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Posting both of these studies in one thread
Patterns of genetic differentiation and the footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula Clare Bycroft1, Ceres Fernandez-Rozadilla2, Clara Ruiz-Ponte2 doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/250191
quote:Abstract Genetic differences within or between human populations (population structure) has been studied using a variety of approaches over many years. Recently there has been an increasing focus on studying genetic differentiation at fine geographic scales, such as within countries. Identifying such structure allows the study of recent population history, and identifies the potential for confounding in association studies, particularly when testing rare, often recently arisen variants. The Iberian Peninsula is linguistically diverse, has a complex demographic history, and is unique among European regions in having a centuries-long period of Muslim rule. Previous genetic studies of Spain have examined either a small fraction of the genome or only a few Spanish regions. Thus, the overall pattern of fine-scale population structure within Spain remains uncharacterised. Here we analyse genome-wide genotyping array data for 1,413 Spanish individuals sampled from all regions of Spain. We identify extensive fine-scale structure, down to unprecedented scales, smaller than 10 Km in some places. We observe a major axis of genetic differentiation that runs from east to west of the peninsula. In contrast, we observe remarkable genetic similarity in the north-south direction, and evidence of historical north-south population movement. Finally, without making particular prior assumptions about source populations, we show that modern Spanish people have regionally varying fractions of ancestry from a group most similar to modern north Moroccans. The north African ancestry results from an admixture event, which we date to 860 - 1120 CE, corresponding to the early half of Muslim rule. Our results indicate that it is possible to discern clear genetic impacts of the Muslim conquest and population movements associated with the subsequent Reconquista.
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Four millennia of Iberian biomolecular prehistory illustrate the impact of prehistoric migrations at the far end of Eurasia Cristina Valdiosera, Torsten Günther, Juan Carlos Vera-Rodríguez ]https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717762115
quote: Abstract Population genomic studies of ancient human remains have shown how modern-day European population structure has been shaped by a number of prehistoric migrations. The Neolithization of Europe has been associated with large-scale migrations from Anatolia, which was followed by migrations of herders from the Pontic steppe at the onset of the Bronze Age. Southwestern Europe was one of the last parts of the continent reached by these migrations, and modern-day populations from this region show intriguing similarities to the initial Neolithic migrants. Partly due to climatic conditions that are unfavorable for DNA preservation, regional studies on the Mediterranean remain challenging. Here, we present genome-wide sequence data from 13 individuals combined with stable isotope analysis from the north and south of Iberia covering a four-millennial temporal transect (7,500–3,500 BP). Early Iberian farmers and Early Central European farmers exhibit significant genetic differences, suggesting two independent fronts of the Neolithic expansion. The first Neolithic migrants that arrived in Iberia had low levels of genetic diversity, potentially reflecting a small number of individuals; this diversity gradually increased over time from mixing with local hunter-gatherers and potential population expansion. The impact of post-Neolithic migrations on Iberia was much smaller than for the rest of the continent, showing little external influence from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. Paleodietary reconstruction shows that these populations have a remarkable degree of dietary homogeneity across space and time, suggesting a strong reliance on terrestrial food resources despite changing culture and genetic make-up.
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~~~~placeholder~~ The ES section has been a mess over the past few hours... I've been busy, didn't even get to run through these yet, but Tukuler I see you... ~~Posts: 1781 | From: New York | Registered: Jul 2016
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quote:Originally posted by Ish Gebor: "The north African ancestry results from an admixture event, which we date to 860 - 1120 CE,"
Yep, finally.
Interesting paper. I wish they would have published the haplogroups. This is because the vast majority of the Muslims that overran Iberia beginning around 711 came from Ribats (religious schools) in Senegal. As a result, much of this so-called Northwest African DNA would have been Sub-Saharan African. They were not Berbers or Tuareg. The authors reported that:
quote:
We also detect a genetic footprint of the Muslim invasion, and subsequent centuries of Muslim rule, itself. Following the arrival of an estimated 30,000 combatants22, a civilian migration of unknown numbers of people occurred, thought to be mainly Berbers from north Morocco and settling in many parts of the peninsula22. Our analysis, alongside previous smaller studies12,23, imply a substantial and regionally varying genetic impact. Our results further imply that north west African-like DNA predominated in the migration. Moreover, admixture mainly, and perhaps almost exclusively, occurred within the earlier half of the period of Muslim rule (Figure 3b). Within Spain, north African ancestry occurs in all groups, although levels are low in the Basque region and in a region corresponding closely to the 14th-century ‘Crown of Aragon’ (Figure 3c). Therefore, although genetically distinct16,22,23, this implies that the Basques have not been completely isolated from the rest of Spain over the past 1300 years.
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Back in 2010 I explained how these Africans introduced M1c to Iberia as a result of the African Muslim migration to Iberia in 711. See: The African Origin of mtDNA Haplogroup M1, by Clyde Winters web page
I wrote
quote: There is a direct link between Senegal and Tariq ibn Ziyad’s invasion of Spain in 711. This link comes from the fact that many of the followers of Tarik came from the ribats or ‘religious schools’ he had established in northern Senegal. Troops from these ribats formed the backbone of Tarik’s army. These African Muslims ruled much of Spain until 1492. Since M1c is presently found in Senegal, the carrier of M1c reported by Gonzalez et al. (2007) in Valencia may be a descendent of these African ‘Moors’ that ruled Spain for over 700 years. Sub-Saharan Africans probably spread hg M1c to Eurasia. Gonzalez et al. (2007) reported that the carriers of the M1c subset were from Jordan, Senegal and Valencia. It was revealed above that 1) many of the Muslim troops in Tarik’s army that conquered Spain in 711 AD, came from Senegal; and 2) many West Africans after taking the Hajj, visited Jerusalem and settled in the Middle East. Even if we eliminate the Jordan sample, the evidence from Valencia and Senegal gives a 67% probability that M1c originated in Senegal, not Asia or North Africa because of the historical presence of SubSaharan Africans in both areas.
-------------------- C. A. Winters Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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Four millennia of Iberian biomolecular prehistory illustrate the impact of prehistoric migrations at the far end of Eurasia [i]Cristina Valdiosera, Torsten Günther, Juan Carlos Vera-Rodríguez, http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/03/06/1717762115
quote: Abstract Population genomic studies of ancient human remains have shown how modern-day European population structure has been shaped by a number of prehistoric migrations. The Neolithization of Europe has been associated with large-scale migrations from Anatolia, which was followed by migrations of herders from the Pontic steppe at the onset of the Bronze Age. Southwestern Europe was one of the last parts of the continent reached by these migrations, and modern-day populations from this region show intriguing similarities to the initial Neolithic migrants. Partly due to climatic conditions that are unfavorable for DNA preservation, regional studies on the Mediterranean remain challenging. Here, we present genome-wide sequence data from 13 individuals combined with stable isotope analysis from the north and south of Iberia covering a four-millennial temporal transect (7,500–3,500 BP). Early Iberian farmers and Early Central European farmers exhibit significant genetic differences, suggesting two independent fronts of the Neolithic expansion. The first Neolithic migrants that arrived in Iberia had low levels of genetic diversity, potentially reflecting a small number of individuals; this diversity gradually increased over time from mixing with local hunter-gatherers and potential population expansion. The impact of post-Neolithic migrations on Iberia was much smaller than for the rest of the continent, showing little external influence from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. Paleodietary reconstruction shows that these populations have a remarkable degree of dietary homogeneity across space and time, suggesting a strong reliance on terrestrial food resources despite changing culture and genetic make-up.
Anatolians were Kushites. These genes are just African genes.
-------------------- C. A. Winters Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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Finally a study saying what some of us been saying. The second study definitely correlates with the Moorish occupation of Iberia.
Posts: 1891 | From: NY | Registered: Sep 2014
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^ Huh?! Anyways Waste of bandwidth. Spent the entire paper defending TRYING to debunk what I, xyyman, have been saying all along. Maybe they read my posts? He! He!
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Four millennia of Iberian biomolecular prehistory Four millennia of Iberian biomolecular prehistory illustrate the impact of prehistoric migrations at the far -end of Eurasia - Cristina Valdioseraa
Quotes:
“The full Neolithic package reached the Iberian Peninsula and northern (modern-day) Morocco ca. 7,500 Cal BP, with the Cardial pottery culture . Xyyman comment: FACT is they are acknowledging Neolithic were in North Africa around the same time as the Iberia
Despite the geographic proximity of southern Iberia to northern Africa, we do not see substantial//// affinities of any individual to modern-day African populations, but the lack of ancient North African genomes limits our abilities to test these connections (SI Appendix, Fig. S5.1). Xyyman comment: LIES!!! They forgot IAM and Kefi’s work. They don’t want to include North Africans in their dataset. SMH
The overall pattern is consistent with TWO INDEPENDENT Neolithic migrations of genetically slightly different populations that spread farming practices across Europe. The Mediterranean route migrants show a strong connection with modern-day population isolates in southwestern Xyyman comment: I have been saying this all along. Neolithics did not come from the Levant and/or Anatolia. They are saying the closest is Sardinia of modern ”Eurasians”. No Shyte!!!
using both unsupervised (ADMIXTURE, ref. 52) (Dataset S3) and supervised approaches (qpAdm and ADMIXTURE, refs. 6 and 52). Neolithic European populations share different proportions of Xyyman comment:[iHere we go again supervised data manipulation]
Late Neolithic and Bronze Age northcentral Europeans display substantial fractions of Pontic Steppe ancestry (up to 71% estimated with qpAdm; 93% based on supervised ADMIXTURE) (SI Appendix, Fig. S5.3) at the onset of the Bronze Age. However, steppe ancestry in Bronze Age individuals from Iberia (13%; 18%) and Hungary (21%; 38%) Xyyman comment:Those on the Pontic Steppes bandwagon don’t understand that the supervised ancestry of the Steppes is about 1% of the entire human genome. NOT 93% of the genome and it also exist in Africa
Consistently, Bronze Age populations from Greece and Anatolia also show a limited increase in steppe ancestry compared with their Neolithic ancestors (15). This reduced impact of Steppe herders on these populations could reflect a decrease in the number of migrants or a dilution of Steppe ancestry during this process. In contrast to the events in north-central Europe, the arrival of most Xyyman comment: So the older West European Neolithics shows more “steppe” Ancestry than Bronze Age Southern Europeans. Which came first the chicken or the egg? Lol!
The subtle but clear genetic differences between early Neolithic Iberian farmers and early Neolithic central European farmers point toward two independent migrations, potentially originating from two slightly different source populations.FACT These populations followed different routes, one along the Mediterranean coast, giving rise to early Neolithic Iberian farmers, and one via mainland Europe forming early Neolithic central European farmers. This directly links all Neolithic Iberians with the first migrants that arrived with the initial Mediterranean Neolithic wave of expansion.---SPECULATION Xyyman comment:Fact vs speculation when they admitted knowing excluding Africans.
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-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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As I said. Iberians are North Africans…essentially and has nothing to do with Muslim occupation. If the same study was done between Sicilians/Italians/Sardinians the same pattern would be observed . Same as Greece/Egypt. Europeans are a sub-set of North Africans. ------------------------- QUOTE: Discussion
We also detect a genetic footprint of the Muslim invasion, and subsequent centuries of Muslim rule, itself. Following the arrival of an estimated 30,000 combatants22, a civilian migration of unknown numbers of people occurred, thought to be mainly Berbers from north Morocco and settling in many parts of the peninsula22. Our analysis, alongside previous smaller studies12,23, imply a substantial and regionally varying genetic impact. Our results further imply that north west African-like DNA predominated in the migration. Moreover, admixture mainly, and perhaps almost exclusively, occurred within the earlier half of the period of Muslim rule (Figure 3b). Within Spain, north African ancestry occurs in all groups, although levels are low in the Basque region and in a region corresponding closely to the 14th-century ‘Crown of Aragon’ (Figure 3c). Therefore, although genetically distinct16,22,23, this implies that the Basques have not been completely isolated from the rest of Spain over the past 1300 years.
Perhaps surprisingly, north African ancestry does not reflect proximity to north Africa, or even regions under more extended Muslim control. The highest amounts of north African ancestry found within Iberia are in the west (11%) including in Galicia, despite the fact that the region of Galicia as it is defined today (north of the Miño river), was never under Muslim rule24 and Berber settlements north of the Douro river were abandoned by 741. This observation is consistent with previous work using Y-chromosome data12. We speculate that the pattern we see is driven by later internal migratory flows, such as between Portugal and Galicia, and this would
We show that population structure exists at ultra-fine scales in Galicia (Figure 2a), particularly in the province of Pontevedra, with some clusters having geographic ranges of less than 10 Km. To our knowledge, these results represent the finest scales over which such structure has yet been observed in humans. It will be interesting to identify whether (and if so which) other parts of the world show similar patterns. Pairs of individuals within these clusters show high levels of coancestry relative to the rest of Spain (Supplementary Figure 3b). In contrast, when we only consider their patterns of coancestry with non-Iberian groups this structure disappears: individuals from Pontevedra are indistinguishable from those from Portugal and other parts of western Spain
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-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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