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lol at wikipedia.



Today's chief guardian of the Temple of Hatshepsut (Maat Ka-Re)







Men from Punt Carrying Gifts, Tomb of Rekhmire
Artist: Nina de Garis Davies (1881–1965)
Period: New Kingdom
Dynasty: Dynasty 18
Reign: reign of Thutmose III–early Amenhotep II
Date: ca. 1479–1420 B.C.
Geography: Original from Egypt, Upper Egypt, Thebes, Sheikh Abd el-Qurna, Tomb of Rekhmire (TT 100)
Medium: Tempera on paper
Dimensions: Facsimile: H. 46 cm (18 1/8 in.); W. 61.5 cm (24 3/16 in.) scale 1:1 Frame: H. 49 cm (19 5/16 in.); W. 65.5 cm (25 13/16 in.)
Credit Line: Rogers Fund, 1930
Accession Number: 30.4.152

http://metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/544606 [/QB][/QUOTE]

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"There is still some debate regarding the precise location of Punt, which was once identified with the region of modern Somalia. A strong argument has now been made for its location in either southern Sudan or the Eritrean region of Ethiopia, where the indigenous plants and animals equate most closely with those depicted in the Egyptian reliefs and paintings.

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-- Ian Shaw, The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, p. 317, 2003:


Queen Hatshepsut:




Hatshepsut Soldiers







Men of Punt




King and Queen of Punt



Scientists zero in on ancient Land of Punt
David Perlman Chronicle Science Editor
The San Francisco Chronicle
May 08, 2010


Thousands of years ago, there once stood a place called Punt, a land of gold and ebony, and ivory, frankincense and myrrh.

To the pharaohs who built their palaces along the Nile, the Land of Punt was the source of great treasure. Among the most prized were Punt`s leopards and baboons, which they viewed as sacred and took as royal pets.

The pharaohs sent great expeditions to Punt; they welcomed delegations of Puntites to their palaces, and their scribes recorded their gifts and commercial products in detail.

But not one of the Egyptian scribes who wrote about the strange land - Ta netjer, or God`s Land, as it was sometimes called - ever revealed exactly where it lay.

The riddle was left to modern-day scholars to solve.

Now researchers armed with the sophisticated tools of modern physics have tackled the problem and declared that while they still can`t tell exactly where Punt was, they do know where it wasn`t.

Disputes over Punt`s location have gone on for decades. Punt (pronounced Poont), archaeologists have said, was in Mozambique, or Somalia; or on the Sinai Peninsula or in Yemen, or somewhere in Western Asia where Israel, Lebanon and Syria now lie.

Narrowing the search

At a recent meeting in Oakland of the American Research Center in Egypt three scientists announced with confidence they had ruled out all of those five locations, and there was no disagreement from the 300 archaeologists there.

The Land of Punt, the scientist said, must have existed in eastern North Africa - either in the region where Ethiopia and Eritrea confront each other, or east of the Upper Nile in a lowland area of eastern Sudan.

The three experts, all specialists in arcane disciplines, were:

-- Nathaniel J. Dominy, a UC Santa Cruz anthropologist and primate ecologist who studies the lives and habitats of apes, baboons and other monkeys, as well as human evolution;

-- Gillian Leigh Moritz, a specialist in manipulating the mass spectrometer in Dominy`s laboratory to analyze the stable isotopes of oxygen and other elements;

-- Kathryn A. Bard, a Boston University Egyptologist who for nearly 10 years has been excavating the ancient Red Sea harbor of Wadi Gawassis, where royal sailing expeditions were sent to Punt and returned with precious cargo.

The key to solving the mystery of Punt was Dominy`s intimate knowledge of baboon geography - there are five species of the animals, and Dominy can identify the African regions where each one has its specialized habitat. He also knows the characteristics of the body tissue of each species.

"We used baboons as a lens to solve the Punt problem," he said. "They were among the most important commodities brought back to the pharaohs from Punt, but until now no one has known where those baboons came from."

The British Museum in London`s collection of Egyptian antiquities holds two mummified baboons that were once gifts from Punt to the pharaohs, and although museum officials would not allow Dominy to drill into the mummies for bone samples to analyze their DNA, he was allowed to snip a few precious hairs from the baboons for Moritz to work on.

Clues in the water

Despite their age, those hairs still contained trace molecules of the water the animals drank when alive, and Moritz could analyze that water to determine the ratio of two oxygen isotopes in the hairs.

It`s a complicated bit of chemistry, but every oxygen atom is made up of three different stable isotopes - their atomic masses - and the ratio between two of them, oxygen-16 and oxygen-18, varies significantly in the rainfall and humidity from one part of the world to another, even from different parts of a continent.

Moritz used her mass spectrometer in the Dominy lab to determine the oxygen isotope ratios in the hairs of each mummified baboon, and compared them with the ratios in all five species of baboons living in varied parts of Africa today.

"The results of the mass spectrometer showed us that the region of Ethiopia and Eritrea was the place to look for Punt," she said.

Bard, the Boston University Egyptologist, said the findings are convincing and make Punt more real than ever, but she suggests that the land might also have existed in a similar nearby baboon region - perhaps in eastern Sudan.

Remains of ships

The ancient harbor on the Red Sea where Bard is excavating is called Mersa/Wadi Gawassis, and Bard`s excavations have yielded well- preserved ship`s timbers, anchors, coils of ancient rope, and the rigging of seagoing ships that date from the reigns of several Pharaonic dynasties.

From that port, a pharaoh named Amenhotep IV sent a major expedition to Punt some 3,800 years ago during the eighth year of his reign, Bard and her colleagues have discovered.

"We`ve made a wonderful find there," Bard said. "It was really amazing - 40 cargo boxes from the ship, and some were inscribed with the name of that very king, the name of the scribe, and the inscribed words, `wonderful things from Punt.` "

The woman who became pharaoh
Kausalya Santhanam
The Hindu

December 19, 2008

Queen Hatshepsut`s life reads like a modern best seller. She ruled ancient Egypt for over 15 years.

Her story seems as threaded with love, mystery and murder as a modern best seller. Wearing the false beard that distinguished the rulers of ancient Egypt, Queen Hatshepsut (1473-1458 B.C.) held on to the position of a pharaoh for more than 15 years. Quite a feat considering it was an exclusively male preserve. We arrive at Luxor which was once called Thebes, the capital of ancient Egypt, and embark on a cruise down the Nile. But nothing will make us miss a visit to this extraordinary temple which was constructed by Hatshepsut as a funerary monument for her royal father Thuthmose I and herself. It was designed by Hatshepsut`s great architect Senmut (Was he also her lover?). This monument ensured him a place in Egyptian history along with Imhotep, the architect who designed the first pyramid 1,200 years before him.

The ancient Egyptians strongly believed that life would be perpetuated in the other world, after death. Mortuary temples were constructed by the rulers on a grand scale. We stand lost in admiration as we gaze at the massive rectangular structure which owes its presence to the queen- pharaoh.

The temple appears to spring from the hill of pale brown rock, so fabulous is the architecture, and the vision that built it. It is a most unusual building quite unlike the temples we get to see later in the rest of Egypt, in Philae and Kom Ombo. The temple is dedicated to God Amun, Goddess Hathor – who in the form of a cow was believed to receive the dead in the underworld – and God Anubis. We win brownie points from our guide by pointing out Hathor in the paintings and sculptures, not a difficult task considering the goddess is shown wearing horns.

Hathshepsut was married to Thuthmose II, her half -brother. Although it seems strange and shocking to us today, male royals in ancient Egypt consolidated their claim to the throne by generally marrying their sisters as it was believed that it was the women in the family who carried the royal blood. After the death (was it murder?) of her husband, Hatshepsut assumed power, acting not as just regent but full blown ruler in the place of her stepson and nephew, the future Thuthmose III. It is believed by many that after her death (was she murdered?), Thuthmose III erased her name and likeness from many monuments.

Towering obelisk

We learn that Hatshepsut`s reign was marked by the building of numerous monuments. In the evening at the great temple of Karnak in Luxor, we see the towering obelisk erected by Hatshepsut to worship the god Amun.

The temple of Queen Hatshepsut is located at the head of the plateau known as Deir el -Bahari. The plateau had been the site of the huge funerary complex of pharaoh Mentuhotep III, 500 years before Hatshepsut. Its ruins can be seen near her temple.

As with many ancient structures in Egypt, the temple of the queen was covered in sand which was cleared in the 1890s. The building was restored, it appears, from the fresh look of the steps leading to the terraces. A convent was once located in the temple which explains why it is so well preserved, we are told.

The building is in the form of a vast, three-tiered terrace with wide steps and ramps leading to the final one which has shrines to Hathor, and other gods. The pillars are striking and many of them are crowned by the image of the beautiful pharaoh queen, round faced and smiling. Our guide seems to think that it was a case of “photo-shop,” “because any ruler wants to be remembered as good looking more so if she is a woman.” But he is prejudiced, we discover when we later read accounts that speak of the queen`s beauty.

To reinforce her claim to be the throne, Hatshepsut claimed descent from the gods as was customary with the pharaohs of Egypt. We see pictorial depictions of her “divine” birth, and scenes of innocent childhood, as also of the expedition she sent to the “land of Punt”, thought to be Somalia.

On the hills above can be spotted various caves “where the temple priests lived and were buried.”

Later in the day, when we visit the colossi of Memnon, enormous ruined statues, located a few kms away, we can still see the temple of Queen Hatshepsut.

She was evidently not only an astute wielder of power but also a far-sighted planner who made sure that her monument on the hillside made its presence felt for miles – and through the millennia.

If only her name had not been so difficult to pronounce it might have been even more on people`s lips today, is the tongue–in–cheek comment of the youngest in our tour group, who as usual has the last word.

2008 Kasturi & Sons Ltd

Boxes of wonder help to locate lost land of Punt; The Register
Norman Hammond Archaeology Correspondent
The Times

January 31, 2006

TREASURES from the lost land of Punt have been found in a cave on the shores of the Red Sea. The discovery may help scholars to relocate Punt, which has long been known by its appearance in Ancient Egyptian art and inscriptions.

More than a score of wooden cargo boxes coated with gypsum were found in the sand-filled cave, one of a series which lies at Wadi Gawasis, just south of Safaga on the western Red Sea coastline and about 300 miles southeast of Cairo. The ancient harbour, now inland from the present beach, lay at the point where an overland trade route from Qena on the Nile, and thus from the southern capital at Thebes and Luxor, reached the sea.

One of the boxes had a painted hieroglyphic inscription with a royal cartouche, probably of the Pharaoh Nimaatra Amenemhat III (1831-1786BC). It dates to Year 8 of his reign, and describes the contents of the box as "The wonderful things of Punt". Exactly what these "wonderful things" are will have to await the opening of the boxes.

Punt is best known from the portrayal of an expedition sent there by Queen Hapshetsut around 1470BC: numerous reliefs on her mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahari in Thebes, near the Valley of the Kings where the only female pharaoh was subsequently entombed, show imaginative and exotic scenes of clearly African, rather than Egyptian, buildings and people. The location of Punt has always clearly been to the south of Egypt, but guesses as to its location have ranged from Sudan to Somalia and Eritrea to Yemen.

The new finds make it clear that Punt was reached by sea: the expedition, led by Professor Kathryn Bard, of Boston University, and Professor Rodolfo Fattovich, of L`Orientale University in Naples, has also found fragments of ships and their gear. Last year the blades of two 6ft steering oars, dating to 1500-1400BC, were found in another of the caves at Wadi Gawasis: this season, ship`s planks of cedar and decking timbers, some with mortise and tenon joints and with their copper fastenings still in place, were also discovered.

The cedar wood came from Lebanon, but the project`s wood specialist, Dr Rainer Gerisch, has also identified pine and two species of oak, all from southwest Asia, and in the past few days he has also

reported the presence of ebony. One cave complex functioned as an arsenal or chandler`s store: inside were found 60 to 80 coils of ship`s rope, which Professor Bard says were "all neatly tied and knotted, just as the sailors left them almost 4,000 years ago".

The Wadi Gawasis maritime base was used for several centuries: seals found included some of Twelfth Dynasty date, roughly 2000-1800BC, as well as a new stela of Amenemhat III bearing all five of his royal names, which have been deciphered by Dr Elsayed Mahfouz, of the University of Alexandria. Twelfth Dynasty copper-working furnaces were discovered last year along the shore of the wadi, as well as clay ovens for making bread moulds: it seems that ships could be repaired and provisioned for their voyages to Punt.

Professor Bard notes that the stratigraphy of these sites demonstrates at least four expeditions to the site from the Nile Valley during this period, while the later date of pottery found with the steering oars makes it possible that they were used in Queen Hatshepsut`s ships on her famous expedition to Punt.

Egyptian officials have taken great pleasure in announcing the discoveries: "For the Ancient Egyptians, Punt was a source of prized goods such as incense, ivory, ebony, gum and the hides of giraffes and panthers that were worn by temple priests," said Dr Zahi Hawass, chairman of the Supreme Council of Antiquities in Cairo. All the pieces are in good shape, and will be moved to museum facilities for restoration and display, he said, noting that the finds confirmed that the Egyptians "were excellent ship builders and had a fleet capable of sailing to remote lands".


It`s time to teach ancient Egypt`s black heritage
Atlanta Journal and Constitution
May 27, 1990


Charles S. Finch III Charles S. Finch III, M.D., assistant director of international health at the Morehouse School of Medicine, has conducted private studies in Egyptology and African history since 1971.

Until recently, it was assumed in the West that ancient Egypt, though located in Africa, was a "Euro-Asian" culture. This comfortable viewpoint has been challenged in Atlanta and across the country. The issue of Egypt`s origins was an underlying theme at recent seminars attended by administrators and teachers of the Atlanta Public Schools.

Many African-Americans are insisting that the ancient Egyptians, since they originated in the interior of Africa, be depicted in school curricula as blacks. Such insistence has provoked angry denials from legions of whites who take it as an article of faith that the pyramid- builders were Caucasians.

These are not idle questions. Who the ancient Egyptians were, and where they came from, can have important ramifications for interpretations of world history.

While many academics now lament the "racializing" of historical study, such a posture begs the issue. We live in a racially polarized world largely because of the massive distortions of African history perpetuated by academic historians. Redressing the balance by a correct reconstruction of history requires that we understand clearly who did what, where and at what time - impossible without a delineation of the racial origins of the ancient civilization builders.

Clear testimony to the ethnicity of the ancient Egyptians comes from their own inscriptions. Their name for their country was "Kamit." This word - derived from the root "kam," meaning black - denoted "the black land." While this in part referred to the dark soil from the Ethiopian highlands deposited in Egypt during floods, it also referred to the people. Their name for themselves was "kamiu," meaning literally "the blacks."

They claimed that one branch of their ancestors came from Punt, now identified as Somalia on the horn of Africa.

Moreover, their word for "east" - "yabi" - is the same as their word for "left," and their word for "west" - "imen" - is the same as their word for "right." This means that the ancient Egyptians oriented themselves southward despite their northern hemispheric location. No people immigrating into the Nile Valley from the north would have oriented themselves this way.

The Old Testament provides additional evidence of the ancient Egyptians` racial affiliation. The story of Noah in Genesis reveals that his son Ham, the ancestor of all black peoples, had four sons: Mizraim, Cush, Canaan and Phut. Mizraim is the Hebrew word for Egypt and Cush that for Ethiopia, meaning that Egypt and Ethiopia belonged to the same family. Though this genealogy is undoubtedly legendary, it shows that the ancient Hebrew writers, assuredly eyewitnesses, put Egyptians and Ethiopians in the same ethnic category.

More explicit eyewitness testimony comes from the pens of ancient Greek writers. Herodotus, who spent seven months in Egypt around 450 B.C., states that the Egyptians were "black-skinned and woolly-haired." There are more than a dozen other references to the ethnicity of the ancient Egyptians in Greek writings, and they unanimously confirm Herodotus`s assertion.

Those who challenge the identification of the ancient Egyptians as black Africans point to their mural figures. These figures are variously tinted yellow, brown, red and black in different scenes. The hues are cited to disprove the connection to black Africa, or at least to prove that ancient Egypt was a "mixed" culture, neither black nor white.

But this delicate reasoning does not hold up under close examination. While Egyptian murals and reliefs depict people with a range of colorings, the black African Negro predominates. Scene after scene shows this racial type as peasant, priest and pharaoh.

A vignette from the tomb of Seti I portrays individual representatives of the four major peoples with whom the Egyptians were most familiar: an Egyptian, a northern Libyan, a Sudanese and a Western Asiatic. What is noteworthy about the tableau is that the artist drew the Egyptian and Sudanese exactly alike, including black skin color.

Modern technology has also been brought to bear on this question. The late Senegalese polymath Cheikh Anta Diop tested the mummified skin of several 19th-dynasty Egyptians for melanin concentration. He found that all of the specimens showed melanin concentrations comparable to what is found in sub-Saharan Africans. This finding apparently so unnerved museum curators from Paris to Cairo that Dr. Diop was never again allowed to obtain samples of mummified skin.

Much of the argument for a "mixed" ancient Egyptian culture rests on the famous bust of Nefertiti, which depicts a fair-skinned woman assumed to be Caucasian. What is confusing is that other reliefs of Nefertiti show her with the thick lips and broad nostrils characteristic of a Negroid countenance.

But whether Nefertiti is Caucasian or not is beside the point. The presence of a number of whites in the later periods in ancient Egypt says nothing at all about the fundamental ethnic and cultural origins of that people, any more than the presence of 2 million blacks currently in Great Britain reflects on the ethnic origins of that culture.

Linguistic analysis provides further evidence of the African origin of Egyptian civilization. It used to be said that ancient Egyptian belonged to the Semitic language family. In 1920, E.A. Wallis Budge was the first to assert that Egyptian was fundamentally an African language. Later, Dr. Diop of Senegal and Theophile Obenga of the Congo demonstrated that ancient Egyptian exhibited all the characteristics of an African language. Its similarity to the Semitic language s can be attributed either to mutual borrowing in the period after the 18th Egyptian dynasty or a common ancestry for the Semitic and northeast African families in the highlands of Ethiopia.

Finally, Professor Bruce Williams of the University of Chicago`s Oriental Institute has analyzed a group of artifacts recovered from a gravesite at Qustul in northern Sudan. His analysis reveals the presence of a pharaonic civilization there, called Ta-Seti, at least three centuries before the first Egyptian dynasty. This means that Egyptian civilization came down the Nile from the South. No such transitional sequence is traceable from the northeast, where Western Asia lies.

Facing the facts squarely, free from the blinders of racial preconceptions, the inevitable conclusion is that ancient Egypt was a black African civilization.

-- The Atlanta Journal-Constitution


http://www.biyokulule.com/view_content.php?articleid=2762

Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

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Comparisons of linear body proportions of Old Kingdom and non-Old Kingdom period individuals, and workers and high officials in our sample found no statistically significant differences among them.

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--Zakrzewski (2003) also found little evidence for differences in linear body proportions of Egyptians over a wider temporal range.

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"Many of the sites reveal evidence of important interactions between Nilotic and Saharan groups during the formative phases of the Egyptian Predynastic Period (e.g. Wadi el-Hôl, Rayayna, Nuq’ Menih, Kurkur Oasis). Other sites preserve important information regarding the use of the desert routes during the Protodynastic and Pharaonic Periods, particularly during periods of political and military turmoil in the Nile Valley (e.g. Gebel Tjauti, Wadi el-Hôl)."

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Pleistocene through to the Christian periods, reveals a break in population continuity between the Pleistocene (Jebel Sahaba) and the Final Neolithic (Gebel Ramlah, dating to the first half of the fifth millennium BC) samples. The dental traits from Jebel Sahaba align more closely with modern sub-Saharan populations, while Gebel Ramlah and later align closer to Egypt specifically and to the Sahara in general."

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--Michael Brass

Reconsidering the emergence of social complexity in early Saharan pastoral societies, 5000 – 2500 B.C.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3786551/

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Burial 85

Burial 85 belonged to a young woman (16-20 years) who we nick-named Paddy. She was discovered intact, still fully covered by a double layer of matting. Beneath the matting, her hands and lower arms had been padded with thick bundles of linen and then wrapped. Bundles of linen were also used to pad the area around the base of the skull, the neck and jaw. Yet the major part of the face, the eyes, nose, and mouth were not covered. Her burial contained no grave goods in the usual sense. Only a couple of rounded sherds and a flint flake were found in the crook of her knees.

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The cemetery called HK43, belonging to the non-elite (or workers) segment of the predynastic population, is located on the southern side of the site beside the Wadi Khamsini. Work here in 1996 when a land reclamation scheme threatened its preservation and excavations continued until 2004, resulting in the discovery of a minimum of 452 graves holding over 500 individuals of Naqada IIB-IIC date (roughly 3650-3500BC).

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http://www.hierakonpolis-online.org/index.php/explore-the-predynastic-cemeteries/hk43-workers-cemetery

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Busharia reveals the precocious appearance of pottery on the African continent around the 9th millennium B.C.

The site of Busharia is located near the desert, at the edge of the alluvial plain and near an old Nile channel. It reveals the remains of human occupation at the onset of the Holocene. The settlement is rather eroded, only a few artefacts, ostrich egg fragments and extremely old ceramic sherds remain. These sherds date to circa 8200 B.C. The ceramic assemblage is homogenous, which suggests the existence of a single occupation phase. The decorations and the use of the return technique, common in the central Sahara around the 6th millennium B.C., are unique in this Nubian context for such an early period.

Remains discovered on site suggest the existence of a semi-sedentary population living from hunting, fishing, and the gathering of wild plants. A trial trench and a small-scale excavation were conducted on this Mesolithic site; however, it is impossible to obtain at present a better understanding of the context related to the first ceramics in the region. As this site is located near cultivated zones, it is thus threatened with short-term destruction.

http://www.kerma.ch/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=52&Itemid=92

Three scale models—of the Mesolithic hut of el-Barga ( 7500 B.C. ), the proto-urban agglomeration of the Pre-Kerma (3000 B.C.) and the ancient city of Kerma (2500-1500 B.C.)—give a glimpse of the world of the living. They show the evolution of settlements for each of the key periods in Nubian history. Huts indicate the birth of a sedentary way of life, the agglomeration confirms the settling of populations on a territory and the capital of the Kingdom of Kerma marks the culmination of the complexification of Nubian architecture with its ever more monumental constructions. The three models were created in Switzerland by Hugo Lienhard and were installed in the museum in January 2009.

http://www.kerma.ch/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6&Itemid=45&lang=en

Wadi el-Arab reveals an almost continuous series of settlement remains spanning two millennia as well as the first Neolithic burials known in Africa.

This site is located today in a desert region. Discovered in 2005, it has been under excavation since 2006. This is an open-air site occupied on several occasions during a period between 8300 and 6600 B.C. Its inhabitants then lived in a rather wooded environment, living on fishing, hunting and gathering.

The site reveals numerous flint tools and flakes, grinding stone fragments, ceramic sherds, ostrich eggshell beads, shells and mollusc remains, fish vertebrae and faunal remains. Rare domesticated ox bones were discovered and dated to circa 7000 B.C. This discovery is important for the question regarding the origin of animal domestication in Africa because it reinforces the idea of a local domestication of African oxen from aurochs living in the Nile Valley.

During the 2006-2007 campaign, six burial pits were excavated in three different areas. Dated to between 7000 and 6600, these burials are the first known Neolithic burials on the African continent.

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The Upper Palaeolithic Lithic Industry of Nazlet Khater 4 (Egypt): Implications for the Stone Age/Palaeolithic of Northeastern Africa


Between Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 4 and 2, Northeast Africa witnessed migrations of Homo sapiens into Eurasia. Within the context of the aridification of the Sahara, the Nile Valley probably offered a very attractive corridor into Eurasia. This region and this period are therefore central for the (pre)history of the out-of-Africa peopling of modern humans. However, there are very few sites from the beginning of the Upper Palaeolithic that document these migration events. In Egypt, the site of Nazlet Khater 4 (NK4), which is related to ancient H. sapiens quarrying activities, is one of them. Its lithic assemblage shows an important laminar component, and this, associated with its chronological position (ca. 33 ka), means that the site is the most ancient Upper Palaeolithic sites of this region. The detailed study of the Nazlet Khater 4 lithic material shows that blade production (volumetric reduction) is also associated with flake production (surface reduction). This technological duality addresses the issue of direct attribution of NK4 to the Upper Paleolithic.

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Wadi Kubbaniya (ca. 17,000–15,000 B.C.)

In Egypt, the earliest evidence of humans can be recognized only from tools found scattered over an ancient surface, sometimes with hearths nearby. In Wadi Kubbaniya, a dried-up streambed cutting through the Western Desert to the floodplain northwest of Aswan in Upper Egypt, some interesting sites of the kind described above have been recorded. A cluster of Late Paleolithic camps was located in two different topographic zones: on the tops of dunes and the floor of the wadi (streambed) where it enters the valley. Although no signs of houses were found, diverse and sophisticated stone implements for hunting, fishing, and collecting and processing plants were discovered around hearths. Most tools were bladelets made from a local stone called chert that is widely used in tool fabrication. The bones of wild cattle, hartebeest, many types of fish and birds, as well as the occasional hippopotamus have been identified in the occupation layers. Charred remains of plants that the inhabitants consumed, especially tubers, have also been found.

It appears from the zoological and botanical remains at the various sites in this wadi that the two environmental zones were exploited at different times. We know that the dune sites were occupied when the Nile River flooded the wadi because large numbers of fish and migratory bird bones were found at this location. When the water receded, people then moved down onto the silt left behind on the wadi floor and the floodplain, probably following large animals that looked for water there in the dry season. Paleolithic peoples lived at Wadi Kubbaniya for about 2,000 years, exploiting the different environments as the seasons changed. Other ancient camps have been discovered along the Nile from Sudan to the Mediterranean, yielding similar tools and food remains. These sites demonstrate that the early inhabitants of the Nile valley and its nearby deserts had learned how to exploit local environments, developing economic strategies that were maintained in later cultural traditions of pharaonic Egypt.

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http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/wadi/hd_wadi.htm


*Wadi Halfa is present North Sudan.

*Wadi Kubbaniya is present Southern Egypt.

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Originally posted by Ish Gebor:
[QB]

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"Many of the sites reveal evidence of important interactions between Nilotic and Saharan groups during the formative phases of the Egyptian Predynastic Period (e.g. Wadi el-Hôl, Rayayna, Nuq’ Menih, Kurkur Oasis). Other sites preserve important information regarding the use of the desert routes during the Protodynastic and Pharaonic Periods, particularly during periods of political and military turmoil in the Nile Valley (e.g. Gebel Tjauti, Wadi el-Hôl)."

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http://www.yale.edu/egyptology/ae_theban.htm

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Pleistocene through to the Christian periods, reveals a break in population continuity between the Pleistocene (Jebel Sahaba) and the Final Neolithic (Gebel Ramlah, dating to the first half of the fifth millennium BC) samples. The dental traits from Jebel Sahaba align more closely with modern sub-Saharan populations, while Gebel Ramlah and later align closer to Egypt specifically and to the Sahara in general."

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--Michael Brass

Reconsidering the emergence of social complexity in early Saharan pastoral societies, 5000 – 2500 B.C.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3786551/

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Burial 85

Burial 85 belonged to a young woman (16-20 years) who we nick-named Paddy. She was discovered intact, still fully covered by a double layer of matting. Beneath the matting, her hands and lower arms had been padded with thick bundles of linen and then wrapped. Bundles of linen were also used to pad the area around the base of the skull, the neck and jaw. Yet the major part of the face, the eyes, nose, and mouth were not covered. Her burial contained no grave goods in the usual sense. Only a couple of rounded sherds and a flint flake were found in the crook of her knees.

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http://www.hierakonpolis-online.org/index.php/explore-the-predynastic-cemeteries/hk43-workers-cemetery/egypt-s-first-mummies

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The cemetery called HK43, belonging to the non-elite (or workers) segment of the predynastic population, is located on the southern side of the site beside the Wadi Khamsini. Work here in 1996 when a land reclamation scheme threatened its preservation and excavations continued until 2004, resulting in the discovery of a minimum of 452 graves holding over 500 individuals of Naqada IIB-IIC date (roughly 3650-3500BC).

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http://www.hierakonpolis-online.org/index.php/explore-the-predynastic-cemeteries/hk43-workers-cemetery

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Careful removal of the upper layer of matting and linen pads around the head resulted in the preservation of her entire head of hair, revealing a shoulder-length style of natural waves extending c.22cm from the crown of the head with a left side parting and asymmetrical fringe made up of S-shaped curls bordering the forehead. In addition to the excellent preservation of the cranial hair, the right eyebrow also survived.

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http://www.hierakonpolis-online.org/index.php/explore-the-predynastic-cemeteries/hk43-workers-cemetery/egypt-s-first-mummies






^^this is the same mummy. I suppose this is what they mean by S shaped curls. It's hard to see in the other photo. In the text they describe it as "natural waves"

Posts: 42919 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                      

quote:

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Originally posted by viceroy:
Ish Ish Ish Lies Lies & more Lies!!!



While it is very easy to keep white racism out of Wikipedia, black counter-racism is perpetually allowed to creep back in, no matter how many times we clean it up. This is of course the US doctrine of positive discrimination, which basically states that racism and pseudohistory is ok as long as you are a miniority. Needless to say, this may be permissible in US society, but it certainly isn't so on Wikipeida, which is an encyclopedia project with international scope and dedication to neutrality. --dab (𒁳) 11:02, 3 September 2011 (UTC)

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You sound like burp, fart ****!

Someone who takes wiki self-alterations over peer reviewed academia, sure is loony in the head.

It just shows how dumb you actually are!


http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&pageid=icb.page346376


http://www.library.illinois.edu/ugl/howdoi/use_wikipedia.html

Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                      

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Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

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Originally posted by Ish Gebor:
[QB]

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"Many of the sites reveal evidence of important interactions between Nilotic and Saharan groups during the formative phases of the Egyptian Predynastic Period (e.g. Wadi el-Hôl, Rayayna, Nuq’ Menih, Kurkur Oasis). Other sites preserve important information regarding the use of the desert routes during the Protodynastic and Pharaonic Periods, particularly during periods of political and military turmoil in the Nile Valley (e.g. Gebel Tjauti, Wadi el-Hôl)."

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http://www.yale.edu/egyptology/ae_theban.htm

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Pleistocene through to the Christian periods, reveals a break in population continuity between the Pleistocene (Jebel Sahaba) and the Final Neolithic (Gebel Ramlah, dating to the first half of the fifth millennium BC) samples. The dental traits from Jebel Sahaba align more closely with modern sub-Saharan populations, while Gebel Ramlah and later align closer to Egypt specifically and to the Sahara in general."

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--Michael Brass

Reconsidering the emergence of social complexity in early Saharan pastoral societies, 5000 – 2500 B.C.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3786551/

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Burial 85

Burial 85 belonged to a young woman (16-20 years) who we nick-named Paddy. She was discovered intact, still fully covered by a double layer of matting. Beneath the matting, her hands and lower arms had been padded with thick bundles of linen and then wrapped. Bundles of linen were also used to pad the area around the base of the skull, the neck and jaw. Yet the major part of the face, the eyes, nose, and mouth were not covered. Her burial contained no grave goods in the usual sense. Only a couple of rounded sherds and a flint flake were found in the crook of her knees.

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http://www.hierakonpolis-online.org/index.php/explore-the-predynastic-cemeteries/hk43-workers-cemetery/egypt-s-first-mummies

quote:

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The cemetery called HK43, belonging to the non-elite (or workers) segment of the predynastic population, is located on the southern side of the site beside the Wadi Khamsini. Work here in 1996 when a land reclamation scheme threatened its preservation and excavations continued until 2004, resulting in the discovery of a minimum of 452 graves holding over 500 individuals of Naqada IIB-IIC date (roughly 3650-3500BC).

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http://www.hierakonpolis-online.org/index.php/explore-the-predynastic-cemeteries/hk43-workers-cemetery

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the above links says about HK43:

quote:

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Careful removal of the upper layer of matting and linen pads around the head resulted in the preservation of her entire head of hair, revealing a shoulder-length style of natural waves extending c.22cm from the crown of the head with a left side parting and asymmetrical fringe made up of S-shaped curls bordering the forehead. In addition to the excellent preservation of the cranial hair, the right eyebrow also survived.

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http://www.hierakonpolis-online.org/index.php/explore-the-predynastic-cemeteries/hk43-workers-cemetery/egypt-s-first-mummies






^^this is the same mummy. I suppose this is what they mean by S shaped curls. It's hard to see in the other photo. In the text they describe it as "natural waves"

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There is now a sufficient body of evidence from modern studies of skeletal remains to indicate that the ancient Egyptians, especially southern Egyptians, exhibited physical characteristics that are within the range of variation for ancient and modern indigenous peoples of the Sahara and tropical Africa.

In general, the inhabitants of Upper Egypt and Nubia had the greatest biological affinity to people of the Sahara and more southerly areas [...]

Any interpretation of the biological affinities of the ancient Egyptians must be placed in the context of hypothesis informed by the archaeological, linguistic, geographic or other data.

In this context the physical anthropological evidence indicates that the early Nile Valley populations can be identified as part of an African lineage, but exhibiting local variation.

This variation represents the short and long term effects of evolutionary forces, such as gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection influenced by culture and geography"

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"As a result of their facial prognathism, the Badarian sample has been described as forming a morphological cluster with Nubian, Tigrean, and other southern (or "Negroid") groups (Morant, 1935, 1937; Mukherjee et al., 1955; Nutter, 1958, Strouhal, 1971; Angel, 1972; Keita, 1990). Cranial nonmetric trait studies have found this group to be similar to other Egyptians, including much later material (Berry and Berry, 1967, 1972), but also to be significantly different from LPD material (Berry et al., 1967). Similarly, the study of dental nonmetric traits has suggested that the Badarian population is at the centroid of Egyptian dental samples (Irish, 2006), thereby suggesting similarity and hence continuity across Egyptian time periods. From the central location of the Badarian samples in Figure 2, the current study finds the Badarian to be relatively morphologically close to the centroid of all the Egyptian samples. The Badarian have been shown to exhibit greatest morphological similarity with the temporally successive EPD (Table 5). Finally, the biological distinctiveness of the Badarian from other Egyptian samples has also been demonstrated (Tables 6 and 7).


These results suggest that the EDyn do form a distinct morphological pattern. Their overlap with other Egyptian samples (in PC space, Fig. 2) suggests that although their morphology is distinctive, the pattern does overlap with the other time periods. These results therefore do not support the Petrie concept of a \Dynastic race" (Petrie, 1939; Derry, 1956). Instead, the results suggest that the Egyptian state was not the product of mass movement of populations into the Egyptian Nile region, but rather that it was the result of primarily indigenous development combined with prolonged small-scale migration, potentially from trade, military, or other contacts.

This evidence suggests that the process of state formation itself may have been mainly an indigenous process, but that it may have occurred in association with in-migration to the Abydos region of the Nile Valley. This potential in-migration may have occurred particularly during the EDyn and OK. A possible explanation is that the Egyptian state formed through increasing control of trade and raw materials, or due to military actions, potentially associated with the use of the Nile Valley as a corridor for prolonged small scale movements through the desert environment."

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Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                   

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Originally posted by viceroy:
Ish Ish Ish === Lies Lies Lies

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Originally posted by viceroy:




FVKING AFRO IDIOTS....UNABLE TO READ SIMPLE ENGLISH...LOL


Read: Thought To Be Narmer.......

Means: Not Confirmed................

Fools You Lose Again!!

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Posts: 1061 | From: Laos | Registered: Jun 2012  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                   

quote:

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Originally posted by viceroy:
Bought at a Garage Sale!
Very Authentic!! My Ass!! LOl!

Laughing At The Afro Idiots, Who're So Stupid to Believe Anything and Everything!

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Posts: 1061 | From: Laos | Registered: Jun 2012  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                      

^It's was "bought" by William Petrie, presented at the Petrie and Cairo Museum and mainstream Egyptologist as Narmer, yet "Afrocentrics" get blamed? So much for your logic.


Petrie, W.M.F., The Making of Egypt, London. New York, Sheldon Press; Macmillan, 1939, p. 78

The limestone head UC 15989 was bought by Petrie in Cairo (Petrie, Ancient Egypt, 1915, 168; id., The Making of Egypt, pl. 38,13f.;

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Facing Egyptian sculpture


Limestone head of a king bought by Petrie, who thought it depicted king Narmer, c.3100BC (UC15989).

The Petrie Museum is rightly famed for the number of objects that have come from documented archaeological excavations.

However, not everything in the collection was acquired through fieldwork. Flinders Petrie also prided himself on having a good eye for antiquities and he often took advantage of the Egyptian market to fill in gaps in his artefact sequences. Sometimes he was simply lucky and, as he noted in 1915, ‘good things have turned up in the most unexpected manner’. This is certainly true of a rare sculpture that he acquired in Cairo some time during the early 1900s.

One evening after dinner, Petrie found himself besieged by a lively crowd of antiquities dealers, each cajoling the well-known archaeologist to purchase their curios.In the chaos a stone head rolled out of a bag and on to the floor. When Petrie looked down he found himself staring at ‘the finest piece of 1st dynasty sculpture that is known’. For Petrie this limestone head was a representation of none other than Narmer, considered by many to be the first king to rule all of Egypt. If that identification is correct, it is the earliest known royal sculpture from Egypt. A century later, Petrie’s original theory has been challenged. Nonetheless, the style of this unusual figure is rare and intriguing. More recently, Egyptologists have scrutinized the anonymous king’s features – the widely spaced eyes and protruding ears – and recognized in them the face of Khufu, the famous Old Kingdom king who was the owner of the Great Pyramid at Giza. Despite Khufu’s association with one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, his image is only securely known from a small and fragmentary ivory statuette now in the Cairo Museum, which was found during Petrie’s excavations at Abydos. Could this Petrie Museum object be the face behind the Great Pyramid? Or is it one of his sons, king Menkaure?

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Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                      

quote:

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Originally posted by viceroy:

quote:

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Originally posted by viceroy:
Bought at a Garage Sale!
Very Authentic!! My Ass!! LOl!

Laughing At The Afro Idiots, Who're So Stupid to Believe Anything and Everything!

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Your actual problem is with this man.


"The Archaeological Record: Flinders Petrie in Egypt

William Matthew Flinders Petrie (1853-1942) first went to Egypt in 1880 at the age of 26, to survey the Great Pyramid. For the next five decades he was at the forefront of the development of archaeology in the country, before turning in the 1920s to the archaeology of Palestine. He worked at a much higher number of sites, and with much greater speed, than an archaeologist would today; he saw his life as a mission of rescue archaeology - to retrieve as much information as possible from sites that were shrinking dramatically in size as Egypt modernized.

The following table offers a year by year guide to his main archaeological activity."

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/archaeology/petriedigsindex.html

Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

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Originally posted by viceroy:

Redheaded Pharaoh Ramesses II
by
Karl Earlson
Pharaoh Ramesses II

Pharaoh Ramesses II (of the 19th Dynasty), is generally considered to be the most powerful and influential King that ever reigned in Egypt. He is one of the few rulers who has earned the epithet "the Great". Subsequently, his racial origins are of extreme interest.

In 1975, the Egyptian government allowed the French to take Ramesses' mummy to Paris for conservation work. Numerous other tests were performed, to determine Ramesses' precise racial affinities, largely because the Senegalese scholar Cheikh Anta Diop, was claiming at the time that Ramesses was black. Once the work had been completed, the mummy was returned in a hermetically sealed casket, and it has remained largely hidden from public view ever since, concealed in the bowels of the Cairo Museum. The results of the study were published in a lavishly illustrated work, which was edited by L. Balout, C. Roubet and C. Desroches-Noblecourt, and was titled La Momie de Ramsès II: Contribution Scientifique à l'Égyptologie (1985).

Professor P. F. Ceccaldi, with a research team behind him, studied some hairs which were removed from the mummy's scalp. Ramesses II was 90 years-old when he died, and his hair had turned white. Ceccaldi determined that the reddish-yellow colour of the mummy's hair had been brought about by its being dyed with a dilute henna solution; it proved to be an example of the cosmetic attentions of the embalmers. However, traces of the hair's original colour (in youth), remain in the roots, even into advanced old age. Microscopic examinations proved that the hair roots contained traces of natural red pigments, and that therefore, during his youth, Ramesses II had been red-haired. It was concluded that these red pigments did not result from the hair somehow fading, or otherwise altering post-mortem, but did indeed represent Ramesses' natural hair colour. Ceccaldi also studied a cross-section of the hairs, and he determined from their oval shape, that Ramesses had been "cymotrich" (wavy-haired). Finally, he stated that such a combination of features showed that Ramesses had been a "leucoderm" (white-skinned person). [Balout, et al. (1985) 254-257.]

Balout and Roubet were under no illusions as to the significance of this discovery, and they concluded as follows:

"After having achieved this immense work, an important scientific conclusion remains to be drawn: the anthropological study and the microscopic analysis of hair, carried out by four laboratories: Judiciary Medecine (Professor Ceccaldi), Société L'Oréal, Atomic Energy Commission, and Institut Textile de France showed that Ramses II was a 'leucoderm', that is a fair-skinned man, near to the Prehistoric and Antiquity Mediterraneans, or briefly, of the Berber of Africa." [Balout, et al. (1985) 383.]

It is interesting to note the link to the North African Berbers: some Berber tribes, such as the Riffians of the Atlas Mountains, have incidences of blondism reaching almost 60%, and they have a percentage of red-haired people which is comparable to that of the Irish. [Coon & Hunt (1966) 116-117.]

These facts have not only anthropological interest however, but also great symbolic importance. In ancient Egypt, the god Seth was said to have been red-haired, and redheads were claimed to have worshipped the god devoutly. [Wainwright (1938) 31, 33, 53.] In the Ramesses study cited above, the Egyptologist Desroches-Noblecourt wrote an essay, in which she discussed the importance of Ramesses' rufous condition. She noted that the Ramessides (the family of Ramesses II), were devoted to Seth, with several bearing the name Seti, which means "beloved of Seth". She concluded that the Ramessides believed themselves to be divine descendants of Seth, with their red hair as proof of their lineage; they may even have used this peculiar physical feature to propel themselves out of obscurity, and onto the throne of the Pharaohs. Desroches-Noblecourt also speculated that Ramesses II may well have been descended from a long line of redheads. [Balout, et al. (1985) 388-391.]

Her speculations have been proved correct: Dr. Joann Fletcher, a consultant to the British Bioanthropology Foundation, has proved that Seti I (the father of Ramesses II), had red hair. [Parks (2000).] It has also been demonstrated that the mummy of Pharaoh Siptah (a great-grandson of Ramesses II), has red hair. [Partridge (1994) 169.]

We may also note the anthropological description of Ramesses' mummy, which was written by the Biblical historian Archibald Sayce:

"The Nineteenth Dynasty to which Ramses II, the oppressor of the Israelites, belonged, is distinguished by its marked dolichocephalism of long-headedness. His mummy shows an index of 74, while the face is an oval with an index of 103. The nose is prominent, but leptorrhine and aquiline, and the jaws are orthognathous. The chin is broad, the neck long, like the fingers and nails. The great king seems to have had red hair." [Sayce (1925) 136.]

All of these features are characteristics of the Nordic race. [Günther (1927) 10-23.] Finally, we should note that Professor Raymond Dart declared that the Nordic race was the "Egyptian Pharaonic type". He then went on to state specifically, that the head of Ramesses II is "pelasgic ellipsoidal or Nordic" in type. [Dart (1939).]

Afrocentrism

It is the central contention of this study, that Ramesses II was not only White, but that he was a fair-skinned, fair-haired, racially Nordish individual. If it were truly possible to prove that Ramesses was indeed black, this particular point of view would have to be reconsidered.

The idea that the Ancient Egyptians in general (and their aristocracy in particular), were predominantly black-skinned, woolly-haired, essentially African people, was most vigorously promoted by the Senegalese scholar, Cheikh Anta Diop (1923-1986). He was the foremost proponent of a series of doctrines and beliefs that have subsequently become known as "Afrocentrism." [Howe (1998).] One of Diop's numerous claims, was that Ramesses II was Negroid, and that this "fact" could be proved easily. Thus, Diop remarked:

"the Egyptians were Blacks of the type of all the native people of tropical Africa. That is particularly true when it concerns Ramses II, his father Seti I and Thutmose III." [Diop (1987) 217.]

One of Diop's major contentions, was that Ramesses II had woolly hair. He believed that this point was proved by a famous granite portrait statue of Ramesses, which currently resides in the Egyptian Museum of Turin, Italy. In his book The African Origin of Civilization, Diop reproduced two photographs, one of the statue, the other of a Negroid Watusi, underneath which he placed the following remarks:

Pharaoh Ramses II (top), and a modern Watusi. The Watusi hair-do can be conceived only for woolly hair. The small circles on the Pharaoh's helmet represent frizzy hair (as noted by Denise Cappart in her article in Reflet du Monde, 1956).

[Diop (1974) 19.]

However, Ramesses' head is crowned not with woolly hair, but a helmet. Peter Clayton has noted, that in this depiction of the Pharaoh, Ramesses wears a distinctive crown. [Clayton (1995) 146.] Clayton has referred to this particular piece of head-wear as:

"the helmet-like khepresh, the so-called Blue or War Crown." [Clayton (1995) 118.]

Therefore, the spirals that are detectable on the statue, represent decoration on a helmet, not woolly hair. This point is further confirmed by the fact that in coloured depictions, the crown is painted blue, hence its name: the Blue Crown. [Geddes & Grosset (1997) 435.] It would never be this hue, if the paintings were meant to represent hair. It would appear that the distinctive Blue Crown was made from leather, and that it was invested with great ceremonial significance: it seems to have represented the Pharaoh's supremacy over the earthly realm. [Desroches-Noblecourt (1972) 128-132.] Equally, the uraeus (hooded cobra), which protrudes from the front of the crown, as well as the clearly delineated bands that mark the edges of the helmet, all reveal that the head-hair is covered. Exactly what the circles that cover the surface of the Blue Crown are supposed to represent, is debateable, but it has been suggested by F. D. P. Whicker, that they are meant to imitate the markings of a carapace (tortoise shell), this being the material from which, he believes, the original helmets were manufactured. [Whicker (1990).]

In addition to this, we should note the findings of the study that was performed upon the hair of Ramesses' mummy. It is possible to determine the race of an individual by taking a single hair from their head, and studying the structure of it. When observed in transverse section, the wavy scalp-hair of a Caucasoid is oval, or rather widely elliptic in shape, with the least diameter amounting to about 70% of the greatest. In contrast, the spiralled, woolly hair of a Negroid individual, is narrowly elliptical in shape, with the lesser axis of the ellipse being rather less than half the greater. [Baker (1974) 208, 296-297, 308.] The team of scholars that studied the hair of Ramesses II, under the direction of Professor Ceccaldi, noted that when seen in cross-section, the structure of the hair was oval in shape, and therefore concluded that Ramesses had been cymotrich (wavy-haired). [Balout, et al. (1985) 256.]

This clearly demonstrates that Ramesses did not have woolly hair, and consequently, that the Turin portrait statue does not prove that Ramesses was black. In terms of evidence evaluation, the results produced from a study of Ramesses' mortal remains, are of higher value than any amount of conclusions that have been drawn only from portraits. Therefore, Diop's claims are completely baseless.

Red-Haired Ramesses

We would perhaps do well to end with the conclusions of the research team that investigated Ramesses' hair:

"Ramses IId mummy's hair is confined to a temporo-occipital zone which corresponds to an advanced stage of baldness.

Hairs are slightly crimped and show an oval cross-section, the great axis of which lies between 60 and 70 µm: they are specific of «a cymotrich leucoderm».

The sample which was investigated comprised identical percentages of fully depigmented and pigmented hairs, the overall colour being a light fair red with some tendency towards yellow.

Although the microscope examination was able to show strong evidence of red pigments, no evidence of possible «fair» pigments was obtained: the latter might be present as a «diffuse» component which could be masked by a faint yellow dye (probably arising from dilute «Henne» or one of its derivatives)." [Balout, et al. (1985) 256.]

Bibliography

Baker, J. R. (1974) Race (London: Oxford University Press).

Balout, L., C. Roubet & C. Desroches-Noblecourt [eds.] (1985) La Momie de Ramsès II: Contribution Scientifique à l'Égyptologie (Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations).

Clayton, P. A. (1995) Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt (London: Thames & Hudson).

Coon, C. S. & E. E. Hunt (1966) The Living Races of Man (London: Jonathan Cape).

Dart, R. A. (1939) "Population Fluctuation over 7,000 Years in Egypt." Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, XXVII, 95-145.

Desroches-Noblecourt, C. [Claude, trans.] (1972) Tutankhamen: Life and Death of a Pharaoh (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books).

Diop, C. A. [M. Cook, trans.] (1974) The African Origin of Civilization: Myth or Reality? (Westport: Lawrence Hill).

Diop, C. A. (1987) "Civilization or Barbarism: An Authentic Anthropology." In Van Sertima & Williams (1987) 161-225.

Geddes & Grosset (1997) Ancient Egypt: Myth and History (New Lanark: Geddes & Grosset).

Günther, H. F. K. [G. C. Wheeler, trans.] (1927) The Racial Elements of European History (London: Methuen).

Howe, S. (1998) Afrocentrism: Mythical Pasts and Imagined Homes (London: Verso).

Parks, L. (2000) "Ancient Egyptians Wore Wigs." Egypt Revealed, May 29.

Partridge, R. B. (1994) Faces of Pharaohs: Royal Mummies and Coffins From Ancient Thebes (London: Rubicon Press).

Sayce, A. H. (1925) The Races of the Old Testament (London: Religious Tract Society).

Van Sertima, I. & L. Williams [eds.] (1987) Great African Thinkers, Volume I: Cheikh Anta Diop (New Brunswick: Transaction Books).

Wainwright, G. A. (1938) The Sky-Religion in Egypt: Its Antiquity and Effects (Cambridge: University Press).

Whicker, F. D. P. (1990) Egypt and the Mountains of the Moon (Braunton: Merlin Books).


Afro Idiots Destroyed Again by French Science & Revenge of The Ancient Egyptian Mummies! LOL


Shooting Afrocentric Fish in a Barrel!! Indeed!! LOL

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Posts: 1061 | From: Laos | Registered: Jun 2012  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                      

quote:

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Originally posted by viceroy:

quote:

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Originally posted by viceroy:

Redheaded Pharaoh Ramesses II
by
Karl Earlson
Pharaoh Ramesses II

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^ The website: March of the Titans.

http://marchofthetitans.com/earlson/rameses.htm

The founder of the website


https://antifascistsonline.wordpress.com/2012/02/23/former-bnp-man-uses-copyright-and-libel-laws-to-stifle-nazi-picture/






I looked up" Karl Earlson", but can't find any info on this "Karl Earlson". Does this Karl Earlson even exist? lol


So in his "youth" he had red hair which was still visible at the root, at the age of 90? Ok. lol

Just to be sure what we are talking about:


Simple Definition of youth

: the time of life when someone is young : the time when a young person has not yet become an adult
: the time when something is new and not yet established
: a teenage boy or young man

Full Definition of youth
plural youths play \ˈyüthz, ˈyüths\
1
a : the time of life when one is young; especially : the period between childhood and maturity
b : the early period of existence, growth, or development
2
a : a young person; especially : a young male between adolescence and maturity
b : young persons or creatures —usually plural in construction
3
: the quality or state of being youthful : youthfulness

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/youth

People, Rameses II his temple, is at Abu Simbel.


He indeed looked very white.

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"The XVIV Dynasty is higher in ANB and SN-M Plane than the XX Dynasty. Ramesses IV is the only one in these two dynasties with strong alveolar prognathism, at least, as indicated by SNA. However, dental alveolar prognathism is quite common in both dynasties. Also, both have ANB and SN- M Plane at mean angles higher than even African Americans. In terms of head shape, the XVIV and XX dynasties look more like the early Nubian skulls from the mesolithic with low vaults and sloping, curved foreheads..."

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--James Harris and Edward Wente. X-ray Atlas of the Royal Mummies (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1980).

Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                      

quote:

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Professor P. F. Ceccaldi, with a research team behind him, studied some hairs which were removed from the mummy's scalp. Ramesses II was 90 years-old when he died, and his hair had turned white.

Ceccaldi determined that the reddish-yellow colour of the mummy's hair had been brought about by its being dyed with a dilute henna solution; it proved to be an example of the cosmetic attentions of the embalmers.


However, traces of the hair's original colour (in youth), remain in the roots, even into advanced old age.


Microscopic examinations proved that the hair roots contained traces of natural red pigments, and that therefore, during his youth, Ramesses II had been red-haired.[Balout, et al. (1985) 254-257.]

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quote:

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It was concluded that these red pigments did not result from the hair somehow fading, or otherwise altering post-mortem, but did indeed represent Ramesses' natural hair colour.

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quote:

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Ceccaldi also studied a cross-section of the hairs, and he determined from their oval shape, that Ramesses had been "cymotrich" (wavy-haired).

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quote:

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Finally, he stated that such a combination of features showed that Ramesses had been a "leucoderma" (white-skinned person).

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So because of the "combination" he was a leucoderma? Not because of skin tissue analysis?lol


leucodermia









Real African Ramses NOT a European, Kemet Nubia Egypt Egyptology, Ceccaldi DEBUNKED

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tncecPe3DCw


Relief of Ramses II, ca. 1279-1213 B.C.E. Limestone






http://cdn2.brooklynmuseum.org/images/opencollection/objects/size4/11.670_SL1.jpg


https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/3066/Relief_of_Ramses_II

Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

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Physical variations in any given trait tend to occur gradually rather than abruptly over geographic areas. And because physical traits are inherited independently of one another, knowing the range of one trait does not predict the presence of others. For example, skin color varies largely from light in the temperate areas in the north to dark in the tropical areas in the south; its intensity is not related to nose shape or hair texture. Dark skin may be associated with frizzy or kinky hair or curly or wavy or straight hair, all of which are found among different indigenous peoples in tropical regions. These facts render any attempt to establish lines of division among biological populations both arbitrary and subjective.

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--American Anthropological Association

http://www.aaanet.org/stmts/racepp.htm


οὐλόϑριξ


ulotrichous [juːˈlɒtrɪkəs]
adj
(Life Sciences & Allied Applications / Biology) having woolly or curly hair

[from New Latin Ulotrichī (classification applied to humans having this type of hair), from Greek oulothrix, from oulos curly + thrix hair]
ulotrichy n

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ulotrichous

ulotrichous (juːˈlɒtrɪkəs )

Definitions
adjective

having woolly or curly hair

http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ulotrichous


ulotrichous

Having curly hair.

Compare: leiotrichous.

Origin: G. Oulotrichos, curly haired, fr. Oulos, wooly, _ thrix (trich-), hair

http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Ulotrichous


Abu Simbel, and nearby; loose and wavy hair, neither are they white.

Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010  |  IP: Logged |