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Originally posted by xyyman:
**Ancient genomes link early farmers from Atapuerca in Spain to modern-day Basques -
Torsten Günthera Helena Malmströma – May2015
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I was too impatient when I posted this earlier and left out another key point from the study.

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Chalcolithic Iberians was lighter than the Mesolithic LaBrana1 individual who carried the ancestral states at these major pigmentation loci [73]. rs1805007 in MC1R which is associated with red hair and LIGHT SKIN is ANCESTRAL in all but one sequence (out of eleven in all El Portalon individuals) but that single derived base call might also be due to post-mortem damage. rs12913832, a SNP that explains

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So in summary - out of the 3 major genes for skin pigmentation new European farmers carried 2 out of 3 genes for black skin. They met hunter-gathers who were also black. Sounds like Land of The Blacks to me. He! He! He!. So, Dhoxie, is Europe a black land or is Africa a white land? Africa- Land of the whites!!


I got this down 3 years ago. See my thread on White West Africans on ESR.

I got this. Signed …Mensa.

Depigmented Africans.

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Here we sequence an approximately 7,000-year-old Mesolithic skeleton discovered at the La Bran˜a-Arintero site in Leo´n, Spain, to retrieve a complete pre-agricultural European human genome. Analysis of this genome in the context of other ancient samples suggests the existence of a common ancient genomic signature across western and central Eurasia from the Upper Paleolithic to the Mesolithic.
The La Bran˜a individual carries ancestral alleles in several skin pigmentation genes, suggesting that the light skin of modern Europeans
was not yet ubiquitous in Mesolithic time

pp. 226-27 Although the precise phenotypic effects cannot currently be ascertained in a European genetic background, results from functional experiments20 indicate that the allelic combination in this Mesolithic individual is likely to have resulted in dark skin pigmentation and dark or brown hair. Further examination revealed that this individual carried the HERC2 rs12913832*C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and the associated homozygous haplotype spanning theHERC2–OCA2 locus that is strongly associated with blue eye colour23. Moreover, a prediction of eye colour based on genotypes at additional loci usingHIrisPlex24 produced a 0.823 maximal and 0.672 minimal probability for being non-brown-eyed (Supplementary Information). The genotypic combination leading to a predicted phenotype of dark skin and non-brown eyes is unique and no longer present in contemporary European populations. Our results indicate that the adaptive spread of light skin pigmentation alleles was not complete in some European populations by the Mesolithic, and that the spread of alleles associated with light/blue eye colour may have preceded changes in skin pigmentation.]/QUOTE]

Olalde, I. et. al. 2015 “A common genetic origin for early farmers from Mediterranean Cardial and Central European LBK cultures,”
Molecular and Biological Evolution Advance Access published September 2, 2015


abstract [QUOTE] The spread of farming out of the Balkans and into the rest of Europe followed two distinct routes: an initial expansion represented by the Impressa and Cardial traditions, which followed the Northern Mediterranean coastline; and another expansion represented by the LBK tradition, which followed the Danube River into Central Europe. While genomic data now exist from samples representing the second migration, such data have yet to be successfully generated from the initial Mediterranean migration. To address this, we generated the complete genome of a 7,400 year-old Cardial individual (CB13) from Cova Bonica in Vallirana (Barcelona), as well as partial nuclear data from five others excavated from different sites in Spain and Portugal. CB13 clusters with all previously sequenced early European farmers and modern-day Sardinians.

p. 5 At the phenotypic level, CB13 has derived alleles for the SLC24A5 pigmentation gene (Tables S6-8) and appears heterozygous for the SLC45A2 skin pigmentation gene (Tables S6-7), both associated with light skin in Europeans. The same, light skin-related genotypic combination is also seen in several Early, Middle and Late Neolithic individuals from Hungary (Gamba et al. 2014). Despite uncertainties associated with the low coverage, the Hirisplex pigmentation prediction (Walsh et al. 2013) yields the highest probability of this individual having dark hair (0.679). Due to a combination of missing (including the critical rs1281382 SNP for blue eyes) and heterozygous sites at the OCA2/HERC2 haplotype (Table S9), the colour of the iris could not be conclusively determined. At the rs4988235 site (which has a regulatory effect on the LCT gene), CB13 shows the ancestral variant associated with the inability to digest milk during adulthood (Itan et al. 2009); sharing this trait with all Neolithic individuals analysed to date (Gamba et al. 2014; Lazaridis et al. 2014).

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Posts: 833 | From: Austin, TX | Registered: Jan 2007  |  IP: Logged | 

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Lalueza-Fox states: "However, the biggest surprise was to discover that this individual possessed African versions in the genes that determine the light pigmentation of the current Europeans, which indicates that he had dark skin, although we can not know the exact shade."

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Modelling the ancestry of present-day Europeans as a simple mixture of two ancestral populations 2, however, does not take into account their genetic affinity to an Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) population 4,5 who also contributed genetically to Native Americans 6.


To better understand the deep ancestry of present-day Europeans, we sequenced nine ancient genomes that span the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture in Europe (Fig. 1A; Extended Data Fig. 1): “Stuttgart” (19-fold coverage), a ~7,000 year old skeleton found in Germany in the context of artifacts from the first widespread Neolithic farming culture of central Europe, the Linearbandkeramik; “Loschbour” (22-fold coverage), an ~8,000 year old skeleton from the Loschbour rock shelter in Heffingen, Luxembourg, discovered in the context of Mesolithic hunter-gatherer artifacts (SI1; SI2); and seven samples (0.01-2.4-fold coverage) from an ~8,000 year old Mesolithic hunter-gatherer burial in Motala, Sweden.


DNA (mtDNA) consensus sequences, and based on the number of sites that differed, estimated contamination rates of 0.3% for Loschbour, 0.4% for Stuttgart, and 0.01%-5% for the Motala individuals (SI3). We inferred similar levels of contamination for the nuclear DNA of Loschbour (0.4%) and Stuttgart (0.3%) using a maximum-likelihood-based test (SI3). The effective contamination rate for the high coverage samples is likely to be far lower, as consensus diploid genotype calling (SI2) tends to reduce the effects of a small fraction of contaminating reads.


Stuttgart belongs to mtDNA haplogroup T2, typical of Neolithic Europeans9, while Loschbour and all Motala individuals belong to haplogroups U5 and U2, typical of pre-agricultural Europeans1,7 (SI4). Based on the ratio of reads aligning to chromosomes X and Y, Stuttgart is female, while Loschbour and five of seven Motala individuals are male10 (SI5).

Loschbour and the four Motala males whose haplogroups we could determine all belong to Y-chromosome haplogroup I, suggesting that this was a predominant haplogroup in pre-agricultural northern Europeans analogous to mtDNA haplogroup U11 (SI5).


We carried out most of our sequencing on libraries prepared in the presence of uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG), which reduces C->T and G->A errors due to ancient DNA damage (SI3). We first confirm that the ancient samples had statistically indistinguishable levels of Neandertal ancestry to each other (~2%) and to present-day Eurasians (SI6), and so we do not consider this further in our analyses of population relationships. We report analyses that leverage the type of information that can only be obtained from deep coverage genomes, mostly focusing on Loschbour and Stuttgart, and for some analyses also including Motala12 (2.4×) and La Braña from Mesolithic Iberia (3.4×)12. Heterozygosity, the number of differences per nucleotide between an individual’s two chromosomes, is 0.00074 for Stuttgart, at the high end of present- day Europeans, and 0.00048 for Loschbour, lower than in any present-day humans (SI2). Through comparison of Loschbour’s two chromosomes we find that this low diversity is not due to recent inbreeding but instead due to a population bottleneck in this individual’s more distant ancestors (Extended Data Fig. 2). Regarding alleles that affect phenotype, we find that the AMY1 gene coding for salivary amylase had 5, 6, 13, and 16 copies in La Braña12, Motala12, Loschbour and Stuttgart respectively; these numbers are within the range of present-day Europeans (SI7), suggesting that high copy counts of AMY1 are not entirely due to selection since the switch to agriculture13.


The genotypes at SNPs associated with lactase persistence indicate that Stuttgart, Loschbour, and Motala12 were unable to digest milk as adults.

Both Loschbour and Stuttgart likely had dark hair (>99% probability); Loschbour, like La Braña and Motala12, likely had blue or intermediate-colored eyes (>75% probability), while Stuttgart most likely had brown eyes (>99% probability) (SI8). Neither Loschbour nor La Braña carries the skin-lightening allele in SLC24A5 that is homozygous in Stuttgart and nearly fixed in Europeans today, indicating that they probably had darker skin12.


However, Motala12 carries at least one copy of the derived allele, indicating that this locus was already polymorphic in Europeans prior to the advent of agriculture.


To place the ancient European genomes in the context of present-day human genetic variation, we assembled a dataset of 2,345 present-day humans from 203 populations genotyped at 594,924 autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)5 (SI9) (Extended Data Table 1). We used ADMIXTURE14 to identify 59 “West Eurasian” populations (777 individuals) that cluster with Europe and the Near East (SI9 and Extended Data Fig. 3). Principal component analysis (PCA)15 (SI10) (Fig. 1B) reveals a discontinuity between the Near East and Europe, with each showing north-south clines bridged only by a few populations of mainly Mediterranean origin. Our PCA differs from previous studies that showed a correlation with the map of Europe16,17, which we determined is due to our study having relatively fewer central and northwestern Europeans, and more Near Easterners and eastern Europeans (SI10). We projected18 the newly sequenced and previously published2,6,12,19 ancient genomes onto the first two PCs inferred from present-day samples (Fig. 1B). MA1 and AG2, both Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers from Lake Baikal6 in Siberia, project at the northern end of the PCA, suggesting an “Ancient North Eurasian” meta- population (ANE). European hunter-gatherers from Spain, Luxembourg, and Sweden fall outside the genetic variation of West Eurasians in the direction of European differentiation from the Near East, with a “West European Hunter-Gatherer” (WHG) cluster including Loschbour and La Braña12, and a “Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer” (SHG) cluster including the Motala individuals and ~5,000 year old hunter-gatherers from the Swedish Pitted Ware Culture2. An “Early European Farmer” (EEF) cluster includes Stuttgart, the ~5,300 year old Tyrolean Iceman19 and a ~5,000 year old southern Swedish farmer2, and is near present-day Sardinians2,19.

[...]

This suggests a remarkable genetic uniformity and little phylogeographic structure over a large geographic area of the pre-Neolithic populations. Using Approximate Bayesian Computation, a model of genetic continuity from Mesolithic to Neolithic populations is poorly supported. Furthermore, analyses of 1.34% and 0.53% of their nuclear genomes, containing about 50,000 and 20,000 ancestry informative SNPs, respectively, show that these two Mesolithic individuals are not related to current populations from either the Iberian Peninsula or Southern Europe.

[...]

Indicate that La Bran ̃ a specimens (Figure 1) belong to the U5b haplotype (16192T-16270T).

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Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by Troll Patrol # Ish Gebor:
Using Approximate Bayesian Computation, a model of genetic continuity from Mesolithic to Neolithic populations is poorly supported. Furthermore, analyses of 1.34% and 0.53% of their nuclear genomes, containing about 50,000 and 20,000 ancestry informative SNPs, respectively, show that these two Mesolithic individuals are not related to current populations from either the Iberian Peninsula or Southern Europe.

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Posts: 833 | From: Austin, TX | Registered: Jan 2007  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by kdolo:
'I'm a daughter of Celtic warriors,a daughter of Slavic warriors,a daughter of Viking warriors,a daughter of Greek Spartans,a daughter of the Roman legions,of Spanish conquistadors,of German Knights, I'm a daughter of the fiercest, & bloodiest warriors that ever walked the planet.”

All wrong !!!

You are the daughter of Central Asian barbarians who having no real identity of their own and therefore assumed the identities of the people you mentioned as you encountered them or read about them centuries later.

...the fiercest and bloodiest warriors that have walked the earth are probably the Mongols who expelled your people forcing you to move west.

Makes you wonder....Pink/Albino delusion is a serious thing. How far will these people go to defend their completely false identity. They make up **** and want to commit violence based on the fake **** they made up.....insanity.

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