To those who are familar with the book - The Mediterranean Race by G Segi written in late 1800's will know his thesis is the Neolithic package originated in sus-Saharan east Africa near Sudan. Then spread into the Sahara and southern Europe and into Northern Europe. Some went East to form Ancient Persia, then Indus Valley Civilization . ...and may be into South China as shown by Doron Behar on his study about "Jewish" people. And of course across the sahara to West African "agriculturalist".
Almost all modern genetic data confirms this hypothesis. At K2 Southern Europeans are 80% African.
Sergi based his hypothesis on the shape of the skulls. Now genetics is confirming he was correct.
Now here is this paper I came across within the last couple of days dated Sep2023.
HLA alleles and haplotypes in Sudanese population and their relationship with Mediterraneans - Fabio Suarez‑Trujillo...Antonio Arnaiz‑Villena
From the Abstract -
Sahara desertification became more intense by 10–6000 years ago. Saharan people underwent then a strong migratory pressure and started to emigrate. In the context of a drying Sahara the desert settled populations there began to disperse in all directions, including North Africa and the Mediterranean basin. This gave rise to a mixture of people and genes and influenced the Ancient Classic Mediterranean cultures creating a cultural circle that includes Mediterranean populations and Guanches or Canary Islands First Inhabitants4,5. The findings of the same types of Lineal Megalithic or more recent scripts and megalithic structures in the Sahara and throughout the Mediterranean Basin and the Eurafrican Atlantic coast, including Canary Islands, support a common Ancient Megalithic culture that probably was born in the Humid Sahara period before 6000 bc5. In the present study we aim: (1) to compare a mixed sample of different Sudanese ethnicities with other surrounding populations; (2) to clarify their origin according to HLA genetic background and to ascertain
Results:
It is well established that North Africans and southern Europeans are genetically related, and this may be due to a long lasting circum-Mediterranean cultural and genetic flow particularly during the last glacial peak4,35– 39, being a secluded population between European North Ices and Desert. On the basis of our present day genetic and linguistic studies, we have postulated that many people coming from what is nowadays the Sahara Desert started to move towards East, West, North, and also South, being an important part of the primitive people stock of Sumerians, Egyptians, Guanches (Canary Islands), Iberians, Etruscan, Minoans, Anatolians (currently named Turks on only linguistic bases because they show a clear Mediterranean HLA profile)4, Kurds, and other islanders or northern Mediterraneans4,5,18,36– 39. In the present work, HLA genetic background of Sudanese people from different ethnicities is studied, and results obtained inpart confirm these North African-Mediterranean peoples (genes) exchange.
North African migrations and contacts with the Mediterranean Basin Sahara Desert climate has undergone sharp variations over time, ranging from wet to dry over the past hundreds of thousands of years33. This variability is due to a 41,000-year cycle in which the axis of the Earth changes between 22° and 24.5°33. In fact, the Columbia Shuttle detected a humid (traces of big rivers and lakes) and green Sahara Desert under the dunes34. Currently it is in a dry period, but the Sahara is expected to turn green again in about 15,000 years. Due to these desertification-greening cycles, it is possible that very different human populations inhabited in the last humid stage. The Tassili N’Ajjer National Park and Ahaggar Mountains in Algeria show a record of rock art that proves human settlement in the Sahara33. However, when the desertification began around 10,000 bc, the populations that inhabited the Sahara emigrated to other more habitable northern and other areas.
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Almost all modern genetic data confirms this hypothesis. At K2 Southern Europeans are 80% African.
Southern Europeans today are 80% African? Do you have any pictures of modern Southern Europeans that you think might be over 50% African? Is this something we might notice visually or not? And from what part of Africa is this 80% African?
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HLA alleles and haplotypes in Sudanese population and their relationship with Mediterraneans - Fabio Suarez‑Trujillo...Antonio Arnaiz‑Villena September 2023
Below from the article, some interesting results on the Sudanese as compared Nubian Sudanese in particular (also in the cluster chart, Figure 3, the blue oval shows non-Nubian Sudanese of the study showing close proximity to Jews and Siwa) compare to yellow oval:
Abstract The contribution of migrated people from once green Sahara (about 10,000–6000 years BC) towards Mediterranean area had probably a double effect: both genetic and cultural connections have been described between Western Europe and North Africa. Sudanese populations from different ethnicities have been studied for HLA-A, -B, -DRB1 and -DQB1 antigens by a standard microlymphotoxicity method.
Results found show that Nubians are genetically related with African Sub-Saharan populations and distant from other Sudanese tribes, who are closer to Mediterranean populations than to Sub-Saharan ones. This is concordant with other authors and meta-analysis data. Our present work is, to our knowledge, the first and only one HLA research that studies Sudanese people according to different Sudan ethnic groups: samples were collected before Sudan partition between North and South. A prehistoric genetic and peoples exchange between Africa and the Mediterranean basin may be observed and is supported with the results obtained in this Sudanese HLA study. However, demic diffusion model of agriculture and other anthropological traits from Middle East to West Europe/Maghreb do not exist: a more detailed Sahel and North African countries ancient and recent admixture studies are also being carried out which may clearer explain pastoralists/agriculture innovations origins in Eurafrican Mediterranean and Atlantic façade.
FIGURE 2
HLA-DRB1 dendrogram performed with Neighbour-Joining method showing genetic relatedness between Sudanese, Nubians, and other Mediterranean and Sub-Saharan populations. Genetic distances between populations were calculated with GNKDST software using low-resolution HLA-DRB1 frequencies. Bootstrap test showed values of 100 in all nodes after 1000 replicates. Note that Greek HLA relatedness with Sahel populations was detected by two independent different groups4,5,16, 28 and it is also supported by other autosomal genetic markers for African and Greeks specifically (3120 + 1 G → A cystic fibrosis marker)29,30. HLA-DRB1 allele frequencies is used because of the best discrimination between populations among HLA loci (more or less relatedness) and the fact that almost all the populations in data bases are HLA-DRB1 typed
Figure 2 depicts a low-resolution class II (DRB1) neighbour-joining (NJ) tree constructed form genetic distances between populations (DA, Table 3). Its topology shows how compared populations cluster in two main branches: in general, western (both North African and Europeans) and other Mediterraneans group together respectively and tend to converge in the same node; in the other branch Greeks and Sub-Saharans tend to cluster together with Nubians, Fulani, Rimaibe and Mossi (as described before in5,1628 and with other genetic markers29,30. Our Sudanese studied group is placed especially close to most western Mediterraneans: North African (Algerians and Moroccans) and Iberians (Table 3). Genetic distance values (Table 3) give quantitative genetic distances and relatedness between populations and show that Turks are the closest to Sudanese population, followed by Egyptian-Bedouins and Iranians. Also, Mediterranean populations like Algerians, Moroccans, Spaniards and Italians are genetically close to Sudanese population studied in present work. Finally, Greeks and Sub-Saharans cluster together and behave as outgroups. In the same way, the correspondence analysis performed show again how Sudanese are placed within the eastern Mediterranean group, which is also related to the western one (Fig. 3). On the other hand, Nubians cluster together with Greeks and other black Sub-Saharan populations included in this work. Genetic distances between Nubians and our Sudanese mixed sample are similar to those among other Sub-Saharans (Oromo and Amhara) and Sudanese (Tables 3 and 4). These results in Greeks have been previously confirmed by different independent research groups and genes (see “Discussion” section).
FIGURE 3 Correspondence analysis performed with HLA-DRB1 allele frequencies of Sudanese sample studied in present work together with those of other Mediterranean and African populations included (see Table 1). Three different clusters are obtained from the analysis: for simplicity, cluster A (light blue), cluster B (dark blue) and cluster C (yellow/orange). Mixed Sudanese population analysed in this study appears together with other Mediterraneans like Turks, Iranians, Egyptians, Italians or Jews in the eastern-Mediterraneans cluster (cluster A, light blue). However, Sub-Saharan Sahelians (Fulani, Rimaibe, Mossi) and Nubians cluster together with Greeks and other African Sub-Saharan populations (cluster C, yellow/orange), as previously obtained by two independent groups4,5,16,28. Correspondence analysis supports the results previously obtained in the genetic distances analysis (DA) (Table 3) and NJ dendrogram (see Fig. 2). Italians have been chosen from North Italy6, a population that usually cluster with northern Balkan Peninsula or Central European groups.
Discussion Sudanese HLA Mediterranean background Our present study shows that Sudanese population is related to Mediterraneans like Turks (who are genetically Mediterraneans except because of an Asian “elite” imposed language18), Egyptians, Iranians, Algerians, Italians and Iberians. This is concordant with other North African, Middle East and Iberian HLA compilation study31 by using another methodology (high-resolution HLA typing). On the other hand, Greeks were found initially close to Sahel populations (Rimaibe, Mossi, Oromo, Amhara); it disconcerted us, and an allele-by-allele comparison was carried out between Greeks and Sub-Saharans to finally show that they both share some HLA alleles in common, confirming our phylogenetic results5,16.
It is well established that North Africans and southern Europeans are genetically related, and this may be due to a long lasting circum-Mediterranean cultural and genetic flow particularly during the last glacial peak4,35,36,37,38,39, being a secluded population between European North Ices and Desert. On the basis of our present day genetic and linguistic studies, we have postulated that many people coming from what is nowadays the Sahara Desert started to move towards East, West, North, and also South, being an important part of the primitive people stock of Sumerians, Egyptians, Guanches (Canary Islands), Iberians, Etruscan, Minoans, Anatolians (currently named Turks on only linguistic bases because they show a clear Mediterranean HLA profile)4, Kurds, and other islanders or northern Mediterraneans4,5,18,36,37,38,39. In the present work, HLA genetic background of Sudanese people from different ethnicities is studied, and results obtained inpart confirm these North African-Mediterranean peoples (genes) exchange.
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This shouldn't come as a surprise considering that the same HLA results were found with the Egyptians.
I haven't read the paper yet but what exactly are the "other Sudanese tribes"? Are they 'Arab' tribes??
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Sudanese Arabs (Arabic: عرب سودانيون) are the inhabitants of Sudan who identify as Arabs and speak Arabic as their mother tongue.
Sudanese Arabs make up 70% of the population of Sudan, however prior to the independence of South Sudan in 2011, Sudanese Arabs made up only 40% of the population Some of them are descendants of Arabs who migrated to Sudan from the Arabian Peninsula,[5] although the rest have been described as Arabized indigenous peoples of Sudan of mostly Nubian,[6] Nilo-Saharan, and Cushitic[7] ancestry who are culturally and linguistically Arab, with varying cases of admixture from Peninsular Arabs.[8] This admixture is thought to derive mostly from the migration of Peninsular Arab tribes in the 12th century, who intermarried with the Nubians and other indigenous populations, as well as introducing Islam.[9][10] The Sudanese Arabs were described as a "hybrid of Arab and indigenous blood",[11] and the Arabic they spoke was reported as "a pure but archaic Arabic".[12] Burckhardt noted that the Ja'alin of the Eastern Desert are exactly like the Bedouin of Eastern Arabia.[13]
The great majority of the Sudanese Arabs tribes are part of larger tribal confederations:
the Ja'alin (Gaaliin) who primarily live along the Nile river basin between Khartoum and Abu Hamad;
the Shaigiya, who live along the Nile between Korti and Jabal al-Dajer, and parts of the Bayuda Desert;
the Juhaynah, who live east and west of the Nile, and include the Rufaa people, the Shukria clan and the Kababish;
the Banu Fazara or Fezara people who live in Northern Kordofan;
the Kawahla, who inhabit eastern Sudan, Northern Kordofan, and White Nile State;
and the Baggara, who inhabit South Kordofan and extend to Lake Chad.
Genetics In 2007, the mtDNA haplotype diversity for 102 individuals in Northern Sudan was analysed. The haplogroup distribution was 22.5% of Eurasian ancestry, 4.9% of the East African M1 lineage, and 72.5% of sub-Saharan affiliation.[22]
According to Y-DNA analysis by Hassan et al. (2008), among Sudanese Arabs, 67% of Arakien, 43% of Meseria, and 40% of Galilean individuals carry the Haplogroup J. The remainder mainly belong to the E1b1b clade, which is borne by 18% of Galilean, 17% of Arakien, and 14% of Meseria. The next most frequently observed haplogroups among Sudanese Arabs are the European-associated R1 clade (25% Meseria, 16% Gaalien, 8% Arakien), followed by the Eurasian lineage F (11% Meseria, 10% Galilean, 8% Arakien), the Europe-associated I clade (7% Meseria, 4% Galilean), and the African A3b2 haplogroup (6% Gaalien).[23]
Maternally, Hassan (2009) observed that over 90% of the Sudanese Arabs samples carried various subclades of the Macrohaplogroup L. Of these mtDNA lineages, the most frequently borne clade was L3 (68% Galilean, 40% Meseria, 24% Arakien), followed by the L2 (53% Arakien, 33% Meseria, 9% Galilean), L0a1 (13% Meseria), L1 (7% Meseria, 5% Galilean), and L5 (9% Galilean, 6% Arakien) haplogroups. The remaining ~10% of Sudanese Arabs belonged to sublineages of the Eurasian macrohaplogroup N (Arakien: 6% preHV1, 6% N1a, 6% N/J1b; Galilean: 9% preHV1; Meseria: 7% N/J1b).[24]
Dobon et al. (2015) identified an ancestral autosomal component of West Eurasian origin that is common to many modern Sudanese Arabs (as well as other North Sudan populations). Known as the Coptic component, it peaks among Egyptian Copts who settled in Sudan over the past two centuries. The scientists associate the Coptic component with Ancient Egyptian ancestry, without the later Arabian influence that is present among other Egyptians.[25] Hollfelder et al. (2017) analysed various populations in Sudan and observed close autosomal affinities between their Nubian and Sudanese Arab samples, with both groups showing notable admixture from Eurasian populations.[26] Genetic distance analysis in 1988, showed that the Beja and Gaalien tribes have more pronounced Arab genetic characteristics than the Hawazma and Messeria
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HLA alleles and haplotypes in Sudanese population and their relationship with Mediterraneans Fabio Suarez-Trujillo,
Main local tribes or ethnic groups which participated in this study are defined by languages and depicted in Fig. 1
Sudan and South Sudan map (split in 2011). Sudanese tribes included in this study are grey-scale remarked in the figure. Rufaa and Kawahla tribes (not shown in figure) also participated in this study and are widespread all across Central, North and South parts of Sudan. Number of individuals of each ethnicity included in present work were: Magyarab (n = 8), Mahas (n = 7), Danagla (n = 7), Saigiya (n = 9), Bedaria (n = 8), Kenana (n = 10), Gaahmg (n = 6), Shukria (n = 8), Gummuiya (n = 7), Gaaliin (n = 8), Rufaa (n = 11), and Kawahla (n = 9). Nubians (n = 101) HLA genetic data were taken from 12th Histocompatibility International Workshop. For more information see3 and www.joshuaproject.net. This figure has been made by our own work based on a map (https://www.rawpixel.com/image/8905866/sudan) and performed with Adobe Illustrator 2020 software (24.3 version; https://www.adobe.com/es/products/illustrator.html). ________________________________
wiki
1) Magyarab The Magyarab[1][2] are a small community living within Nubia; along the Nile River in Sudan and Egypt. They are of distant Hungarian ancestry who have intermarried with locals,[3] probably dating back to the late 16th century, when portions of both Hungary and Egypt were part of the Ottoman Empire.The name "Magyarab" is not a portmanteau of the words "Magyar" and "Arab" as is commonly assumed. Rather, the name is a concatenation of "Magyar" (Hungarian) and "Ab" which in Nubian simply means "tribe". So Magyarab combined translates to "Tribe of the Magyars." In fact, to the Magyarab people, their Hungarian identity specifically sets them apart from the surrounding Egyptians. These people now have a mixed race appearance due to the intermarriage with the local Nubian population and do not speak the Hungarian language. Around 1934, however, Esch, who spent several weeks with the population of the Magyarab island at Wadi Halfa, put together a list of non-Arabic words used only on that island and which, according to him, were recognized by Almásy as similar to Hungarian words. His notes show that all Magyarab in Wadi Halfa were convinced that their ancestors came from "Nemsa" (the Arabic word for Austria), which might refer to any region of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was told by the leader of the Magyarab island village that their ancestors had arrived in Egypt/Sudan as a group of "Austrian" soldiers led by a man called Shenghal Sendjer, which Esch assumes to be originally General Sendjer or Senger. .
.
2) Mahas The Mahas are a sub-group of the Nubian people located in Sudan along the banks of the Nile. They are further split into the Mahas of the North and Mahas of the Center. Some Mahas villages are intermixed with remnants of the largely extinct Qamhat Bishari tribe, and as a result today the Qamhat Mahas are ethnic Beja who speak a Nubian language. In the Butana area some Mahas have intermarried with the Rashaida people.
3) Danagla The Danagla (Arabic: الدناقلة, "People of Dongola") are a tribe in northern Sudan of partial Arab descent,[1][2][3] primarily settling between the third Nile cataract and al Dabbah. Along with Kenzi, Fadicca, Halfawi, Sikot, and Mahas, they form a significant part of the Sudanese Arabs. The Danagla numbered 186,000 in 1983, though their exact number today is difficult to ascertain, they may number up to 93,000 people and make up 0.19 per cent of Sudan's population.[4][5] In addition, they have historically lived in proximity to their Shaigiya and Ja'alin neighbors. They speak Sudanese Arabic, although the Nubian language of Dongolawi was spoken in northern Sudan.[6] It is still spoken by a minority of the population[7] alongside the Sudanese Arabic dialect. Genetics According to Y-DNA analysis by Hassan et al (2008), around 44% of Nubians and Danaglas generally in Sudan carry the haplogroup J in individually varied but rather small percentages. The remainder mainly belong to the E1b1b clade (23%). Both paternal lineages are also common among local Afroasiatic-speaking populations.
4) Saigiya The Shaigiya, Shaiqiya, Shawayga or Shaykia (Arabic: الشايقيّة) are an Arabized Nubian[2][3][4][5][6] tribe. They are part of the Sudanese Arabs and are also one of the three prominent Sudanese Arabs tribes in North Sudan, along with the Ja'alin and Danagla. The tribe inhabits the region of Dar al-Shayqiya, which stretches along the banks of the Nile River from Jabal al-Dajer to the end of Muscat's fourth waterfall and includes their tribal capital of Korti and parts of the Bayuda desert. Although speaking Sudanese Arabic today, a source claimed that the Shaigiya, like the Ja'alin, have spoken some form of Nubian as late as the 19th century.[7] This language, labelled as Old Shaiqi,[8] was apparently closely related, if not identical to the Nobiin dialect.[9][10] In the 20th century, Despite claims to Abbasid descent, the Shaigiya are undoubtedly Arabised Nubians. They claim descent from a Hejazi Arab named Shaig, a descendant of Abbas (an uncle of prophet Muhammad) who came from the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century following the Arab conquest of Egypt.[13] Allegedly, he and his family settled in Sudan and intermixed with the local Nubians, creating this tribe. However, historically it seems the tribe has originated in 15th century as a hybrid of various tribes settled in the area.[14] According to Nicholls, at the start of the 20th century, the tribe nobles denied to have Arab origins and said that they were indigenous to Sudan and that they have always inhabited the same territory as toda
5) Bedaria Bedaria (Arabic: البديرية) is an Arab tribe in Sudan. It is part of the Ja'alin tribe and constitutes a large portion of Sudanese Arabs. They speak Sudanese Arabic and are predominantly Sunni Muslims.[1] History Main article: Ja'alin tribe (Gaaliin) The Bedaria are part of the Ja'alin tribe, who trace their lineage to Abbas, uncle of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.[2] They were at one time subject to the Funj kings, but their position was in a measure independent. At the Egyptian invasion in 1820, the Ja'alin were the most powerful of Arab tribes in the Nile valley. They submitted at first, but in 1822 rebelled and massacred the Egyptian garrison at Shendi with the Mek Nimir, a Ja'ali leader burning Ismail, Muhammad Ali Pasha's son and his cortege at a banquet. The revolt was mercilessly suppressed, and the Ja'alin were thence forward looked on with suspicion.
6) Kenana Kenana: A powerful tribe in central Sennar, the Kenana are Juhayna and claim descent from the Kenana tribe of Arabia. They are primarily pastoralists who live Gezira and Sennar provinces and migrate into Gedaref state in the Butana. (source: Nation States)
7) Gaahmg Ingessana (Gaahmg, Tabi) are the members of an African ethnic group of Sudan who speak the Gaam language. They live around the Tabi Hills, southwest of Ad-Damazin and northwest of Kurmuk in the Blue Nile Province. The capital of the Ingessana area is Bao, and the government offices are in Soda. As Jedrej (1995) explains, the Gaahmg (Ingessana) have historically protected themselves and their hills from many invasions by outsiders. As a result, their culture is much more resistant to change than that of other ethnic groups of the southern Blue Nile region. Although the origins of the Gaahmg are unclear, the Ingessena hills were alternately raided for several hundred years by the Funj sultans of Sennar to the northwest or by the Abyssinian kings of Gondar to the northeast, the Ingessena hills being a borderland between these kingdoms that plundered for slaves and gold. The Dinka and Nuer to the southwest raided the Gaahmg for cattle during times of drought or flooding in their own areas
8) Shukria It appears that most of the Shukria Arabs live in central Sudan. Most live in an area bounded by the Blue Nile, Nile, and Atbara rivers. They live primarily in rural villages and settlements situated along small waterways. These villages are of two different types: large villages, and the other more popular style, villages strung out along the Nile River in a continuous chain of closely adjacent huts. The Shukria are primarily Sunni Muslims. One of the smallest groups of Arabs in Sudan, the Shukria compose a very small percentage of Sudan's total population. They speak an Arabic dialect called Shukriyya, or Badawi. (Joshua Project)
9) Gummuiya Al Jummū'īyah is a tribal area and is located in Khartoum State, Sudan.
10) Gaaliin The Ja'alin, Ja'aliya, Ja'aliyin or Ja'al (Arabic: جعليون) are a tribal confederation and an Arab a) or b) Arabised Nubian tribe in Sudan. The Ja'alin constitute a large portion of the Sudanese Arabs and are one of the three prominent Sudanese Arab tribes in northern Sudan - the others being the Shaigiya and Danagla. They trace their origin to Ibrahim Ja'al, an Abbasid noble, whose clan originally hailed from the Hejaz in the Arabian Peninsula and married into the local Nubian population. Ja'al was a descendant of al-Abbas, an uncle of Muhammad. The Ja'alin formerly occupied the country on both banks of the Nile from Khartoum to Abu Hamad.[13] According to a source, the tribe allegedly once spoke a now extinct dialect of Nubian as late as the nineteenth century.[14] Many Sudanese politicians have come from the Ja'alin tribal coalition.
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^^ some of these groups are characterized as "Arabised Nubian" in the wiki
but the OP article says:
quote:Mixed Sudanese population analysed in this study appears together with other Mediterraneans like Turks, Iranians, Egyptians, Italians or Jews in the eastern-Mediterraneans cluster (cluster A, light blue).
However, Sub-Saharan Sahelians (Fulani, Rimaibe, Mossi) and Nubians cluster together with Greeks and other African Sub-Saharan populations
under the PCA chart with the ovals there are 101 Nubians sampled.
So some groups described as "Arabized Nubians" might in fact be more Arab than Nubian (although each of these tribes were just sampled 6-11 individuals each tribe as shown in text under map )
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