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Modern day indigenous populations around the world carry particular blends of nine regional affiliations. We compared your DNA results to the averages from each of 43 reference populations we currently have in our database and estimated which of these populations were most similar to you in terms of the genetic markers you carry. AFRICAN-AMERICAN
This reference population is based on samples collected from African-Americans living in the southwestern United States. The mixture of regions reflected here is due to forced slavery from Africa to the Americas during the slave-trading era (73% sub-Saharan African, 4% Southern African). There is also a European contribution to the population (comprising the 10% Northern European, 6% Mediterranean, and 4% Southwest Asian components—a total of 20%) as well as a 2% Native American component due to mixing that occurred with Native American tribes after the Africans arrived in the Americas.
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Your Regional Ancestry Explained (Geno 2.0 and later)
We determine your recent ancestry by analyzing small bits of DNA scattered across your entire genome. This portion of your ancestry comes equally from both parents, all four grandparents, all eight great-grandparents, and so forth. Unlike mtDNA and Y-DNA (see Your Deep Ancestry Explained), this portion of your DNA gets scrambled every successive generation, so what we can learn from it is not so much your deep history, but instead events in historic time, and even events more closely linked to your known ancestors.
V_illustration New Autosomal
In this section of your results you’ll see a set of percentages that represents a rough estimate of how much DNA you share with various groups around the world. Humans originally evolved in Africa, and over time they left the continent and began to spread across Europe, Asia, and Australia. As time passed, people who were living in one region acquired new DNA mutations across their whole genome, and these mutations were specific to that region. The mutations eventually spread to become common across the regional population. Therefore, two ancient neighbors were more likely to share genetic patterns than two people living on opposite sides of the world, because their ancestors were more likely to have encountered each other and borne children. Over time, this has made people from Senegal, for instance, more similar genetically to each other than they are to people from China, and vice versa.
Migration has also served to disperse these regional population patterns over time. For instance, the spread of agriculture from the Middle East into Europe also dispersed Middle Eastern genetic patterns as these early agriculturists moved into Europe. This is why someone who is, say, Irish and Scottish on both sides of their family going back many generations would show Middle Eastern or Southern European components in their regional affiliations—not because their great-grandparents migrated from those parts of the world, but because over thousands of years, Europeans have mixed with people from these regions and have retained traces of this mixture in their DNA. For example, if you have 40 percent Eastern European DNA but also, say, 12 percent Southern Asian DNA, then sometime in the past, your Eastern European ancestors mixed with your Southern Asian ancestors, leaving a trace of both groups in your DNA.
Similarly, if your parents came from very different parts of the world—say Denmark and Japan—this would be more clearly reflected in your regional percentages, which is the percent of your DNA that you inherited from each region. Since you get half of your genome from your mother and half from you father, you would be half Danish and half Japanese. At your own genetic level, this would show up as half of the regional percentages that each of your parents had—Scandinavian, Central European, East Asian, and so on.
However, remember that the percentage of your DNA that comes from each of your ancestors drops by half as we go back through the generations—you inherited half of your genome from your mother and half from your father but only a quarter from each of your grandparents. Because of this, our ability to see your regional ancestry decreases with each preceding generation. If, say, your great-grandmother (three generations removed) was 100 percent Native American, that would show up as roughly 12 percent of your DNA. Our rough limit is six generations, or 64 ancestors, each of whose contribution is less than 2 percent of your DNA. Beyond that, we can’t be certain that the percentages are significant. For this reason, we don’t identify regional percentages that are less than 2 percent in your results, even when they do exist. People with recent ancestry from different populations can have a mix of regions in their DNA that’s not typically seen in indigenous populations. Hispanics, for instance, will often have typical European as well as Native American and/or African components—a result of the mix of cultures and peoples that has occurred in the Americas over the past 500 years.
Modern-day populations around the world carry particular blends of regional affiliations. After calculating your regional percentages, we compared your DNA results to the averages from more than 40 reference populations we currently have in our database, and we estimated which of these populations were most similar to you in terms of the genetic markers you carry.
Notice some unusual populations listed for you? This doesn’t mean that you belong to these groups, only that these were the groups in our limited number of reference populations that were closest to you. As we expand our set of reference populations (Geno 2.0 Next Generation has more than 60 reference populations), you may find that you are closer to another group. This simply reflects the ongoing scientific refinement of the Genographic reference dataset, as well as improvements in our methodology for assessing your closest populations. Remember, the regional blends that show up in your regional ancestry were determined over thousands of years, so you may see surprising regional percentages reflected in these populations.
Read more about the ancestral regions
Read more about the reference populations composed of ancestral regions
Dr. Spencer Wells analyzes several Geno 2.0 participants’ results in the following case studies
5. Our Story Explained (Geno 2.0 and later)
The visualization shown under Our Story is not only a data map of your own genotype, but also that of other participants in the Genographic Project with whom you share genetic markers. The goal of this experience is to allow you to read the recent genealogical stories of other participants and in doing so perhaps learn about the ancestry of those with whom you share a migratory journey. The stories told here also help scientists and researchers learn more about the recent migratory movements of certain specific lineages or haplogroups.
Participants within your mtDNA and Y-DNA haplogroups are displayed within the circle, and their proximity to you is based on their level of “relation” to you, defined in this experience as how recently you share a common genetic marker. Those more recently related to you (in time) are displayed near the center of the circle, and those more distantly related to you are displayed on the outer edges. If a user has shared their story with the community, the dot identifying them displays as a larger circle. Clicking on the dots will reveal their story. You can share your own story with the community by typing it into the box below, checking “Show My Story” and then clicking “Save.”
Posts: 1061 | From: Laos | Registered: Jun 2012
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quote: People with recent ancestry from different populations can have a mix of regions in their DNA that’s not typically seen in indigenous populations. Hispanics, for instance, will often have typical European as well as Native American and/or African components—a result of the mix of cultures and peoples that has occurred in the Americas over the past 500 years.
Duh, lol
quote:Originally posted by dana marniche: Europeans had common ancestors 1,000 years ago Associated PressBy FRANK JORDANS | Associated Press – 1 hr 52 mins ago
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BERLIN (AP) — Europeans appear to be more closely related than previously thought.
Scientists who compared DNA samples from people in different parts of the continent found that most had common ancestors living just 1,000 years ago.
The results confirm decade-old mathematical models, but will nevertheless come as a surprise to Europeans accustomed to thinking of ancient nations composed of distinct ethnic groups like "Germans," ''Irish" or "Serbs."
"What's remarkable about this is how closely everyone is related to each other," said Graham Coop of the University of California, Davis, who co-wrote the study published Tuesday in the journal PLoS Biology.
Coop and his fellow author Peter Ralph of the University of Southern California used a database containing more than 2,250 genetic samples to look for shared DNA segments that would point to distant shared relatives.
While the number of common genetic ancestors is greater the closer people are to each other, even individuals living 2,000 miles (3,220 kilometers) apart had identical sections of DNA that can be traced back roughly to the Middle Ages.
The findings indicate that there was a steady flow of genetic material between countries as far apart as Turkey and Britain, or Poland and Portugal, even after the great population movements of the first millennium A.D. such as the Saxon and Viking invasions of Britain, and the westward drive of the Huns and Slavic peoples.
The study did find subtle regional variations. For reasons still unclear, Italians and Spaniards appear to be less closely related than most Europeans to people elsewhere on the continent.
"The analysis is pretty convincing. It comes partly from the enormous number of ancestors each one of us have," said Mark A. Jobling, a professor of genetics at the University of Leicester, England, who wasn't involved in the study.
Since the number of ancestors each person has roughly doubles with each generation, "we don't have to go too far back to find someone who features in all of our family trees," he said.
Jobling cited a scientific paper published in 2004 that went so far as to predict that every person on the planet shares ancestors who lived just 4,000 years ago.
Experts say the study's findings need to be compared with what we know about population movements in Europe and elsewhere from other fields, including archeology and linguistics.
"Although, as the authors note, the approach is inherently 'noisy' (i.e. error-prone), it still does give results for European populations that are in reasonable agreement with historical expectations," said Mark Stoneking, a professor evolutionary anthropology at the University of Leipzig, Germany, who also wasn't involved in the study. "It would be interesting to see this applied in situations where we don't have such good historical information."
Coop and Ralph said the findings might change the way Europeans think about their neighbors on a continent that has had its fair share of struggle and strife.
"The basic idea that we're all related much more recently than one might think has been around for a while, but it is not widely appreciated, and still quite surprising to many people, even scientists working in population genetics, including ourselves," they said in an email to The Associated Press. "The fact that we share all our ancestors from a time period where we recognize various ethnic identities also points at how we are like a family — we have our differences, but are all closely related."
Just don't expect news of closer family ties to prompt a surge of brotherly love in Europe or elsewhere.
"There have been many studies that we've been involved in showing that groups which are fighting each other furiously all the time are actually extremely closely genetically related. But that's never had any impact on whether they continue to fight each other," Jobling said.
"So for example Jewish and non-Jewish populations in the Middle East are extremely similar genetically, but to tell them they are genetic close relatives isn't going to change their ways."
Note the part where it says -
"For reasons still unclear, Italians and Spaniards appear to be less closely related than most Europeans to people elsewhere on the continent."
The above most likely explains slavery in Europe. Yeah, you've been enslaved by Romans, Vikings etc...
Posts: 22235 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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In addition, the Neolithic revolution was assumed to arise in the late Pleistocene Natufians and subsequently spread into Anatolia and Europe (Bar-Yosef 2002), and the first Anatolian farmers, Neolithic to Bronze Age Mediterraneans and to some degree other Neolithic-Bronze Age Europeans, show morphological affinities with the Natufians (and indirectly with sub-Saharan populations; Angel 1972; Brace et al. 2005), in concordance with a process of demie diffusion accompanying the extension of the Neolithic revolution (Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994)."
---Cranial Discrete Traits in a Byzantine Population and Eastern Mediterranean Population Movements F. X. Ricaut, M. Waelkens. Human Biology, Volume 80, Number 5, October 2008, pp. 535-564
Posts: 22235 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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You're such a dense Afro Dummy Troll, that no amount of explanation is going to get through to your dense head! LOL
What the Fvck is the word "Trace" supposed to mean?
Dummy: They're talking about the majority of the people of Egypt. Nothing Trace about it, except your trace of Intelligence, as usual! LOL
lol @ This dumbo, are you truly going all over the forum asking what the word trace means? lol are you really that dumb?
The majority of Egyptians are due to recent migrations. Especially in the North (lower) Egypt. The majority of the Egyptian population is at the North.
The trace shows us the pattern of a Hg where it is found more, dumbo. Trace regions.
Better yet, we know that modern Northern Egyptians are cold adapted to intermediate in body portions and limb ratio. While the Southern Egyptians are tropical in body portions and limb ratio, like the ancient Egyptians from lower and upper Egypt. LOL
Posts: 22235 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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You're such a dense Afro Dummy Troll, that no amount of explanation is going to get through to your dense head! LOL
What the Fvck is the word "Trace" supposed to mean?
Dummy: They're talking about the majority of the people of Egypt. Nothing Trace about it, except your trace of Intelligence, as usual! LOL
lol @ This dumbo, are you truly going all over the forum asking what the word trace means? lol are you really that dumb?
The majority of Egyptians are due to recent migrations. Especially in the North (lower) Egypt. The majority of the Egyptian population is at the North.
The trace shows us the pattern of a Hg where it is found more, dumbo. Trace regions.
Better yet, we know that modern Northern Egyptians are cold adapted to intermediate in body portions and limb ratio. While the Southern Egyptians are tropical in body portions and limb ratio, like the ancient Egyptians from lower and upper Egypt. LOL
quote:"What we can say, however, is that in the Holocene, humans from southwest Asia do not exhibit tropically adapted body shape (Crognier 1981; Eveleth and Tanner 1976; Schreider 1975).... "
quote:In fact, in terms of body shape, the European and the Inuit samples tend to be cold-adapted and tend to be separated in multivariate space from the more tropically adapted Africans, especially those groups from south of the Sahara.
--Holliday TW, Hilton CE.
Body proportions of circumpolar peoples as evidenced from skeletal data: Ipiutak and Tigara (Point Hope) versus Kodiak Island Inuit.
quote:"When the Elephantine results were added to a broader pooling of the physical characteristics drawn from a wide geographic region which includes Africa, the Mediterranean and the Near East quite strong affinities emerge between Elephantine and populations from Nubia, supporting a strong south-north cline."
--Barry Kemp.(Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization. p. 54)(2006)
quote:"..sample populations available from northern Egypt from before the 1st Dynasty (Merimda, Maadi and Wadi Digla) turn out to be significantly different from sample populations from early Palestine and Byblos, suggesting a lack of common ancestors over a long time. If there was a south-north cline variation along the Nile valley it did not, from this limited evidence, continue smoothly on into southern Palestine. The limb-length proportions of males from the Egyptian sites group them with Africans rather than with Europeans."
--Barry Kemp, Ancient Egypt Anatomy of a Civilisation.( Routledge. p. 52-60)(2005)
quote:"Little change in body shape was found through time, suggesting that all body segments were varying in size in response to environmental and social conditions. The change found in body plan is suggested to be the result of the later groups having a more tropical (Nilotic) form than the preceding populations."
--Sonia R. Zakrzewski,
American Journal of Physical Anthropology Volume 121, Issue 3, pages 219–229, July 2003
quote:"As with all the other limb/trunk indices, the recent Europeans evince lower indices, reflective of shorter tibiae, and the recent sub-Saharan Africans have higher indices, reflective of their long tibiae... The Dolno Vestonice and Pavlov humans... have body proportions similar to those of other Gravettian specimens. Specifically, they are characterized by high bracial and cural indices, indicative of distal limb segment elongation..."
--Trinkaus and Svoboda. 2005. Early Modern Human Evolution in Central Europe
quote: "Still, it appears that the process of state formation involved a large indigenous component. Outside influence and admixture with extraregional groups primarily occurred in Lower Egypt—perhaps during the later dynastic, but especially in Ptolmaic and Roman times (also Irish, 2006). No large-scale population replacement in the form of a foreign dynastic ‘race’ (Petrie, 1939) was indicated. Our results are generally consistent with those of Zakrzewski (2007). Using craniometric data in predynastic and early dynastic Egyptian samples, she also concluded that state formation was largely an indigenous process with some migration into the region evident. The sources of such migrants have not been identified; inclusion of additional regional and extraregional skeletal samples from various periods would be required for this purpose."
--Schillaci MA, Irish JD, Wood CC. 2009 Further analysis of the population history of ancient Egyptians.
quote:"An examination of the distance hierarchies reveals the Badarian series to be more similar to the Teita in both analyses and always more similar to all of the African series than to the Norse and Berg groups (see Tables 3A & 3B and Figure 2). Essentially equal similarity is found with the Zalavar and Dogon series in the 11-variable analysis and with these and the Bushman in the one using 15 variables. The Badarian series clusters with the tropical African groups no matter which algorithm is employed (see Figures 3 and 4).. In none of them did the Badarian sample affiliate with the European series."
--S.O.Y. Keita. Early Nile Valley Farmers from El-Badari: Aboriginals or "European" Agro-Nostratic Immigrants? Craniometric Affinities Considered With Other Data.
Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 36 No. 2, pp. 191-208 (2005)
Even Raxter in her thesis confirmed this.
quote: Cranial and dental evidence then tends to support a scenario of biological continuity in Egypt.
[...]
The main skeletal sample consisted of 492 males and 528 females, all adults from the Predynastic and Dynastic Periods, a time spanning c. 5500 BCE-600 CE.
Egyptian body dimensions were compared to Nubian groups, as well as to modern Egyptians and other higher and lower latitude populations.
The present study found a downward trend in ancient Egyptian stature for both sexes through time, as well as decreased sexual dimorphism in stature. The decreases may be associated with dietary and social stress with the intensification of agriculture and increased societal complexity.
Modern Egyptians in the study’s sample are generally taller and heavier than their predecessors; however, modern Egyptians exhibit relatively lower sexual dimorphism in stature.
Ancient Egyptians have more tropically adapted limbs in comparison to body breadths, which tend to be intermediate when plotted against higher and lower latitude populations.
These results may reflect the greater plasticity of limb lengths compared to body breadth.
The results might also suggest early Mediterranean and/or Near Eastern influence in Northeast Africa.
-- Michelle H. Raxter (2011)
Egyptian Body Size: A Regional and Worldwide Comparison
So apparently Southwest Asians and Europeans don't cluster, as you try to indicate.
Posts: 22235 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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Mummy analysis finds that fat-based product held styles in place.
quote: The ancient Egyptians styled their hair using a fat-based 'gel', an analysis of mummies has found. The researchers behind the study say that the Egyptians used the product to ensure that their style stayed in place in both life and death.
Natalie McCreesh, an archaeological scientist from the KNH Centre for Biomedical Egyptology at the University of Manchester, UK, and her colleagues studied hair samples taken from 18 mummies. The oldest is around 3,500 years old, but most were excavated from a cemetery in the Dakhleh Oasis in the Western Desert, and date from Greco-Roman times, around 2,300 years ago.
They include males and females ranging in age from 4 to 58 years old. Some were artificially mummified, whereas others were preserved naturally by the dry sand in which they were buried.
Microscopy using light and electrons revealed that nine of the mummies had hair coated in a mysterious fat-like substance. The researchers used gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to separate out the different molecules in the samples, and found that the coating contained biological long-chain fatty acids including palmitic acid and stearic acid. The results are published in the Journal of Archaeological Science1.
McCreesh thinks that the fatty coating is a styling product that was used to set hair in place. It was found on both natural and artificial mummies, so she believes that it was a beauty product during life as well as a key part of the mummification process.
The resins and embalming materials used to prepare the artificially mummified bodies were not found in the hair samples, suggesting that the hair was protected during embalming and then styled separately.
"Maybe they paid special attention to the hair because they realized that it didn't degrade as much as the rest of the body," says McCreesh. The product was found on both male and female mummies, showing that both sexes cared about their eternal hairdo.
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Mummies Reveal Egyptians Styled Hair with 'Product'
quote:Ancient Egyptians might have been just as vain as humans today. They seem to have styled their hair with fat-based products to enhance their appearance and accentuate their individuality, new research suggests.
"Personal appearance was important to the ancient Egyptians so much so that in cases where the hair was styled, the embalming process was adapted to preserve the hairstyle," the researchers, based at the University of Manchester in the United Kingdom, write Aug. 16 in the Journal of Archaeological Science. "This further ensured that the deceased's individuality was retained in death, as it had been in life, and emphasizes the importance of the hair in ancient Egyptian society."
The researchers studied hair from 18 mummies (15 mummified in a desert cemetery called the
and three from museum samples of unknown origin) who lived around 300 B.C. in ancient Egypt. By taking a close look at the hairs under a microscope, the researchers noticed that nine of these mummies had an unknown substance coating their hair. [Top 10 Weird Ways We Deal With the Dead]
Chemical analyses of the coating revealed it was made up of fatty acids from both plant and animal origins.
The researchers believe that this fat-based hair gel was used by the Egyptians to mold and hold the hair in position to enhance appearance, since some of the deceased that had been mummified naturally in the desert also had fats in their hair. When mummified using embalming chemicals, the undertakers seem to have taken special care to retain the deceased's hairdos, as they used different chemicals on different parts of the body.
"It is evident that different materials were used for different areas of the body," the researchers write. "The hair samples from the Dakhleh Oasis were not coated with resin/bitumen-based embalming materials, but were coated with a fat-based substance."
The mummies had all different kinds of hairstyles depending on age, sex and presumed social status. Researchers have previously discovered objects in Egyptian tombs that seem to be curing tongs, so they might have been used in conjunction with the hair product to curl the hair into place, the researchers speculate.
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^^^^^ The Afro Dummy is So Dumb, that he does not understand that the cut and paste Pieces contadict what he is alluding to. LOL
Dum Dum: Try To Read Your Own ****, First!!!@
quote:Originally posted by iTrump: Trace Intelligence Afro Dummy!! LOL
quote:Originally posted by Ish Gebor:
quote:Originally posted by iTrump:
quote:Originally posted by iTrump: BTW,
You're such a dense Afro Dummy Troll, that no amount of explanation is going to get through to your dense head! LOL
What the Fvck is the word "Trace" supposed to mean?
Dummy: They're talking about the majority of the people of Egypt. Nothing Trace about it, except your trace of Intelligence, as usual! LOL
lol @ This dumbo, are you truly going all over the forum asking what the word trace means? lol are you really that dumb?
The majority of Egyptians are due to recent migrations. Especially in the North (lower) Egypt. The majority of the Egyptian population is at the North.
The trace shows us the pattern of a Hg where it is found more, dumbo. Trace regions.
Better yet, we know that modern Northern Egyptians are cold adapted to intermediate in body portions and limb ratio. While the Southern Egyptians are tropical in body portions and limb ratio, like the ancient Egyptians from lower and upper Egypt. LOL
posted
LOL @ the clown above, can't put in a proper argument. So the clown derails the topic as usually. The clown literraly has not put in one argument. Let alone, to counteract. All we read is his/ her stupid opinions. smh
quote:"There is now a sufficient body of evidence from modern studies of skeletal remains to indicate that the ancient Egyptians, especially southern Egyptians, exhibited physical characteristics that are within the range of variation for ancient and modern indigenous peoples of the Sahara and tropical Africa. In general, the inhabitants of Upper Egypt and Nubia had the greatest biological affinity to people of the Sahara and more southerly areas." (Nancy C. Lovell, " Egyptians, physical anthropology of," in Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, ed.
--Kathryn A. Bard and Steven Blake Shubert, ( London and New York Routledge, 1999) pp 328-332)
quote:"As a result of their facial prognathism, the Badarian sample has been described as forming a morphological cluster with Nubian, Tigrean, and other southern (or "Negroid") groups (Morant, 1935, 1937; Mukherjee et al., 1955; Nutter, 1958, Strouhal, 1971; Angel, 1972; Keita, 1990). Cranial nonmetric trait studies have found this group to be similar to other Egyptians, including much later material (Berry and Berry, 1967, 1972), but also to be significantly different from LPD material (Berry et al., 1967). Similarly, the study of dental nonmetric traits has suggested that the Badarian population is at the centroid of Egyptian dental samples (Irish, 2006), thereby suggesting similarity and hence continuity across Egyptian time periods. From the central location of the Badarian samples in Figure 2, the current study finds the Badarian to be relatively morphologically close to the centroid of all the Egyptian samples. The Badarian have been shown to exhibit greatest morphological similarity with the temporally successive EPD (Table 5). Finally, the biological distinctiveness of the Badarian from other Egyptian samples has also been demonstrated (Tables 6 and 7).
These results suggest that the EDyn do form a distinct morphological pattern. Their overlap with other Egyptian samples (in PC space, Fig. 2) suggests that although their morphology is distinctive, the pattern does overlap with the other time periods. These results therefore do not support the Petrie concept of a \Dynastic race" (Petrie, 1939; Derry, 1956). Instead, the results suggest that the Egyptian state was not the product of mass movement of populations into the Egyptian Nile region, but rather that it was the result of primarily indigenous development combined with prolonged small-scale migration, potentially from trade, military, or other contacts.
This evidence suggests that the process of state formation itself may have been mainly an indigenous process, but that it may have occurred in association with in-migration to the Abydos region of the Nile Valley. This potential in-migration may have occurred particularly during the EDyn and OK. A possible explanation is that the Egyptian state formed through increasing control of trade and raw materials, or due to military actions, potentially associated with the use of the Nile Valley as a corridor for prolonged small scale movements through the desert environment."
--Sonia R. Zakrzewski. (2007). Population Continuity or Population Change: Formation of the Ancient Egyptian State. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 132:501-509)
quote: "The elaborate process of burial, which would become profoundly important in pharaonic society for 3,000 years, is much more pronounced in the Neolithic Badarian culture of Middle Egypt than in the earlier Saharan Neolithic or the Neolithic in northern Egypt.
[...]
Cultural differences went well beyond pottery types, however: the Naqada burials may symbolize increasing social complexity through time as the graves became more differentiated, in size and numbers of grave goods, whereas at Buto-Ma’adi sites burials are of a fairly simple type and seem to have had much less socio-cultural significance.
Occupation at Ma’adi came to an end in the later 4th millennium bc (equivalent to the Naqada IIc phase), when the site was abandoned. At Buto, the stratigraphic evidence suggests the assimilation of the Lower Egyptian Predynastic Buto-Ma’adi culture in Layer III, and the continuation into Dynastic times of a material culture that had its roots in the Predynastic Naqada culture of Upper Egypt."
[...]
What may be seen at the Badarian sites is the earliest evidence in Egypt of pronounced ceremonialism surrounding burials, which become much more elaborate in the 4thmillennium bc Naqada culture. Brunton excavated about 750 Badarian burials, most of which were contracted ones in shallow oval pits. Most burials were placed on the left side, facing west with the head to the south. This later became the standard orientation of Naqada culture burials. Although the Badarian burials had few grave goods, there was usually one pot in a grave. Some burials also had jewelry, made of beads of seashell, stone, bone, and ivory. A few burials contained stone cosmetic palettes or chert tools.
[...]
Burials such as the Badarian ones represent the material expression of important beliefs and practices in a society concerning the transition from life to death (see Box 5-B).
Burial evidence may symbolize roles and social status of the dead and commemoration of this by the living, expressions of grief by the living, and possibly also concepts of an afterlife.
--Kathryn A. Bard - (2015) An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt
Posts: 22235 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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Artificial mummification in ancient Egypt involved the application of chemicals to the body mostly for the purpose of preservation; others were applied for ritual aspects. Unguents were used also in everyday toilette.
Here we report a type of material which was applied specifically to the hair, a fatty material used as a ‘hair gel’. Personal appearance was important to the ancient Egyptians so much so that in cases where the hair was styled the embalming process was adapted to preserve the hair style.
This further ensured that the deceased’s individuality was retained in death, as it had been in life, and emphasises the importance of the hair in ancient Egyptian society.
Ancient Egyptian hair gel: new insight into ancient Egyptian mummification procedures through chemical analysis
HAHAHAHAHAHA!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! The Dumb Sht, is not getting anywhere, so now he/she resorts to PICTURE SPAMMING:
Hello Sudaniya!!
Hello Sudaniya!!
LOL
Hahaha, as usually no counter argument. Mere stupidity as a supposed counteract. lol
The pictures support the studies. SMH @ this dumbass, Caveman (Yes, we know it's you).
quote:"Many of the sites reveal evidence of important interactions between Nilotic and Saharan groups during the formative phases of the Egyptian Predynastic Period (e.g. Wadi el-Hôl, Rayayna, Nuq’ Menih, Kurkur Oasis). Other sites preserve important information regarding the use of the desert routes during the Protodynastic and Pharaonic Periods, particularly during periods of political and military turmoil in the Nile Valley (e.g. Gebel Tjauti, Wadi el-Hôl)."
quote:Pleistocene through to the Christian periods, reveals a break in population continuity between the Pleistocene (Jebel Sahaba) and the Final Neolithic (Gebel Ramlah, dating to the first half of the fifth millennium BC) samples. The dental traits from Jebel Sahaba align more closely with modern sub-Saharan populations, while Gebel Ramlah and later align closer to Egypt specifically and to the Sahara in general."
--Michael Brass
Reconsidering the emergence of social complexity in early Saharan pastoral societies, 5000 – 2500 B.C.
quote:Originally posted by iTrump: No Dumb Sht!! - The Picture Spamming Supports The Case For: How Stupid You Really Are!!
quote:Originally posted by iTrump: ^^^^^^^
HAHAHAHAHAHA!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! The Dumb Sht, is not getting anywhere, so now he/she resorts to PICTURE SPAMMING:
Hello Sudaniya!!
Hello Sudaniya!!
LOL
LOL This is not only silly but also pathetic. You truly have nothing valuable to contribute here. Buzz off.
This clown, doesn't understand that the hair wax tradition is still prevalent in many parts of Africa. An argument like "No Dumb Sht!!" is his/ her scientific evaluation vs the following lol:
quote:"Many of the sites reveal evidence of important interactions between Nilotic and Saharan groups during the formative phases of the Egyptian Predynastic Period (e.g. Wadi el-Hôl, Rayayna, Nuq’ Menih, Kurkur Oasis). Other sites preserve important information regarding the use of the desert routes during the Protodynastic and Pharaonic Periods, particularly during periods of political and military turmoil in the Nile Valley (e.g. Gebel Tjauti, Wadi el-Hôl)."
quote:Pleistocene through to the Christian periods, reveals a break in population continuity between the Pleistocene (Jebel Sahaba) and the Final Neolithic (Gebel Ramlah, dating to the first half of the fifth millennium BC) samples. The dental traits from Jebel Sahaba align more closely with modern sub-Saharan populations, while Gebel Ramlah and later align closer to Egypt specifically and to the Sahara in general."
--Michael Brass
Reconsidering the emergence of social complexity in early Saharan pastoral societies, 5000 – 2500 B.C.
Burial 85 belonged to a young woman (16-20 years) who we nick-named Paddy. She was discovered intact, still fully covered by a double layer of matting. Beneath the matting, her hands and lower arms had been padded with thick bundles of linen and then wrapped. Bundles of linen were also used to pad the area around the base of the skull, the neck and jaw. Yet the major part of the face, the eyes, nose, and mouth were not covered. Her burial contained no grave goods in the usual sense. Only a couple of rounded sherds and a flint flake were found in the crook of her knees.
quote:The cemetery called HK43, belonging to the non-elite (or workers) segment of the predynastic population, is located on the southern side of the site beside the Wadi Khamsini. Work here in 1996 when a land reclamation scheme threatened its preservation and excavations continued until 2004, resulting in the discovery of a minimum of 452 graves holding over 500 individuals of Naqada IIB-IIC date (roughly 3650-3500BC).
Careful removal of the upper layer of matting and linen pads around the head resulted in the preservation of her entire head of hair, revealing a shoulder-length style of natural waves extending c.22cm from the crown of the head with a left side parting and asymmetrical fringe made up of S-shaped curls bordering the forehead. In addition to the excellent preservation of the cranial hair, the right eyebrow also survived.
quote:There is now a sufficient body of evidence from modern studies of skeletal remains to indicate that the ancient Egyptians, especially southern Egyptians, exhibited physical characteristics that are within the range of variation for ancient and modern indigenous peoples of the Sahara and tropical Africa.
In general, the inhabitants of Upper Egypt and Nubia had the greatest biological affinity to people of the Sahara and more southerly areas [...]
Any interpretation of the biological affinities of the ancient Egyptians must be placed in the context of hypothesis informed by the archaeological, linguistic, geographic or other data.
In this context the physical anthropological evidence indicates that the early Nile Valley populations can be identified as part of an African lineage, but exhibiting local variation.
This variation represents the short and long term effects of evolutionary forces, such as gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection influenced by culture and geography"
--Kathryn A. Bard (STEPHEN E. THOMPSON Egyptians, physical anthropology of Physical anthropology)
quote:"As a result of their facial prognathism, the Badarian sample has been described as forming a morphological cluster with Nubian, Tigrean, and other southern (or "Negroid") groups (Morant, 1935, 1937; Mukherjee et al., 1955; Nutter, 1958, Strouhal, 1971; Angel, 1972; Keita, 1990). Cranial nonmetric trait studies have found this group to be similar to other Egyptians, including much later material (Berry and Berry, 1967, 1972), but also to be significantly different from LPD material (Berry et al., 1967). Similarly, the study of dental nonmetric traits has suggested that the Badarian population is at the centroid of Egyptian dental samples (Irish, 2006), thereby suggesting similarity and hence continuity across Egyptian time periods. From the central location of the Badarian samples in Figure 2, the current study finds the Badarian to be relatively morphologically close to the centroid of all the Egyptian samples. The Badarian have been shown to exhibit greatest morphological similarity with the temporally successive EPD (Table 5). Finally, the biological distinctiveness of the Badarian from other Egyptian samples has also been demonstrated (Tables 6 and 7).
These results suggest that the EDyn do form a distinct morphological pattern. Their overlap with other Egyptian samples (in PC space, Fig. 2) suggests that although their morphology is distinctive, the pattern does overlap with the other time periods. These results therefore do not support the Petrie concept of a \Dynastic race" (Petrie, 1939; Derry, 1956). Instead, the results suggest that the Egyptian state was not the product of mass movement of populations into the Egyptian Nile region, but rather that it was the result of primarily indigenous development combined with prolonged small-scale migration, potentially from trade, military, or other contacts.
This evidence suggests that the process of state formation itself may have been mainly an indigenous process, but that it may have occurred in association with in-migration to the Abydos region of the Nile Valley. This potential in-migration may have occurred particularly during the EDyn and OK. A possible explanation is that the Egyptian state formed through increasing control of trade and raw materials, or due to military actions, potentially associated with the use of the Nile Valley as a corridor for prolonged small scale movements through the desert environment."
--Sonia R. Zakrzewski. (2007). Population Continuity or Population Change: Formation of the Ancient Egyptian State. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 132:501-509)
quote:Originally posted by iTrump: No Dumb Sht!! - The Picture Spamming Supports The Case For: How Stupid You Really Are!!
quote:Originally posted by iTrump: ^^^^^^^
HAHAHAHAHAHA!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! The Dumb Sht, is not getting anywhere, so now he/she resorts to PICTURE SPAMMING:
Hello Sudaniya!!
Hello Sudaniya!!
LOL
LOL at this clown, doesn't understand that the hair style traditions is still prevalent in many parts of Africa. This includes waxing of the hair, with several substances, including the methods of ancient Egyptians. You don't trump, you failed born-loser.
"The Ethiopian tribes who use BUTTER to style their hair: Incredible photos reveal the elaborate curled creations of the Afar people, and the Hamer who mix ghee with red ochre to spectacular effect"
quote:Originally posted by Mike111: Note to the forum;
When Albinos start with this type of nonsense, simply ask them the following question:
What DNA haplogroups constitutes African American?
His total figure for African-American -white admixture is about 20%. I think this might be overstated especially given the presence of over 2 million Caribbean and African immigrants in the US, mos of whom have very little similar 4levels of admixture.
But lets go with the 20% for a moment. This is about the same as the African admixture of some Greeks in some studies. Who and when you sample is important.
Ish Gabor says The study did find subtle regional variations. For reasons still unclear, Italians and Spaniards appear to be less closely related than most Europeans to people elsewhere on the continent.
No surprise there. Southern Europeans have been more influenced by African DNA compared to northern and eastern Euros.
sardinia dna
Some DNA studies show many Europeans more related to Asians than other Europeans
"However, in a reanalysis of data from 377 microsatellite loci typed in 1056 individuals, Europeans proved to be more similar to Asians than to other Europeans 38% of the time (Bamshad et al. 2004; population definitions and data from Rosenberg et al. 2002)." --Witherspoon 2007. Genetic Similarities Within and Between Human Populations. Genetics. v.176(1)
Posts: 5905 | From: The Hammer | Registered: Aug 2008
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