posted
Lots of charts, graphs, plots, maps, trees...
Apportionment of individuals to clusters, on the basis of 16 chromosome 1 microsatellites and 23 X-linked microsatellites
(bar graphs added to original fig.) "The apportionment of individuals (the average per-individual proportion of ancestry) from each of the eight populations into the four STRUCTURE-defined clusters (Table 2) broadly corresponds to four geographical areas: Western Eurasia, Sub-Saharan Africa, China and New Guinea. Notably, 62% of the Ethiopians fall in the first cluster, which encompasses the majority of the Jews, Norwegians and Armenians, indicating that placement of these individuals in a ‘Black’ cluster would be an inaccurate reflection of the genetic structure. Only 24% of the Ethiopians are placed in the cluster with the Bantu and most of the Afro-Caribbeans...." (J.F. Wilson et al. Nature Genetics 29:265-269, 2001)
"The most distinct separation is between African and non-African populations. The northeastern-African—that is, the Ethiopian and Somali—populations are located centrally between sub-Saharan African and non-African populations."
(S. A. Tishkoff et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet., 67:901-925, 2000)
- - -
Ethiopia: between Sub-Saharan Africa and Western Eurasia
Lovell et al., Annals of Human Genetics (2005) 69,275–287
8kb segment of the X-chromosome
(color coding added)
"Certainly our data are not incompatible with the argument from Tishkoff et al. (1996) that an element of the contemporary Ethiopian population may be descendants of the ancestral population that spawned the migration out of Africa. We also argue, however, that in addition to this early bottleneck event, later periods of admixture have played a major role in shaping the gene pool of Ethiopia, and its populations display both Eurasian and Sub-Saharan genetic influences."
- - -
Cavalli-Sforza et al., Africa PC plot
Posts: 69 | Registered: Aug 2009
| IP: Logged |
posted
(The History and Geography of Human Genes, Princeton University Press, 1994)
neighbor-joining network (computed from genetic distances in table 3.6.1, HGHG)
Neighbor-joining network of world populations (from data in Table 2.3.1A, HGHG, p.174).
"In summary, the information available on individual groups in Ethiopia and North Africa is fairly limited but sufficient to show that they are all separate from sub-Saharan Africans and that North Africans and East Africans (Ethiopian and neighbors) are also clearly separate." (Cavalli-Sforza et al., HGHG, p.174)
the next tree (UPGMA) is not very reliable at the individual population level, but the general pattern is clear: Ethiopians and neighbors (Beja, N. Sudan, Cushitic, Tigray, Baria, Amhara, but not Somali) cluster with North Africans before other sub-Saharans.
(cluster labels added)
Y chromosome (Eth = Ethiopians)
"Non sub-Saharan African samples are all grouped together...with...the Ethiopian Amharic sample. Ethiopians are not statistically differentiated from the Egyptian and Tunisian samples, in agreement with their linguistic affiliation with the Afro-Asiatic family." (Poloni et al., Am J Hum Genet, 1997)
Craniometry, CL Brace MDS plot generated from (unsquared) Mahalanobis distances
"When the nonadaptive aspects of craniofacial configuration are the basis for assessment, the Somalis cluster with Europeans before showing a tie with the people of West Africa or the Congo Basin." (Brace et al., Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 1993)
- - -
Sanchez et al. (2005) Euro J Hum Genet
"The data suggest that the male Somali population is a branch of the East African population -- closely related to the Oromos in Ethiopia and North Kenya -- with predominant E3b1 cluster gamma lineages that were introduced into the Somali population 4000-5000 years ago, and that the Somali male population has approximately 15% Y chromosomes from Eurasia and approximately 5% from sub-Saharan Africa.
[ . . . ]
"East Africans are more related to Eurasians than to other African populations."
"The occurrence of E*5 212 and E*5 204 alleles in two populations of the Mediterranean basin (Turkey and Italy) but not in West Africans can be explained by taking into account that the Ethiopian gene pool was estimated to be >40% of Caucasoid derivation (Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994). In addition, more recent phylogenetic analysis based on classical protein polymorphism (Tartaglia et al. 1996) and Y-chromosome sequence variation (Underhill et al. 2000) showed that Ethiopians appear to be distinct from Africans and more closely associated with populations of the Mediterranean basin."
(Scacchi et al., Hum Biol, 2003)
"The present composition of the Ethiopian population is the result of a complex and extensive intermixing of different peoples of North African, Near and Middle Eastern, and south-Saharan origin. The two main groups inhabiting the country are the Amhara, descended from Arabian conquerors, and the Oromo, the most important group among the Cushitic people. ... The genetic distance analysis showed the separation between African and non-African populations, with the Amhara and Oromo located in an intermediate position."
(De Stefano et al., Ann Hum Biol, 2002)
"On the basis of historical, linguistic, and genetic data, it has been suggested that the Ethiopian population has been strongly affected by Caucasoid migrations since Neolithic times. On the basis of autosomal polymorphic loci, it has been estimated that 60% of the Ethiopian gene pool has an African origin, whereas ~40% is of Caucasoid derivation.... Our Ethiopian sample also lacks the sY81-G allele, which was associated with 86% and 69% of Senegalese and mixed-African YAP+ chromosomes, respectively. This suggests that male-mediated gene flow from Niger-Congo speakers to the Ethiopian population was probably very limited ... Caucasoid gene flow into the Ethiopian gene pool occurred predominantly through males. Conversely, the Niger-Congo contribution to the Ethiopian population occurred mainly through females." (Passarino et al., Am J Hum Genet, 1998)
- - -
"Somali, as a representative East African population, seem to have experienced a detectable amount of Caucasoid maternal influence" (Comas et al., Eur J Hum Genet, 1999
A Sala, for comparison, here are Amhara, Oromo and Somali paternal data. I've highlighted big differences between Somalis and either Amharas and Oromos in red and big differences between Amharas and Oromos in blue. "Big differences" being defined as a difference over 5%.
Somalis: 0.5% A3 (not sure what sub-clade), 1% B (not sure what clade), 0.5% E2, 1.5% E3a*, 1.5% E3b*, 77.6% E3b1* (96.8% gamma cluster, i.e. 75.1% of all Somalis, ), 1.5% E3b2, 0.5% E3b3, 0.5% G, 0.5% H, 2.5% J*(xJ2), 0.5% J2, 10.4% K2, 1.0% R1a1*(xR1a1b).
Differences between Amharas and Oromos (paternally) - Amharas have ~30% J instead of more E3b1* and E3b1a.
Differences between Somalis and Amharas+Oromos (paternally) - Somalis have more K2 and almost no A, and they have a little E3a* (from Bantus, but not very significant). Also, Somalis don't have much J1, compared to Semitic-speaking Ethiopians. I think they mean J1 by J*(xJ2), since these are the only two subclades, and J* is usually defined as J*(xJ1, J2). The R1a1 was surprising, given that it's largely European. I guess it's a little Persian admixture, though, since R1a and its subclades are found in 15-20% of Persians.
Somalis also have a ridiculously high % of E3b1* clades, whereas Ethiopians have high levels of E3b1* as well as many of its downstream mutations.
For Somali paternal data, see Sanchez et. al, 2005: "High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males," in European Journal of Human Genetics (2005) 13, 856–866. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201390 .
This is the study that got a ~75% indigenous, 15% Caucasoid, 5% "SSA" number. I guess they were exaggerating the SSA a little and decreased the indigenous number a little in order to get rounder figures. I guess they also included, A, B, and E2 as SSA, although the first two could simply be from Ethiopian admixture (or indigenous), and E2 is probably indigenous (but also possibly from Bantu admixture). The 15% Caucasoid admixture figure is surprisingly not arrived at through manipulation (knowing the way they have calculated Ethiopian admixture figures in the past). It comes from the 10.4% K, 0.5% G, 0.5% H, 2.5% J1, 0.5% J2, and 1.0% R1a1*. Adding these together gets 15.4%, although the J1 could possibly represent admixture from Ethiopia or slight influence from the Neolithic expansion that brought J-M267 lineages to Ethiopia. The K2 haplogroups have a TMRCA of 2100-2200, so this likely represents historic admixture:
Table 4 presents estimates of ages and expansion times of the Somali E3b1 cluster italic gamma and the K2 lineages based on Y-STR data using different estimation procedures. By defining the ancestral haplotype as that with the modal allele for each STR system and calculating the average squared distance41 as well as the variance between this haplotype and other variants, we estimated the time back to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA). In Somalis, the TMRCA was estimated to be 4000–5000 years for the haplogroup E3b1 cluster italic gamma and 2100–2200 years for the haplogroup K2 assuming a generation time of 25 years. Calculations based on a Bayesian coalescence approach (BATWING expansion time) indicated that the growth of the E3b1 cluster italic gamma in the Somali population started 1200 years ago (Table 4) with an initial population size of 1037 individuals. A similar analysis of haplogroup K2 resulted in a calculated expansion time of approximately 3300 years in a small male population of 109 individuals. The results did not change significantly when different prior probability distributions were applied (data not shown).
Posts: 69 | Registered: Aug 2009
| IP: Logged |
posted
^ Lots of charts, graphs, plots, maps, trees, indeed... But ALL debunked and/or rectified here in this forum! So you waste your time posting them all again. Unless that is you want to be refuted and humiliated again, my BRAINSMASHED friend. Posts: 26348 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
| IP: Logged |
debunking claims based on Tishkoff -----------------------------------------
debunking claims based on Lovell -------------------------------------------------
'Aryan' claims are undermined by their own citations. Conservatives Cavalli-Sforza et al, show that Africans like Ethiopians cluster more with other darker-skinned Africans than Europeans or Middle Easterners.
debunking claims based on cavalli-sforza 1
debunking claims based on cavalli-sforza 2
debunking claims about Ethiopians 2
debunking claims about Ethiopians 3
-------------------- Note: I am not an "Egyptologist" as claimed by some still bitter, defeated, trolls creating fake profiles and posts elsewhere. Hapless losers, you still fail. My output of hard data debunking racist nonsense has actually INCREASED since you began.. Posts: 5906 | From: The Hammer | Registered: Aug 2008
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by Djehuti: ^ Lots of charts, graphs, plots, maps, trees, indeed... But ALL debunked and/or rectified here in this forum! So you waste your time posting them all again. Unless that is you want to be refuted and humiliated again, my BRAINSMASHED friend.
Indeed....
debunking claims based on hammer, poloni, bosch et al..
debunking more claims based on Sforza- Conservative Sforza shows Africns like Ethiopians group more closely with other Africans rather than Europeans or Middle Easterners
Ironically, data of C.L. Brace cited by Aryan claimants undermines their assertions..
debunking skewed claims based on C. L. brace..
Brace shows early euros looked like Africans.. debunks "wandering Caucasoids"..
and finally....
Posts: 5906 | From: The Hammer | Registered: Aug 2008
| IP: Logged |
^^THe original study screen shot has nothing like "Bantoids" in it. It is completely bogus to insert this terminology and make it appear as part of the original study. Few credible mainstream scholars use any terms like "Bantoids". What a bunch of BS. Annotations should not modify the original author's terminology in any way. They are annotations, highlighting or describing, not changes to the original screenshot, or study text. People already have seen many of the originals. No one is being fooled.
^^It is laughable for Euro-hypocrites to annotate this diagram to make a contrast with sub-Saharans" because Ethiopians, Somalians, Tigray, Cushitic, and Amhara are themselves located below the Sahara, and are thus "sub-Saharan. Duh...
In any event, all of the above, including slices of Libya and Tunisia, and Egypt are located in the tropical zone, and are thus tropical Africans, who in any case are not static entities but move around throughout the continent.
ANd we all know Ethiopians have some gene flow from Persia, Arabia, and also Italy in the modern era. That is nothing new. Almost EVERY human group has some gene flow. But this is comparatively recent gene flow. Fundamentally though, the core ancient Ethiopian population's "intermediate" position has nothing to do with simplistic race mixes, but to their position in the OOA flow.
Tishkoff debunks any simplistic "intermediate" race mix theory..
y-chromosome data shows Ethiopians cluster overwhelmingly with other Africans despite and even after recent Arab/Mid Eastern mixes.
-------------------- Note: I am not an "Egyptologist" as claimed by some still bitter, defeated, trolls creating fake profiles and posts elsewhere. Hapless losers, you still fail. My output of hard data debunking racist nonsense has actually INCREASED since you began.. Posts: 5906 | From: The Hammer | Registered: Aug 2008
| IP: Logged |
UBBFriend: Email this page to someone!
![[Embarrassed]](redface.gif)
Printer-friendly view of this topic