its own cavalry and state band that included Africans, its coats of arms, currency, and stamped paper. In 1948, when the princely states were incorporated into India and ceased to exist, Sachin had a population of 26,000, with 85 percent Hindus and 13 percent Muslims. The successive Nawabs of Janjira and Sachin were educated in the best schools reserved for royal and noble families. Some went on to finish their studies at Oxford, Cambridge, and Sandhurst Military Academy in Great Britain. Ibrahim Khan III, the sixth Nawab of Sachin from 1887 to 1930, illustrated himself during World War I. He was promoted to Major, received the British title “His Highness,” and the distinction of being saluted by 11 guns.

1868 - 1873 H.E. Mubariz ud-Daula, Muzaffar ul-Mulk, Nawab Sidi Ibrahim Muhammad Yakut Khan II Bahadur, Nusrat Jang, Nawab of Sachin. b. at Sachin, 1833, as Nawabzada Sidi Ibrahim Khan Bahadur [Buru Mian], eldest son of H.E. Mubariz ud-Daula, Muzaffar ul-Mulk, Nawab Sidi 'Abdu'l Karim Muhammad Yakut Khan II Bahadur, Nusrat Jang, Nawab of Sachin, educ. privately.

Became Heir Apparent with the title of Wali Ahad Sahib, on the accession of his father, 25th March 1853. Succeeded on the death of his father, 1st December 1868.Ascended the musnaid and formally invested with the titles of Mubariz ud-Daula, Muzaffar ul-Mulk, Nawab Yakut Khan Bahadur, andNusrat Jang, at Sachin Fort. Sahib un-nisa Begum Sahiba [Badi Bibi]. He d. at Sachin, 4th March 1873 (bur. there at the Mausoleum of Pir Bhikan Shah Wali), having had issue, four sons and several daughters:

https://defence.pk/pdf/threads/africans-in-india-from-slaves-to-generals.300816/

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Linda Fahr
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Oh....these as the Fortress built by Africans on the Island of Janjira-India. It was never invaded, but, many tried. They had the best defense in India.

This fortress circular architecture style with no doubt is from tribal villages in Africa. The majority of their tribal villages houses, are built and externally painted by African females. But, in Africa, specifically in West Africa, males are "LAZY", specifically the "Fulas" which only think about corruption, political domination, and exploited African people.

In West Africa, they never built anything like this fortress. You don't see any big construction of this magnitude, except the fortress they built to imprisoned African females, males and African children, they captured and sold as slaves to traders...That the only thing they were good at "HUMAN EXPLOITATION"...

In Europe, most of Mulattoes Kings and Queens, and their aristocracy members, descendants of Africans, built the largest fortress, castles, and palaces. They also built in the Middle East - Saudi Arabia. But, in West, and East Africa, the majority of their people still living in deep misery under their "huts" without drink water, electricity, and schools.

http://www.amusingplanet.com/2016/04/murud-janjira-fort-india.html

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Linda Fahr
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Now...about new new technologies and methods of analyses applied on DNA tests, still highly controversial among historians and archaeologists, because do not match the history founded in archaeological sites.

By the end of the day, they all still debating, without making final decisions on findings from unsupervised or not laboratories tests.

Maybe, in ten years from now, I will trust them, but for now, all I have for the most of the tests done results is profound skepticism.

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Tukuler
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This guy's the last holdout to the fact
most Ashkenazim have Khazar roots.

But GPS accurately tracked the location
just like Paul Wexler did decades ago in

The Ashkenazic Jews:
A Slavo-Turkic People in Search of a Jewish Identity

No pitfall at all in the GPS approach
at least in this case. Any other GPS
based reports out there?

Flegontov's approach is expectation biased.

Flegontov belongs to the Nubians-are-admixed
CEUs-are-pure game, like all who accept pop-gen
studies without a slightest side glance or doubt
not woke to the everyday in the real world social,
political, and operative point of view ramifications
consequential to these reports.

quote:
Originally posted by xyyman:

Pitfalls of the Geographic Population Structure (GPS) Approach Applied to Human Genetic History: A Case Study of Ashkenazi Jews.
Flegontov P1,

Abstract
In a recent interdisciplinary study... Das et al. applied the geographic population structure (GPS) method to autosomal genotyping data and inferred geographic coordinates of

populations supposedly ancestral to Ashkenazi Jews, placing them in Eastern Turkey.

They argued that this unexpected[ ? ] genetic result goes against the widely [ political ] accepted notion of Ashkenazi origin in the Levant, and speculated that Yiddish was originally a Slavic language strongly influenced by Iranian and Turkic languages and later remodeled completely under Germanic influence.

In our view, there are major conceptual problems with both the genetic and linguistic parts of the work. We argue that GPS is a provenancing tool suited to inferring the geographic region where a modern and recently unadmixed genome is most likely to arise, but is hardly suitable for admixed populations and for tracing ancestry up to 1,000 years before present, as its authors have previously claimed.

Moreover, all methods of historical linguistics concur that Yiddish is a Germanic language, with no reliable evidence for Slavic, Iranian, or Turkic substrata.



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I'm just another point of view. What's yours? Unpublished work © 2004 - 2023 YYT al~Takruri
Authentic Africana over race-serving ethnocentricisms, Afro, Euro, or whatever.

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xyyman
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Sage
"No pitfall at all in the GPS approach
at least in this case. Any other GPS
based reports out there?
"

Yes, there is one I posted on here I will try to post the link.

It linked the closest genetic link to Makrani?Siddi to the unexpected Botswana!!! Remember Botswana has some genetic material at the higher K's/Cluster NOT found in other African populations.

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Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming

Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007  |  IP: Logged | Report this post to a Moderator
xyyman
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Unraveling the Population History of Indian Siddis
Ranajit Das

The Siddis are a unique Indian tribe of African, South Asian, and European ancestry. While previous investigations have traced their ancestral origins to the Bantu populations from subSaharan Africa, the geographic localization of their ancestry has remained elusive. Here, we performed biogeographical analysis to delineate the ancestral origin of the Siddis employing an admixture based algorithm, Geographical Population Structure (GPS) . We evaluated the Siddi genomes in reference to five African populations from the 1000 Genomes project, two Bantu groups from the Human Genome Diversity Panel (HGDP) and five South Indian populations. The Geographic Population Structure analysis localized the ancestral Siddis to Botsawana and its present-day northeastern border with Zimbabwe, overlapping with one of the principal areas of secondary Bantu settlement in southeast Africa. Our results further indicated that while the Siddi genomes are ****significantly ****diverged from that of the Bantus, they manifested the highest genomic proximity to the North-East Bantus and the Luhyas from Kenya. Our findings resonate with evidences supporting secondary Bantu dispersal routes that progressed southward from the east African Bantu center, in the interlacustrine region and likely brought the ancestral Siddis to settlement sites in south and southeastern Africa from where they were disseminated to India, by the Portuguese. We evaluated our results in the light of existing historical, linguistic and genetic evidences, to glean an improved resolution into the reconstruction of the distinctive population history of the Siddis, and advance our knowledge of the demographic factors that likely contributed to the contemporary Siddi genomes.

Siddi, geo-location, GPS, admixture, Portuguese

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Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming

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