posted
Now reading this. Who wold believe it. Reads like a bad fantasy novel.
The Khazar/Kurgans are exactly who they are. Central Asians!!!!
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Diverse genetic origins of medieval steppe nomad conquerors Alexander S. Mikheyev1
Abstract Over millennia, steppe nomadic tribes raided and sometimes overran settled Eurasian civilizations. Most polities formed by steppe nomads were ephemeral, making it difficult to ascertain their genetic roots or what present-day populations, if any, have descended from them. Exceptionally, the Khazar Khaganate controlled the trade artery between the Black and Caspian Seas in VIII-IX centuries, acting as one of the major conduits between East and West. However, the genetic identity of the ruling elite within the polyglot and polyethnic Khaganate has been a much-debated mystery; a controversial hypothesis posits that post-conversion to Judaism the Khazars gave rise to modern Ashkenazim. We analyzed whole-genome sequences of eight men and one woman buried within the distinctive kurgans of the Khazar upper (warrior) class. After comparing them with reference panels of present-day Eurasian and Iron Age populations, we found that the Khazar political organization relied on a polyethnic elite. It was predominantly descended from Central Asian tribes but incorporated genetic admixture from populations conquered by Khazars. Thus, the Khazar ruling class was likely relatively small and able to maintain a genetic identity distinct from their subjugated populations over the course of centuries. Yet, men of mixed ancestry*** could*** also rise into the warrior class, possibly providing troop numbers necessary to maintain control of their large territory. However, when the Khaganate collapsed it left few persistent genetic traces in Europe. Our data CONFIRM the Turkic roots of the Khazars, but also highlight their ethnic diversity and some integration of conquered populations.
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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This article will give a brief overview of Y-DNA haplogroups which exist in Turkic people in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Genetic research indicates that Turkic people do not consist of just a single or a few haplogroups, but they stock nearly 18 Y-DNA haplogroups. It is impossible to reduce the roots of Turkic people into a few haplogroups or a certain geographical location. It is apparent that Turkic people consist of various Y-DNA haplogroups, which evolved into new lineages within thousand of years.
Historically, Turkic culture and language were risen over the tribal federation of steppe people from the Volga River to eastern steppes under the name of “Turk” by the Turkic Khaganate between the sixth and eighth centuries. Then Khazar Khaganate appeared as the western wing of Turkic tribal federations between the Dnieper and Volga Rivers across the Caucasus and Northern Azerbaijan to Pontic-Caspian steppes between 7th and 11th centuries.
Turks were known to be semi-nomadic people of steppes who spread into Eurasia, Middle East and North Africa. It is possible that the first state called “Turkic Khaganate” had already stocked various Y-DNA haplogroups when it was founded in a large area from the Volga and Caspian steppes to Eastern Asia (Check the map). All these Y-DNA haplogroups are similar to each other in 12 STR haplotypes or SNPs, which shows the genetic relation.
Turkic Khaganate was a tribal confederation in Central Asia, which also included various haplogroups at that time. The history displays that both the ancestors and descendants of Turkic tribes spread into especially Europe and Middle East over the last two thousands years or in earlier times. They might have spread various haplogroups within that time. They founded dozens of states and empires through the history, and spread over the world with time.
Central Asia, which is thought to be the homeland of Turkic people, also stocks a significant amount of Y-DNA haplogroups today as it was in the past. It is apparent that Turkic people are the genetic descendants of ancient steppe people of Eurasia (East Europe and Central Asia) such as Huns, Xiongnu, Bulgars, Khazars, Oghuz, Pechenegs, Cumans, Scythians, Sarmatians, Massagetes, Cimmerians, Tocharians, Ephthalites (White Huns), Alans, Eurasian Avars, Juanjuans etc. Y-DNA haplogroups which are seen among Turkic people of Ural-Volga, Southern and Central Asia are listed below with the percentages from several genetic researches. In general, Turkic ethnicities in Asia Minor (except Afshars) are not included in this research in order to see the genetic stock in Central Asia.
Central Asia, which is thought to be the homeland of Turkic people, also stocks a significant amount of Y-DNA haplogroups today as it was in the past. It is apparent that Turkic people are the genetic descendants of ancient steppe people of Eurasia (East Europe and Central Asia) such as Huns, Xiongnu, Bulgars, Khazars, Oghuz, Pechenegs, Cumans, Scythians, Sarmatians, Massagetes, Cimmerians, Tocharians, Ephthalites (White Huns), Alans, Eurasian Avars, Juanjuans etc. Y-DNA haplogroups which are seen among Turkic people of Ural-Volga, Southern and Central Asia are listed below with the percentages from several genetic researches. In general, Turkic ethnicities in Asia Minor (except Afshars) are not included in this research in order to see the genetic stock in Central Asia.
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Haplogroup C: Kazakhs 36% [1], Karakalpaks 22.7% [3], Kyrgyz people 8.9% [2], Khakas people 5.7% [4], Uygurs 4.3% [5]
Haplogroup C-M130 is attributed to the northeast of Asia as it is easy to find the highest frequencies among the indigenous populations of Mongolia. This haplogroup is found at lower frequencies among Turkic people of Central Asia except Kazakhs. On the other hand, Mongolic and Tungusic people have the highest frequencies. It is possible that this haplogroup might have spread into Turks during the Mongol invasions of 13th century as well as previous tribal leagues in the history.
It is discussed whether the haplogroup E-M96 originated in Africa or Asia, but it is possible to see the highest frequencies of haplogroup E in Africa. On the other hand, E-M243, which is a common subclade in North Africa, is also found in Europe (Albania, Greece and Italy) and Asia at significant frequencies. Haplogroup E-M78 is also found in the ethnicities of Ural-Volga region such as Chuvash people [Turkic] (14%), and Mordvins [Uralic] (10,2%), which is a significant amount.
F is the 40.000 year-old father of the haplogroups: G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T. The father of F is CF. The minor sub-groups of F (F-M89) haplogroup have been observed in Yugurs of North China and Kazakhs in a frequency of 4-6%. The minor subclades of this haplogroup has also been observed in the Indian subcontinent as well.[17] These findings indicate that the possible origin place of haplogroup F might be somewhere in Central or Southern Asia. On the other hand, the major sub-groups of Haplogroup F are Haplogroups G, H, [IJ], and K.
Haplogroup G (G-M201) is subdivided as G1 and G2. The haplogroup G1 is more common in Argyn and Madjar tribes of Kazakhs whereas G2a is more common in Tatar and Nogay tribes of Kazakhstan. On the other hand, G2a is also found in Caucasian ethnicities. In Turkey, G has a frequency of 11% among Turkish males18 whereas this percentage is around 18% in Azerbaijan.
Haplogroup H: Turkmens 6% [3], Uzbeks 3.1%[9]
Haplogroup H is common in South Asia, but it is also found in Central Asian Turkic people at various frequencies.
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We compared two genetic models for European Jewish ancestry depicting a mixed Khazarian–European–Middle Eastern and sole Middle Eastern origins. Contemporary populations were used as surrogates to the ancient Khazars and Judeans, and their relatedness to European Jews was compared over a comprehensive set of genetic analyses. Our findings support the Khazarian hypothesis depicting a large Near Eastern–Caucasus ancestry along with Southern European, Middle Eastern, and Eastern European ancestries, in agreement with recent studies and oral and written traditions. We conclude that the genome of European Jews is a tapestry of ancient populations including Judaized Khazars, Greco–Roman Jews, Mesopotamian Jews, and Judeans and that their population structure was formed in the Caucasus and the banks of the Volga with roots stretching to Canaan and the banks of the Jordan.
~Eran Elhaik The Missing Link of Jewish European Ancestry: Contrasting the Rhineland and the Khazarian Hypotheses Genome Biology and Evolution, Volume 5, Issue 1, January 2013, Pages 61–74, doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evs119
The origin of Eastern European Jews revealed by autosomal, sex chromosomal and mtDNA polymorphisms ~Zoossmann-Diskin A. . Biol Direct. 2010;5:57. Published 2010 Oct 6. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-5-57
quote:Originally posted by Marija: The Ashkenazim are not Khazars. History and genetics show them to have absorbed other peoples, but to have originated in Judaea.
Much confusion exists about many "Turkic" peoples. Turkish nationalists claim that the Scythians, and even the Sintashtans, were Turkic!
No. And as for the nation of Turkey, their ancestry is mostly that of the people who were already in Anatolia when the Turks arrived.
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"Who are the Edomites today?: From Esau to Zionism" lecture by Divine Prospect
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