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Otzi The Iceman's Genome Reveals Evidence Of Lyme Disease, Lactose Intolerance And Distant Relatives
The 5,300-year-old ice mummy dubbed Ötzi, discovered in the Eastern Alps about 20 years ago, appears to have had the oldest known case of Lyme disease, new genetic analysis has revealed.
As part of work on the Iceman's genome — his complete genetic blueprint — scientists found genetic material from the bacterium responsible for the disease, which is spread by ticks and causes a rash and flulike symptoms and can lead to joint, heart and nervous system problems.
The new analysis also indicates the Iceman was lactose intolerant, predisposed to cardiovascular disease, and most likely had brown eyes and blood type O.
To sequence the Iceman's genome, researchers took a sample from his hip bone. In it, they looked for not only human DNA — the chemical code that makes up genes — but also for that of other organisms. While they found evidence of other microbes, the Lyme disease bacterium, called Borrelia burgdorferi, was the only one known to cause disease, said Albert Zink, a study researcher and head of the European Institute for Mummies and the Iceman at the European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC) in Italy.
"Our data point to the earliest documented case of a B. burgdorferi infection in mankind. To our knowledge, no other case report about borreliosis [Lyme disease] is available for ancient or historic specimens," Zink and colleagues write in an article published on Tuesday (Feb. 28) in the journal Nature Communications.
Discovering evidence of Borrelia is an "intriguing investigative lead," said Dr. Steven Schutzer, an immunologist at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School.
Schutzer is a lead investigator on a National Institutes of Health-funded project that has sequenced at least 17 strains of the modern bacterium, and has published 13 of those so far.
The discovery of the traces of Borrelia within the sample taken from the Iceman still needs to be confirmed, he said. "Now we know what we want to look for, now that we know there is a possibility of that being here, we can do a very targeted approach that looks for Borrelia," Schutzer said.
Lyme disease is transmitted by ticks in North America and Eurasia. It was first found in the United States in Connecticut in the mid-1970s; a similar disorder had been identified in Europe earlier in the 20th century.
Schutzer said he is discussing follow-up studies with Zink.
Previous work had examined genetic material within the Iceman's mitochondria — the energy-producing centers in cells. His mitochondrial DNA,which is inherited through the maternal line, did not reveal any living relatives.
In this new project, researchers decoded the DNA found within the nuclei of the Iceman's cells, which is inherited from both parents. They found the Iceman belonged to a lineage that is now rare,but still present in some places. [Photos of Iceman Mummy]
"This means his ancestors came from Europe originally from the East and spread over most or part of Europe," Zink said. "This original population was somehow replaced by other populations, but they remained quite stable in remote areas like Sardinia and Corsica."
The analysis also indicates the Iceman was lactose intolerant. This isn't surprising, according to Zink. At the time the Iceman lived and died, people were beginning to settle down and become farmers, and the ability for adults to digest milk became an advantage.
The team also found he had a genetic predisposition for cardiovascular disease, supporting earlier scans showing the buildup of deposits within his arteries. In spite of the health problems from which the roughly 45-year-old Iceman suffered, he appears to have died a violent death. Researchers believe a flint arrowhead, shot into his left shoulder most likely killed him.
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Meanwhile some data shows that tropical Africans had the most advanced and organized food producing system on earth, including the highest population densities anywhere on the planet, based on that food production system:
QUOTE: "With the onset of the Neolithic, the dietary diversity of hunter-gatherers is replaced with dietary specialization on one or a few cereal crops and the products of domestic animals... Increasing sedentism and population density are almost universally associated with increases in infectious disease.. and may underpin the the reduction in stature in the Predynastic period. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Badarian civilization had higher population density than did any other contemporaneous civilizations (Gabriel, 1987, Hassan 1988)." --Pinhasi and Stock 2011. Human Bioarchaelogy of the Transition to Agriculture
“The adoption of this broad adaptive strategy provided the large food supply needed by a growing population, but achieving maximum production called for a good deal of planning and the management of labour. This marks the beginning of an organized food-producing system: agriculture.”
“Dating from more than 15,000 years ago, the evidence from the Nile valley is arguably the earliest comprehensive instance of an organized food-producing system known anywhere on Earth.” --Africa: A Biography of the Continent, by John Reader, 1998, pp. 120-173
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A group of scientists have sequenced Ötzi's full genome and the report was published on 28 February 2012. Dr. Eduard Egarter-Vigl said in an interview that the Y-DNA of Ötzi belongs to the subclade G2a4 which has since been renamed G2a2b. Analysis of his mitochondrial DNA has shown that Ötzi belongs to the K1 subclade, but cannot be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subclade (K1a, K1b or K1c). The new subclade has provisionally been named K1ö for Ötzi.Multiplex assay study was able to confirm that the Iceman's mtDNA belongs to a new European mtDNA clade with a very limited distribution amongst modern data sets. He is most closely related to southern Europeans, particularly geographically isolated populations of Sardinia and Corsica. DNA analysis also showed him at high risk of atherosclerosis, lactose intolerant, and the presence of the DNA sequence of Borrelia burgdorferi making him the earliest known human with Lyme disease.
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Turk Albinos - We are Berbers, Egyptians, Arabs, Phoenicians, Persians, Greeks.
Germanic Albinos - We are Celts, Britain's, Romans, Greeks.
Lioness - He is most closely related to southern Europeans, particularly geographically isolated populations of Sardinia and Corsica.
History: In 1479, as a result of the marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabel of Castile, the "Kingdom of Sardinia" (which was separated from Corsica) became Spanish, with the state symbol of the Four Moors. Following the failure of the military ventures against the Muslims of Tunis (1535) and Algiers (1541), Charles V of Spain, in order to defend his Mediterranean territories from pirate raids by the African Berbers, fortified the Sardinian shores with a system of coastal lookout towers.
The Kingdom of Sardinia remained Spanish for approximately 400 years, from 1323 to 1720, assimilating a number of Spanish traditions.
Albinos claim to be EVERYTHING but Albinos.
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Ancient Etruscans Unlikely Ancestors Of Modern Tuscans, Testing Reveals.
News story from the Science Daily — For the first time, Stanford university researchers have used statistical computer modeling to simulate demographic processes affecting the population of the Tuscany region of Italy over a 2,500-year time span. Rigorous tests used by the researchers have ruled out a genetic link between Ancient Etruscans, the original inhabitants of central Italy, and the region's modern day residents.
The findings indicate (as is obvious from the pictured artifacts), that the Ancient Etruscans had little in common with the people who later came to Italy, said Joanna Mountain, assistant professor of anthropological sciences. The findings as documented in ''Serial Coalescent Simulations” indicate a Weak Genealogical Relationship Between Etruscans and Modern Tuscans. The study was published May 15, 2006 in the online version of the National Academy of Sciences. Uma Ramakrishnan, a former Stanford postdoctoral fellow, and Elise M. S. Belle along with Guido Barbujani of the University of Ferrara in Italy, co-authored the paper with Mountain.
To date; the Etruscans are the only pre-classical European population that has been genetically analyzed, Mountain said. Two years ago, Italian geneticists extracted maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA from the bones of 27 people called Etruscans found in six different necropolises (burial sites) in Tuscany. The female lineage was investigated because, unlike the male Y chromosome, many copies of mitochondrial DNA are found in each cell and thus are easier to extract, Mountain explained. The finding is important because it questions the common assumption that residents of a particular place are descendants of its earlier inhabitants, Mountain said. Note: This story has been adapted from a news release issued by Stanford University.
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Do you understand that this skeleton that you are showing IS in fact "Otzi" the iceman?
Clyde why post the image saying he was "black" when his Y dna is G2a2b and his mtdna is K1~. Neither of these lineages are very prominent among "Black People". The Autosmal analysis of his DNA is quite close to Southern Europeans...closest to Sardinians actually. There is nothing "Black" About this body unless you basically want to call white people "Black people".
Posts: 2463 | From: New Jersey USA | Registered: Dec 2007
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^ There is nothing white about that albino baby. Its cranial features are Negroid.
But to a retard like you, anything with pale skin is 'white' and anything with dark skin is 'black'.
Posts: 1575 | From: - | Registered: May 2011
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quote:Originally posted by astenb: unless you basically want to call white people "Black people".
Okay, I will!
Ha,ha,ha,ha.
Silly, silly, Albinos.
This is a dumb example. Even thought the child is albono the Maternal DNA is like L3e just like the mother. And if it was a boy the Y-DNA would be E1b1a or whatever like the father.......and the autosomal DNA would resemble other West Central Africans just like the parents. So it would not matter how the child looks. The affliction of Albinism has no bearing on, Ydna, Mtdna or Adna.
What we have here is a dead body. IN EUROPE, that has Y DNA similar to modern folks in the Europe and the Caucus...mtdna similar to other random Eurasians,....and autosomal DNA that is overwhelmingly Southern European....more southern European that modern Southern Europeans even. I fail to see your point because you are not making any. If you want to say the Ydena, Mtdna, and Adna results release for this mummy are not the real or true results then that is a DIFFERENT discussion all together.
Furthermore when have I ever claimed to be white? I am far from white.
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astenb - Taking pity on an idiot, I will help you out.
Haplogroup G (Y-DNA) In human genetics, Haplogroup G (M201) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. It is a branch of Haplogroup F (M89). Haplogroup G has an overall low frequency in most populations but is widely distributed within many ethnic groups of the Old World in Europe, Caucasus, South Asia, western and central Asia, and northern Africa.
Various estimated dates and locations have been proposed for the origin of Haplogroup G. The National Geographic Society places haplogroup G origins in the Middle East 30,000 years ago and presumes that people carrying the haplogroup took part in the spread of the Neolithic Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. Semino et al. (2000) suggested 17,000 years ago. Cinnioglu et al. (2004) suggested the mutation took place only 9,500 years ago.
The majority of all the male skeletons from the European Neolithic period that have so far yielded Y-DNA belong to haplogroup G2a. There are only a few samples from this period because of the difficulty extracting nuclear DNA. The oldest skeletons confirmed by ancient DNA testing as carrying haplogroup G2a were five found in the Avellaner cave burial site for farmers in northeastern Spain and were dated by radiocarbon dating to about 7000 years ago. At the Neolithic cemetery of Derenburg Meerenstieg II, north central Germany, with burial artifacts belonging to the Linear Pottery culture, known in German as Linearbandkeramik (LBK). This skeleton could not be dated by radiocarbon dating, but other skeletons there were dated to between 5,100 and 6,100 years old. The most detailed SNP mutation identified was S126 (L30), which defines G2a3. G2a was found also in 20 out of 22 samples of ancient Y-DNA from Treilles, the type-site of a Late Neolithic group of farmers in the South of France, dated to about 5000 years ago.
So astenb you buffoon, all you have to do is to present (1) ONE, Albino skeleton from the European Neolithic and your work is done!Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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So astenb you buffoon, all you have to do is to present (1) ONE, Albino skeleton from the European Neolithic and your work is done! [/QB]
If these people died thousands of years ago and as most prehistoric skeletal remains are bare of skin or hair, it would be impossible to tell if one of them was albino
Therefore if we were to go back say 7,000 years in Europe the people's skin could have been closer to the man on the left. Or the right. You couldn't tell from the bones. And if the remains were mummified you can't expect all mummies to be colored the exact same way when they were alive. There are different chemstries in different mummies, different environmental conditions and different ages. Mummies are not prefectly preserved, they decay in certain ways. This Otzi mummy for instance. One cannot assume that it's brown color is the exact same color as the living person. If the living person was in fact similar in color to the mummy there are people all over the world with a brown color from Sicilians, to Africans, to Palestinians, to Malaysians.
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: astenb - Taking pity on an idiot, I will help you out.
Haplogroup G (Y-DNA) In human genetics, Haplogroup G (M201) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. It is a branch of Haplogroup F (M89). Haplogroup G has an overall low frequency in most populations but is widely distributed within many ethnic groups of the Old World in Europe, Caucasus, South Asia, western and central Asia, and northern Africa.
Various estimated dates and locations have been proposed for the origin of Haplogroup G. The National Geographic Society places haplogroup G origins in the Middle East 30,000 years ago and presumes that people carrying the haplogroup took part in the spread of the Neolithic Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. Semino et al. (2000) suggested 17,000 years ago. Cinnioglu et al. (2004) suggested the mutation took place only 9,500 years ago.
The majority of all the male skeletons from the European Neolithic period that have so far yielded Y-DNA belong to haplogroup G2a. There are only a few samples from this period because of the difficulty extracting nuclear DNA. The oldest skeletons confirmed by ancient DNA testing as carrying haplogroup G2a were five found in the Avellaner cave burial site for farmers in northeastern Spain and were dated by radiocarbon dating to about 7000 years ago. At the Neolithic cemetery of Derenburg Meerenstieg II, north central Germany, with burial artifacts belonging to the Linear Pottery culture, known in German as Linearbandkeramik (LBK). This skeleton could not be dated by radiocarbon dating, but other skeletons there were dated to between 5,100 and 6,100 years old. The most detailed SNP mutation identified was S126 (L30), which defines G2a3. G2a was found also in 20 out of 22 samples of ancient Y-DNA from Treilles, the type-site of a Late Neolithic group of farmers in the South of France, dated to about 5000 years ago.
So astenb you buffoon, all you have to do is to present (1) ONE, Albino skeleton from the European Neolithic and your work is done!
You make no sense. What does this have to do with the fact that the ANCIENT DNA found in this mummy is similar to the MODERN Dna of "White People" in Sardinia? I guess you want to say this mummy is Black too:
Look at her skin tone, What does DNA tell us, that her DNA is very similar to other Amerindians living in the region in fact they found an exact match. You are replying with nonsense and making yourself look like a clown.
Posts: 2463 | From: New Jersey USA | Registered: Dec 2007
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astenb - So like the liar and buffoon that you are, you try to change the subject. Now Amerindians inhabited Europe?
Migrating Neolithic men likely influenced prehistoric Europeans Avellaner cave
An analysis of ancient DNA suggests that men migrated more often than women during the Neolithic period. Marie Lacan and colleagues extracted DNA from human specimens excavated from Avellaner cave, an ancient funeral cave in Northeastern Spain. The authors analyzed both Y-chromosomal DNA, present in men, and mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down from a mother to her children. Of the seven individuals identified in the cave, six were found to be males, while just one was female. While no immediate family relationships could be identified among these individuals, five of the men seemed to belong to the same paternal lineage, suggesting that only one group used the cavity as a sepulchral place. The findings further suggest a pre-Neolithic origin of maternal lineages during this period. At least two of the men's haplogroups, G2a and E1b1b1a1b, are quite distinctive and rare in current Western European populations, suggesting that the paternal lineages were introduced to Europe from other locations. The authors therefore conclude that groups of men, but not women, migrated during the Neolithic Transition, when populations switched from hunter-gatherer lifestyles to cultures based on agriculture. The results are consistent with prior research on individuals from Late Neolithic France, indicating surprising genetic similarities between the two populations at that time.
Not surprisingly, the Albinos make all manner of claims concerning Avellaner cave, but NEVER show a picture of the skeletons!
But I have pictures of the skeletons of other Europeans.
quote:Originally posted by Mike111: Turk Albinos - We are Berbers, Egyptians, Arabs, Phoenicians, Persians, Greeks.
Germanic Albinos - We are Celts, Britain's, Romans, Greeks.
Albinos claim to be EVERYTHING but Albinos.
astenb - You're not fooling me you know. You're still trying to make the bogus lying case, that people like this: YOUR PEOPLE, could possibly have something to do with the original Black populations. You came as "Slave Soldiers" and you overthrew your Black masters. That does NOT make you a NATIVE!
Please stop embarrassing yourselves, you are Turk mulattoes - nothing more!
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I see you are still trying to steal what isn't yours there Mikey boy. Told ya I'm not going away, I'll be here like a dog nipping at your heels lol. Whites are not Albinos and you know it. ANSWER MY QUESTIONS IN THE OTHER THREAD & POST UNBIASED PROOF OR ADMIT YOU LIED MIKEY BOY.
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Bog bodies are typically recovered when people are harvesting the peat from bogs for fuel. Shortly after the body is revealed, it begins decaying, so quick preservation after that point is essential. Some bog bodies have badly deteriorated after their discovery due to improper preservation. Bog bodies generally have brown or black hair and skin, caused by chemicals in the bog that dye them. Archaeologists are fortunate to find any bog bodies, as the precise conditions conducive to their formation is rare, and generally occurs only in bogs near salt water. Because of this, one of the best locations in the world to find bog bodies is in Jutland, Denmark, which is frequently swept by winds bearing salty moisture.
the Tollund Man, Known for his red hair, day-old stubble, and uncannily preserved two-thousand-year-old physique, a mummified body discovered in 1950s Denmark—was an instant archaeological sensation. The Tollund man's red hair (under his cloth hood) is due to the influence of the bog water. His original hair color is unknown. Posts: 42921 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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quote:Originally posted by DHDoxies: I see you are still trying to steal what isn't yours there Mikey boy. Told ya I'm not going away, I'll be here like a dog nipping at your heels lol. Whites are not Albinos and you know it. ANSWER MY QUESTIONS IN THE OTHER THREAD & POST UNBIASED PROOF OR ADMIT YOU LIED MIKEY BOY.
He still hasn't answered. Posts: 1575 | From: - | Registered: May 2011
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