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Author Topic: The Origins of pharaonic stone carving: Nabta Playa (western desert)
Amun-Ra The Ultimate
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The Origins of pharaonic stone carving: Nabta Playa (western desert): earliest known
monumental sculpture from Egypt


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Amun-Ra The Ultimate
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About Nabta Playa from Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt (excerpt):

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From The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt by Toby Wilkinson (2010)

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Amun-Ra The Ultimate
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In text form:The purpose of the standing stones and the “calendar circle” seems to have been to predict the arrival of the all-important rains that fell shortly after the summer solstice. When the rains arrived, the community celebrated by slaughtering some of their precious cattle as a sacrifice of thanks, and burying the animals in graves marked on the ground with large, flat stones. Under one such mound, archaeologists found not a cattle burial but a huge sandstone monolith that had been carefully shaped and dressed to resemble a cow. Dated, like the calendar circle, to the early fifth millennium B.C., it is the earliest known monumental sculpture from Egypt. Here are to be found the origins of pharaonic stone carving—in the prehistoric Western Desert, among wandering cattle herders, a millennium and more before the beginning of the First Dynasty. Archaeologists have been forced to rethink their theories of Egypt’s origins.

From The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt by Toby Wilkinson (2010)

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the lioness,
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VIDEO (Robert Bauval)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vk3hMoRZm9k

Nabta Playa Calendar circle
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 - Five megalithic alignments at Nabta radiate outwards from a central collection of megalithic structures.
Stone slabs three meters high were dragged over a kilometer to create the site. The small stone circle contains four sets of upright slabs, two of the sets being aligned in a north-south direction while the second pair of slabs provides a line of sight towards the summer solstice horizon. An east-west alignment is also present between one megalithic structure and two stone megaliths, which stand about a mile distant. Furthermore there are two other geometric lines involving about a dozen additional stone monuments that lead both north-east and south-east from the same megalith.
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The site consists of a stone circle, a series of flat, stone structures and five lines of standing and toppled megaliths.
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The Stone circle at Nabata Playa in southern Egypt is the
earliest astronomically aligned site ever discoveed. It is between 6000 and 6500
years old.

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Amun-Ra The Ultimate
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quote:
quote:

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a large smoothly carved Cow megalith was uncovered under over 7 meters of sand. The bedrock beneath was also shaped, and the megaliths circles placed on top of the buried structures. No one knows how exactly the people of Nabta Playa knew of the stones' existence underneath the sand to build right on top of them. Some symbolic meaning may be implied with the burial of cow skeletons in carefully lain graves throughout the site. [/qb]

http://www.crystalinks.com/nabtaplayastonecircle.html [/QB]
I sent you PM about it but for the record, this stone is not directly related to the Nabta Playa archaeological site despite what the caption text under it seem to say (beside that people from the western desert and Nabta Playa later migrated toward the Nile during the green Sahara desertification bringing with them the sculpture (monumental) culture).

The image is the 'Naqada II Cow Palette' and the caption is not related to that. The caption under the image should be applied to the first image I posted in this thread (The Nabta Playa Cow Stone Sculpture).

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the lioness,
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Amun Ra, where is the cow stone in relation to the circle?


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xyyman
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Great thread we need more of this if ES is to survive.

The "race" of the AEians have been resolved many years ago. The Amrana and Rameses IIaDNA was icing on the cake.

It is interesting to discuss the formation of the nation of AE.

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typeZeiss
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have you guys seen the image of the beautiful fish they made from stone and jewels in Napta? If I can find a picture I will post it, it was flawless, looked almost life like.
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Clyde Winters
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The symbols appear to be written in Thinite. I will see if I can read them when I get the time.

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Amun-Ra The Ultimate
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I don't want to repeat the content of the green Sahara thread as this thread is about Nabta Playa but I think it's important to place the Nabta Playa archaeological site within its regional African context.

Here's a map depicting the distribution of Wavy-Line pottery across Africa (the green Sahara belt). We can see Nabta Playa toward the north-eastern part of the map. All those sites are related since their inhabitants all produced wavy-line pottery.

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Ish Geber
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^ in addition,


To give a clearer picture on the Nabta Playa:


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Naqada, Kerma.

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Tukuler
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quote:
Originally posted by typeZeiss:
have you guys seen the image of the beautiful fish they made from stone and jewels in Napta? If I can find a picture I will post it, it was flawless, looked almost life like.

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Kobusiewicz 2009 Burial practices ...
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Fig. 37. Gebel Ramlah. Sheet of mica shaped as a Tilapia fish.

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the lioness,
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http://www.egyptologie.be/nabta_playa_W&S.htm

Late Neolithic megalithic structures
at Nabta Playa (Sahara), southwestern Egypt.
By

Fred Wendorf

Anthropology Department
Southern Methodist University
3225 Daniel Avenue
Dallas, Texas 75275-0274
USA

Introduction

1 Located 100 km west of Abu Simbel, in southernmost Egypt, Nabta Playa is a large, internally drained basin, which during the early Holocene ( ca. 11,000 - 5500 calibrated radiocarbon years ago) was a large and important ceremonial center for prehistoric people. It was intermittently and seasonally filled with water, which encouraged people to come there, and today it contains dozens, and perhaps hundreds, of archaeological sites. People came from many regions to Nabta Playa to record astronomical events, erect alignments of megaliths, and build impressive stone structures.

2 From around 65,000 years ago until about 12,000 years ago the Western Desert was hyper-arid, at least as dry as today and perhaps drier. This began to change after 12,000 years ago when the summer rains of tropical Africa began to move northward, bringing sufficient moisture for a wide variety of sahelian grasses, trees and bushes to grow, and for a few small animals to exist, mostly hares and small gazelle, but also including a few small carnivores. Even with the rains it was still very dry; the annual rainfall was no more than 100 - 150 mm per year, and it was unpredictable and punctuated with numerous droughts, some of which caused the desert to be abandoned for lengthy periods. The earliest (11,000 - 9300 years ago, calibrated) settlements at Nabta were composed of small seasonal camps of cattle-herding and ceramic-using people. These early cattle are regarded as domestic (Wendorf and Schild 1994), and it may have been in the Western Desert that the African pattern of cattle herding developed, wherein cattle serve as a "walking larder" and provide milk and blood, rather than meat (except for ceremonial occasions) and are the economic basis for power and prestige. Pottery is very rare in these sites, but distinctive. It is decorated over the entire exterior with complex patterns of impressions applied with a comb in a rocking motion. The source of this pottery has not been identified, but it is among the oldest known in Africa, and older than pottery in Southwest Asia. These early people probably came into the desert after the summer rains from either farther south or the adjacent Nile Valley, in either case searching for pasture for their cattle. Each fall, when the surface water in the playas dried up and there was no water for them or their cattle, they had to return to the Nile, or perhaps to the better watered areas to the south.

3 By 9000 years ago (8000 bp, uncalibrated), the settlements were much larger, and their inhabitants were able to live in the desert year-round, digging large, deep wells and living in organized villages consisting of small huts arranged in straight lines. The many plant remains in these sites tell us they were collecting large numbers of edible wild plants, including sorghum, millets, legumes, tubers, and fruits. Around 8800 years ago (7800 bp, uncalibrated), they began to make pottery locally, possibly the earliest pottery in Egypt. A few hundred years later, around 8100 years ago (7100 bp, uncalibrated), sheep and goats occur for the first time at Nabta, almost certainly introduced from Southwest Asia, where domestic caprovids had been known for over 2000 years. There must have been many changes in the settlement system to accommodate these new animals; the settlements are very large and contain numerous hearths, but there is no evidence of huts or houses.

4 A major change occurred in the character of the Neolithic society at Nabta occurred around 7500 years ago, following a major drought which drove the previous groups from the desert. The groups who returned to the desert now clearly had a complex social system that expressed a degree of organization and control not previously seen in Egypt. They sacrificed young cows and buried them in clay-lined and roofed chambers covered by rough stone tumuli, they erected alignments of large, unshaped stones, they built Egypt's earliest astronomical measuring device (a "calendar circle" which appears to have been used to mark the summer solstice), and they constructed more than 30 complex structures having both surface and subterranean features. A shaped stone from one of these complexes may be the oldest known sculpture in Egypt.

5 These structures are important because they indicate the way the people were able to organize work, celebrate their culture, and perhaps express their religious beliefs, and furthermore, they tell us that the Saharan people may have been more highly organized than their contemporaries in the Nile Valley.

II - Nabta: A Regional Ceremonial Center

6 A regional ceremonial center is a place where related but widely separated groups gather periodically to conduct ceremonies and to reaffirm their social and political solidarity. Even today in many parts of Africa these centers serve as foci of religious, political and social functions for the entire group. Nabta seems to have been such a center for pastoralists living in the southwestern portion of the Egyptian Western Desert. It probably began to function as a regional ceremonial center during the Middle Neolithic (8100-7600 years ago), when groups residing in other nearby basins gathered there for ceremonial and other purposes during the summer wet season when the playa was at its largest extent. This gathering occurred on a dune along the northwestern shore of the playa where there are hundreds of hearths and more than two meters of accumulated cultural debris.

7 Among the more interesting elements in the cultural debris at this gathering site were numerous bones of cattle. While present in most sites, bones of cattle are elsewhere never very numerous, good evidence that they were kept primarily for their milk and blood, rather than for meat. This pattern resembles the role of cattle among modern African pastoralists, where cattle represent wealth and political power and are rarely killed except on important ceremonial or social occasions, such as the death of a leader or a marriage. This (ancient) so-called "African Cattle Complex" may have begun in the Western Desert of Egypt.

8 The role of Nabta as a regional ceremonial center is also indicated by a north-south alignment of nine large (average, 3 x 2 x 0.5 m) quartzitic sandstone slabs set upright about 100 m apart, and partially imbedded in playa sediments near the gathering area along the northwest margin of the seasonal lake. The blocks were unshaped, and many of them are now broken; however, they can be refitted. Outcrops of similar sandstone occur in the vicinity, some less than a kilometer from the alignment. The alignment cannot be dated precisely, but it is probably Late Neolithic in age, and if so it was erected between 7500 and 5500 years ago (7500 BP = 5500 BC). It is similar to the large stone alignments found in Western Europe, where they are dated to the late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age, about the same age as the Nabta alignment. There are other alignments known farther south in both East and West Africa, but they are thought to date much later, to the Iron Age.

calendar circle
©

9 About 300 m beyond the north end of the Nabta alignment is a "calendar circle" consisting of a series of small sandstone slabs arranged in a circle about 4 m in diameter. Among the ring of stones are four pairs of larger stones, each pair set close together and separated by a narrow space, or gate. The gates on two of these pairs align generally north-south; the gates on the other two pairs form a line at 700 east of north, which aligns with the calculated position of sunrise at the summer solstice 6000 years ago. In the center of the circle are six upright slabs arranged in two lines, whose astronomical function, if any, is not evident. Charcoal from one of the numerous hearths around the "calendar" dated around 6800 years ago (6000 bp +/- 60 years, CAMS {1} - 17287).

10 Another 300 meters farther north of the calendar circle is a stone-covered tumulus containing the remains of a complete articulated young adult cow buried in a chamber that was dug into the floor of the wadi, surrounded by a clay collar, and roofed with limbs of tamarisk. The chamber was then covered with broken rocks forming a mound 8 meters in diameter and a meter high. A piece of wood from the roof yielded a calibrated radiocarbon date between 7400 and 7300 years ago (6470 bp +/- 270 years, CAMS - 17289). In the same area seven other similar stone tumuli containing the remains of cattle were excavated, but none of them had subsurface chambers; instead, the bones of the cattle, a few of which were still articulated, were simply placed among the stones.

11 Among the most interesting features at Nabta is the group of thirty "complex structures" located in an area about 500 meters long and 200 meters wide, on a high remnant of playa clays and silts about a kilometer south of the large settlement which yielded so many bones of cattle. Each of these structures consists of a group of large, elongated, roughly shaped or unshaped sandstone blocks set upright to frame an oval area about five meters in length and four meters in width, oriented slightly west of north. In the center of this oval there is one, sometimes two, very large flat slabs laid horizontally. Two of these structures have been excavated, a third has been tested, and drill-holes have been dug at two others. All are basically similar, although they differ in some details. All of the excavated and tested structures were built over mushroom-shaped tablerocks, the tops of which were deeply buried (from two to three and a half meters below the surface) in heavy playa clays and silts. These tablerocks are quartzitic lenses in the underlying bedrock which were shaped by erosion of the softer surrounding sediments before the overlying playa sediments were deposited. How the Nabta people managed to find these tablerocks deeply buried below the surface is not clear, but it may have been mere chance and occurred during the excavation of a water well. Except for the structures, however, there is no other archaeological material in this area, which is highly unusual for the Nabta Basin, where archaeological sites of various ages occur almost everywhere.

12 The excavation of the largest of these complex structures disclosed that before the upright stones were erected, a large pit about six meters in diameter and four meters deep had been dug. The table rock at the base of the pit was shaped by removing the irregular edges, leaving a convex perimeter on three sides. The fourth side, at the north end, was worked by flaking to form a straight edge. The top of the table rock was also smoothed. The pit was then partially refilled with playa clay to a level about a half meter above the top of the table rock, and then an enormous (ca. 2.5 tons), carefully shaped stone was brought in and held in position by several small slabs. The base of the shaped stone was 2.5 meters below the surface. What this "sculpture" represents is not clear; it is shaped on only two sides, and its sculptors used the natural bedding in the rock to achieve a wide, curved surface which they smoothed. In some views the stone vaguely resembles a large animal. After the shaped stone was placed in position, the pit was backfilled completely, and the surface architecture of large upright stones and two large horizontal central stones was erected directly over the tablerock.

13 The other excavated structure also had been erected over a tablerock, and it too had a large stone over the tablerock, but work on that stone was limited to a few flakes removed from one end. The third complex structure was only tested. It was one of eight that were tightly clustered and interlocked together. The units were smaller, constructed of smaller stones, but had the same configuration with a large horizontal central stone. The test excavations recovered charcoal from a shelf on the edge of the pit under the structure, and this charcoal yielded a calibrated radiocarbon age between 5600 and 5400 years ago (4800 +- 80 years bp; DRI 3358). This is the only date available for these structures, and it is about 1500 years later than we had estimated from the stratigraphic evidence. This cluster differs from the other complex structures, and it may relate to a late phase in this phenomena; however, there is no other reason to reject the date.

14 Drilling at two other structures showed that they had also been erected over buried tablerocks. Although only two of these features were excavated completely, and a third only tested, it is highly likely that most of the others were also built over deeply buried tablerocks that may or may not have been modified, and may also have large worked stones in the fill above the tablerock. These complex structures appear to be unique to Nabta; they are not known to occur in the Nile Valley, or elsewhere in the Western Desert. It should be noted, however, that they are difficult to recognize (they were regarded a bedrock outcrops for many years), and they may be more widespread in the Eastern Sahara than now believed.

15 We had expected to find burials of elite individuals below the central stones, but no traces of human remains were seen, although the excavations were carried beyond the limits of the original pits dug to expose the tablerock. The function of the complex structures remains unknown, however, it may be useful to consider the implications of their presence at Nabta.

III - Additional Comments

16 The construction of the megaliths and the large complex structures at Nabta required significant effort, indicating the presence of a religious or political authority with control over human resources for an extended period of time. They, together with the calendar circle and cattle burials, represent an elaborate and previously unsuspected ceremonialism in the Neolithic of the Eastern Sahara. Although the evidence remains insecure and thus it cannot be demonstrated that these Saharan cattle pastoralists had a ranked society (NDLR: i.e. ranked pastoralists), this is, nevertheless, a strong possibility.

17 The discoveries at Nabta Playa suggest the possibility of a previously unrecognized relationship between the Neolithic people living along the Nile and pastoralists in the adjacent Sahara which may have contributed to the rise of social complexity in ancient Egypt. This complexity, as expressed by different levels of authority within the society, forms the basis for the structure of both the Neolithic society at Nabta and the Old Kingdom of Egypt. It was this authority at Nabta which made possible the planned arrangement of their villages, the excavation of large, deep wells, and the construction of complex stone structures made of large, shaped and unshaped stones. There are other Nabta features which are shared by the two areas, but which appear suddenly and without evident local antecedents in the late Predynastic and early Old Kingdom in the Nile Valley. These include the role of cattle to express differences of wealth, power and authority, the emphasis on cattle in religious beliefs, and the use of astronomical knowledge and devices to predict solar events. Many of these features have a prior and long history of development at Nabta.

18 The geographic position of the Nabta center is also of interest. Nabta may have been a contact point between the early Neolithic groups along the Nile who had an agricultural economy and the cattle pastoralists in the Eastern Sahara. The functional separation of these two different economies may have played a significant role in the emergence of complexity among both groups. The evidence for Nilotic influence on pastoralists is not extensive and is presently limited to ceramic technology, domestic caprovids, and the occasional trade of shells of Nile species and rare stones from the Nile gravel. However, there are many aspects of political and ceremonial life in the Predynastic and Old Kingdom that reflects a strong impact from Saharan cattle pastoralists.

19 The likely possibility of a symbiotic relationship between the cattle pastoralists in the Sahara and the Neolithic groups in the Nile Valley points to a potentially important role for the Nabta regional ceremonial center. Among East African cattle pastoralists regional ceremonial centers, because of their integrative role, are frequently placed near boundaries between different segments of a tribe, or between different tribal groups. The Nabta center could well have served that purpose, it could have been located between several groups of pastoralists, and between pastoralists and the Neolithic farmers along the Nile, 100 km away.

20 It has long been assumed that Egypt borrowed the concepts of complexity from Mesopotamia; however, it is now generally recognized that a process like social complexity cannot be diffused from one area to another, but instead develops from local causes. It might occur, for example, when there are two radically different economic systems in close physical proximity, as is found where agriculturists have close relationships with pastoralists. Pastoralists usually live in tense harmony with their village neighbors, but from time to time they will take advantage of a weakness and take control. It is in this setting that the socially complex Late Neolithic cattle pastoralists and their regional ceremonial center at Nabta is of particular importance.

21 There are many features in the religious beliefs and social systems of early Egyptians which are not found in Mesopotamia. Among the ancient Egyptians, cattle were the central focus of the belief system. They were deified and regarded as earthly representatives of the gods. A cow was also seen as the mother of the sun, who is sometimes referred to as the "Bull of Heaven." The Egyptian pharaoh was regarded as the embodiment of two gods, Horus, for Upper Egypt and Seth, for Lower Egypt, but he was primarily Horus, son of Hathor, who was a cow. Horus is also sometimes depicted as a strong bull, and images of cattle are prominent in Predynastic and Old Kingdom art; in some instances images of bulls occur with depiction's of stars. Another important Old Kingdom concept was Min, the god of rain, who is associated with a white bull, and to whom the annual harvest festival was dedicated.

22 It is significant that the emphasis on cattle in the belief system of the Old Kingdom was not reflected in the economy. While cattle were known and were the major measure of wealth, the economy was based primarily on agriculture and small livestock - sheep and goats. Also, cattle were not important among the preceding Neolithic in the Nile Valley, which suggests that the Old Kingdom belief system was imposed from the outside, perhaps in the traditional fashion, a conquest by pastoralists who periodically come in from their "lands of insolence" to conquer their farming neighbors (Coon 1958:295-323; Khazanov 1994).


© OI. Chicago
© homestead.com

It is tempting to suggest that the impressive cattle burials at the A-Group site of Qustul (Williams 1986), in Egypt south of Abu Simbel, may relate to just such an event. At the moment these interesting possibilities must be regarded as speculative; the data on the structure of the Saharan pastoralist societies remains inadequate, and the character of the early Neolithic in the Nile Valley in Nubia and Upper Egypt is poorly understood, but a study of the interaction between the Sahara and the Nile may throw significant light on the processes that led to the rise of Egyptian Civilization

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the lioness,
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quote:
Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
About Nabta Playa from Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt (excerpt):

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From The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt by Toby Wilkinson (2010)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh

wiki:

Pharoah

Historically, however, "pharaoh" only started being used as a title for the king during the New Kingdom, specifically during the middle of the eighteenth dynasty, after the reign of Hatshepsut.

But the term is not always used in it's strictest use.
The term means king generally.


http://www.randomhouse.com/acmart/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780553384901&view=printexcerpt



Wilkinson might have said:

Here are to be found the origins of royal Egyptian stone carving-in the prehistoric Western Desert, among wandering cattle herders, a millennium and more before the beginning of the First Dynasty. Archaeologists have been forced to rethink their theories of Egypt's origins.

However I don't see evidence to call Nabta Playa royal Egyptian stone carving.

The statement should be

Here is evidence of megalithic stone carving-in the prehistoric Western Desert, among wandering cattle herders, a millennium and more before the beginning of the First Dynasty. Archaeologists have been forced to rethink their theories of Egypt's origins.

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the lioness,
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http://www.grahamhancock.com/forum/BauvalR6.php?p=11
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The largest megalith at Nabta Playa, called “X-1” seen on the ground and from satellite. Now broken or cut, its ancient function remains mysterious.
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Thomas Brophy with aligned megalith AO, one of the few megaliths still standing in original position at Nabta Playa, 2003.


^^sorry about including the white people here but they are good for scale

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Amun-Ra The Ultimate
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In the following posts I will present recent analysis of Nabta Playa and it's fundamental relationship with Ancient Egypt at its formative stage.

The extracts are from the book called Climates, Landscapes, and Civilizations (2013) published by the American Geophysical Union

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All from the monograph Geoarchaelogical Perspectives on Holocene Climate Change as a Civilizing Factor in the Egyptian Sahara by Kathleen Nicoll (2013)
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The text denote the importance of climate change for ancient African people in the Sahara.

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Amun-Ra The Ultimate
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Shared Astronomical knowledge between Nabta Playa and Ancient Egypt:

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So the Nabta Playa astronomical center was oriented toward stars and constellations like the Big Dipper (Dubhe), the constellation of Ursa Maroris, Orion and Sirius all which had great importance for Ancient Egyptians.

In textual form: Some interpretations suggest that the arrangements and groupings of megalith structures served as astronomical calendars [Applegate and Zedeno, 2001]. Their locations are along sightlines marking the position of important stars and the solstice along the Tropic of Cancer during the time period -6800-6000 B.P. [Malville et al., 2007, 2008]. The stelae of the longest alignment at Nabta are oriented to point toward the brightest star in the Big Dipper [Malville et al., 2008]. This star (Dubhe) as well as the entire constellation Ursa Majoris was quite important in ancient Egypt and figured in various symbols and myths combining cattle, funeral rituals, kingship, and celestial order. Another alignment near Nabta Playa points to the two brightest stars in the "belt" of Orion, the constellation associated with Osiris, the Egyptian god of the afterlife, the underworld, and the dead. A third alignment indicated the position where Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky, returned after a 70 day absence and appeared prominently in the dawn sky just before the summer solstice. The reappearance of this star heralded the onset of the annual flooding of the Nile and had deep symbolic meaning to ancient Egyptians, during the First Dynasty, who ritually celebrated the event as the start of their calendar year [David, 2002].

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Amun-Ra The Ultimate
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Shared cosmological and beliefs system between Nabta Playa and Ancient Egypt:

 -
Ancient Egyptian magic and religion, and the material record of the Nabtan culture reflects a regional connectedness of the Saharan people. Ancient Egypt is truly and fundamentally a child of the Sahara. A child of the wet Sahara. A child of the green Sahara. A child of Africa.


In textual form: The ceremonial center at the settlement of Nabta reflected the cosmological underpinnings of belief systems central to ancient Egyptian magic and religion, and the material record of the Nabtan culture reflects a regional connectedness of the Saharan people. It is clear that the Nabtans had affiliations with the incipient Predynastic Egyptian civilization emerg­ing in the Nile Valley [Hoffinan, 1991; Rice, 2003]. Were the desert people at Nabta the original celestial observers, the progenitors of profound ideologies that shaped the later civilization in the dynasties of Egypt? The available chro­nologies for the Neolithic settlement at Nabta substantiate the deep antiquity of a connection with the skies and deriv­ative symbolic ideologies. Recurrent themes that seem to have been important to these nomadic pastoralists include, water, death, stars, cattle, and the sun, all of which persisted as important motifs in Dynastic Egypt.

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Amun-Ra The Ultimate
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Exodus of Nabta Playa inhabitants toward the Nile:

 -
 -

Climate change and the dessication of the green Sahara led to the exodus of Nabta Playa inhabitants toward the Nile.

In text form: The people of Nabta may have been the last dwellers of this marginal environment. As intense drought conditions persisted, water sources dried up, and the grassland disap­peared -6000 years B.P.; the area of Nabta was inhospitable after 5300 years ago, which correlates to 3350 B.C.E. (before the Common Era). The "terminal" date for final occupation at Nabta is around 4780 B.P., as hyperaridity prevailed, and the Sahara was fully established. This profound environmental change precipitated migration, an "Exodus event" in which humans left the desert locales for reliable water sources, as evinced by the rising population along the Nile [Midant­-Reynes, 1992; Malville et al., 1998]. As the Nabtan people relocated, they inevitably contributed their own culture and beliefs to the birth of ancient Egyptian religion and the Pharonic civilization, which organized its empire around irrigation agriculture within the overpopulated confines of the Nile Valley [Krzyzaniak; 1991; Nicoll, 2004].

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zarahan aka Enrique Cardova
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Excellent reference AmunRa. Keep on accruing this
data for the base. The info you are harvesting and mining
will join with others- extending its leading edge
in powerful waves. Great spatial angle Patrol and
nice art objects Tukler adds for balance.

Consolidated data mirror for quick reference and distrib:
http://egyptsearchreloaded.proboards.com/thread/1625/nabta-playa-important-spark-egyptian

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Amun-Ra The Ultimate
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quote:
Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova:
Excellent reference AmunRa. Keep on accruing this
data for the base. The info you are harvesting and mining
will join with others- extending its leading edge
in powerful waves. Great spatial angle Patrol and
nice art objects Tukler adds for balance.

Consolidated data mirror for quick reference and distrib:
http://egyptsearchreloaded.proboards.com/thread/1625/nabta-playa-important-spark-egyptian

Do you post as the lioness in your spare time? I'm joking of course but you, like him, posted a picture of the Naqada II Cow Palette with a description of the Nabta Playa Cow Sculpture under it (hopefully it is now corrected if you have read this). It would be kind of you of not putting my name in the same sentence as obvious undercover eurasian nut (wannabee Africans) like tukuler and troll, thank you in advance for this. I truly love the human diversity of culture, history and people but people who are afraid to be themselves should be ashamed of themselves. They probably are without knowing it.

Tukuler, troll and some others (you know who you are) are probably white people (american racists?) trying to use their proxy eurasian population to rob African people of their heritage. In the past, they posed as horn supremacists, now they shifted toward Berber and North Africans.  It's very infantile and ridiculous.  They are like retarded children you send in special schools. 

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beyoku
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quote:
Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova:
Excellent reference AmunRa. Keep on accruing this
data for the base. The info you are harvesting and mining
will join with others- extending its leading edge
in powerful waves. Great spatial angle Patrol and
nice art objects Tukler adds for balance.

Consolidated data mirror for quick reference and distrib:
http://egyptsearchreloaded.proboards.com/thread/1625/nabta-playa-important-spark-egyptian

http://biblehub.com/joel/1-17.htm
Just saying.

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the lioness,
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http://www.redicecreations.com/radio/2009/08aug/RIR-090827.html

 -

^^This is the stone at Nabta Playa. Source: Robert Bauval
The idea that it is a cow is speculation.
Notice the upper left corner a triangular portion. It kind of looks like an animal head but it's from entirely different stone in the background.


 -
^^ Amun Ra put it up I don't know the source.^^^
Look at the lower left photo above of thsi set of three, it doesn't have the triangular section.
Now look at the lower right photo. It looks like a piece jutting out on top but It's that's the same stone on the background again not part of the stone they are lifting out of there.
The stone seems to have a curve looks kind of like the front part a boat. It is described as having an oval shape, seems to be half an oval


Here is another stone from the site:
 -


here's the Robert Bauval quote that goes with that photo


Author: Robert Bauval (82.201.197.---)
Date: 09-Feb-08 02:12


Extract from 'Sahara Dawn':

"In May 2003 I met John at Aswan in the hope that we would be able to persuade the local police to grant us a pass for Nabta. But the red-tape proved too much for us, and we soon gave up on the idea. We consoled ourselves, however, by at least examining one of the Nabta megaliths that had recently been brought to the Aswan Nubian Museum. Unfortunately it was dark when we finally got to see the megalith in the yard of the museum, an irregular oval stone of hard limestone that was clearly one half of a much larger one which, according to the museum director, was shaped like a ‘cow’. In these poor light conditions we could not ascertain this nor whether the boulder was artificially shaped, although the curvaceous contours seemed to indicate that it was. I discovered later that this boulder had been taken out of the largest of the complex megalithic structures, labelled Complex Structure A (CSA) by the Wendorf team. It had originally been buried above a chunk of table rock that lay at a depth of about 2.6 metres. The boulder was labelled ‘the secondary stone’ of CSA and described by Wendorf et al. as having ‘the vague resemblance to a cow and may have represented a surrogate sacrificial cow’. If this is correct, then this mysterious stone is the ‘Rosetta Stone’ of prehistory, for it would represent the earliest known statuary of a cow-deity in Egypt and probably in the whole of human history."


________________________________________________

the larger semi oval shaped carved stone thought by some to be a cow diety:

 -
 -

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typeZeiss
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quote:
Originally posted by Tukuler:
quote:
Originally posted by typeZeiss:
have you guys seen the image of the beautiful fish they made from stone and jewels in Napta? If I can find a picture I will post it, it was flawless, looked almost life like.

.

Kobusiewicz 2009 Burial practices ...
 -
Fig. 37. Gebel Ramlah. Sheet of mica shaped as a Tilapia fish.

Thank you brother, man the abilities of these people are just amazing. It always cracks me up when people refer to these guys as "primitive". I don't believe man was primitive back then. His concerns were different and hence his efforts towards advancing civilization where placed in different capacities than the ones we currently hold to be important.
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zarahan aka Enrique Cardova
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quote:
Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
quote:
Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova:
Excellent reference AmunRa. Keep on accruing this
data for the base. The info you are harvesting and mining
will join with others- extending its leading edge
in powerful waves. Great spatial angle Patrol and
nice art objects Tukler adds for balance.

Consolidated data mirror for quick reference and distrib:
http://egyptsearchreloaded.proboards.com/thread/1625/nabta-playa-important-spark-egyptian

Do you post as the lioness in your spare time? I'm joking of course but you, like him, posted a picture of the Naqada II Cow Palette with a description of the Nabta Playa Cow Sculpture under it (hopefully it is now corrected if you have read this). It would be kind of you of not putting my name in the same sentence as obvious undercover eurasian nut (wannabee Africans) like tukuler and troll, thank you in advance for this. I truly love the human diversity of culture, history and people but people who are afraid to be themselves should be ashamed of themselves. They probably are without knowing it.

Tukuler, troll and some others (you know who you are) are probably white people (american racists?) trying to use their proxy eurasian population to rob African people of their heritage. In the past, they posed as horn supremacists, now they shifted toward Berber and North Africans.  It's very infantile and ridiculous.  They are like retarded children you send in special schools. 

lol.. no, definitely not lioness. At least "she" is
getting paid per post. Yeah and they do a lot of frontin,
like the "Haitian" I ran into the other day who
believes in inferior black "evolution".. Even the posting
name was an obvious fake with an attempt at "authenticity.."
-- Ogun something..

 -

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xyyman
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Great thread AMRU. But....Who is ubber Africana now?


signed proxy.

keep the personal attacks down and don't screw up the thread.

So now Sage and TP are agents? Uber! Uber!

--------------------
Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming

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Tukuler
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quote:
Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:

... obvious undercover eurasian nut (wannabee Africans) like tukuler and troll,
...
Tukuler, troll and some others (you know who you are) are probably white people (american racists?) trying to use their proxy eurasian population to rob African people of their heritage.

.

The retardedness produced by envy.

You will fail to gain sympathetic
ears by trying to tear me down. I
hereby dub thee CRAB as in the
proverbial crabs in a basket
who with a little harmony
could make a ladder of
themselves to escape
the basket but
instead grasp
and
pull any
potential escapee
back down into the
basket all in the name
of nothing but false pride.

Try a little HARAMBE.

What we all could accomplish
if we but ALL PULL TOGETHER
instead of in search of enemies
where there are only "colleagues"
in the field of restoring Africa
in the story of the world, its
peoples and their cultures.

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zarahan aka Enrique Cardova
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quote:
Originally posted by xyyman:
Great thread AMRU. But....Who is ubber Africana now?


signed proxy.

keep the personal attacks down and don't screw up the thread.

So now Sage and TP are agents? Uber! Uber!

Yeah, I am disappointed by & can't understand AnunRa's broadside. Patrol
and Tukler, and others are solid vets, who have paid
their dues. Guess I was expecting too much of the
harambee spirit, which allows independent effort
or venues, meshed with collaboration. Nevertheless,
the work goes on.

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Amun-Ra The Ultimate
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quote:
Originally posted by Tukuler:
ALL PULL TOGETHER

Don't joke me. We're not pulling in the same direction.

Tukuler and other undercover Eurasian nut on this site pull toward Berber, North Africa and Modern Egyptian. It's obvious. I pull toward black Africans, sub-Saharan Africans, Yoruba, Afar, Somali, Nubian, Wolof, Dinka, Zulu, Dogon, Kongo, etc backed by science and research. Ancient Egyptians and other African populations like those named above share the same story, the same archaeological past, the same DNA (YDNA: ABE, MtDNA L, autosomal STR, autosomal SNP), the same cultural foundation, the same ancient history, the same language, etc.

This is not about geography, etymological trickery, skin tones, or stupid stuff like that. It's truly about retracing the past of our history. Tracking down the movement of black African people throughout the ages. African people as well as Ancient Egyptians are basically the people who stayed back during the OOA migration event. Of course then, like any people, there was some vice versa trading, intermarriage, conflicts and stuff like that with non-Africans but it was minimal. Ancient Egyptians were not Europeans or West Asian transplants. They were indigenous black Africans.

For the record I'm also interested to other people's history like the Ancient Greeks, the Vikings, the Roman republic, China, etc. I'm truly gunning a true representation of African history. For me "a true" is important, because it means authenticity. I don't want to show AEians are Africans I want to determine it (but now it's pretty obvious that they are, still more research are warranted). For example, it doesn't make sense but if we discover that the 9th dynasty was not African. So be it. It would be one of the foreign rules of AE like the Hyksos ones.

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xyyman
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tsk! tsk! Who is arguing that the AEians are any thing but black and Africans. That has been resolved a long time ago. This thread is further proof showing the inception and formation of AE.

It has absolutely nothing to do with Europe. Europeans were still hunter-gatherers then.

But you can't ignore facts ie Science.

Nuff said...carry on with the formation of AE.

Oh! the Green Sahara was a good thread. Along with the picture thread on AE.

Keep up the good work.

--------------------
Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming

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the lioness,
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quote:
Originally posted by xyyman:
Cacausoids were always in Africa. ...Europeans entered Africa relatively recently.


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Swenet
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A new low for the forum. One troll tries to dictates the
conversation with what I can only describe as psychosis
driven logic ("don't you dare talk about North Africans; if
you do, you're a Eurasiannut") and it goes unchecked or even
co-signed. The other troll supplies the forum with most of
the comment worthy threads. 99% of the rest that's going on
here is just rehashing and celebrating old stuff. This thread
is one gigantic, big ass, case in point. Celebrating old stuff?
Where they do that at? You mean if I create a thread about
something that was trendy four years ago, I get three pats
on the back for stating the obvious? Lol. Y'all something else.

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xyyman
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No! No! No! What is your problem...brotha? rehash, yes. Old threads get lost or deleted. Why? no moderators. So back off! [Big Grin]
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xyyman
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??. your point.

I stand by the statement.

Also AEian civilization was an indigenous African and black civilization.

Euroepans have absolutely NOTHING to do with ancient Egypt. And just in case you are not keeping score. There is more and more evidence "recent" Africans brought Neolithic technology to Europe and maybe South Asia(Harrapan-Behar et al and DNATribes) ushering in modern civilization. ie EEF/basal Eurasians.

Any questions?

quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
quote:
Originally posted by xyyman:
Cacausoids were always in Africa. ...Europeans entered Africa relatively recently.



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the lioness,
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quote:
Originally posted by xyyman:
Cacausoids were always in Africa. ...Europeans entered Africa relatively recently.

.

quote:
Originally posted by xyyman:


I stand by the statement.

Also AEian civilization was an indigenous African and black civilization.

Euroepans have absolutely NOTHING to do with ancient Egypt.

Any questions?


.

quote:
Originally posted by xyyman:
From Henn. She is basing this on autosomal SNP.

This suggests that gene flow occurred from Africa to Europe rather than the other way around.


DNATribes supports this view also. Basal Eurasian in Africa...YES!!! I can go on and on and on

Thread close.

 -

xyyman
According to this map you support.
"Basal Eurasians" are located smack dab in the middle of Egypt

Therefore according to xyymian theory they are the ancestors of Europeans. Please be consistent

Therefore Europeans have absolutely SOMETHING to do with ancient Egypt.

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the lioness,
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quote:
Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
The Origins of pharaonic stone carving: Nabta Playa (western desert): earliest known
monumental sculpture from Egypt


 -

 -

another view

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xyyman
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Relation??? Yeah. A bad step child. No gratitude or appreciation.

SNP!!!

Luhya, Hema and Alur

 -


Haplogroups!!!

 -


 -

 -
I went over this about 1 year ago. More on ESR.

For those who are into coalescene age. I am Not

 -

Thread close.

 -

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the lioness,
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^^^ there he goes, the topic was Nabta Playa Egypt/Sudan and he's trying to switch it to berbers again
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xyyman
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Yes. Sforza got the percentages wrong. The Loschbour report put Lower Europeans(Iberia/Italy/Greece/and jewish groups) at close to 80% EEF. Northerners are more ancient and less EEF, they are about 40% EEF. They are saying that Lower Europeans are either Maghrebian decent or Arabian but NOT both. You know who my money is on. Lol! Both had a single “source” population.


I did not write this…honest!!! This is from DNATribes April2014. They are stealing my thunder on Arbia is an extension of Africa. Where did I post this. “sub-saharans to the south and North Africans to the North(in Arabia). The Levant seemed to be another divide. Not sure why. I get the Nile.


QUOTE
Within this agricultural zone range, EEF farmers came in contact with other ancient populations: In Europe and West Asia, EEF populations mixed with North Eurasians (including Siberian relatives of WHG hunter-gatherers). In the Arabian Peninsula, EEF farmers mixed with ancestral Sub-Saharan Africans related to modern Nigerian, Gambian, and Botswanan populations. In Armenia and Georgia, EEF farmers mixed with South Asian (Indian Subcontinent) populations

--------------------
Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming

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the lioness,
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xyyman check the title of the thread, Nabta Playa, stone craving

maybe you have something to contribute it

if not please post your mad berber rant on the berber thread, thanks,

moderator

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the lioness,
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quote:
Originally posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate:
About Nabta Playa from Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt (excerpt):

 -

From The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt by Toby Wilkinson (2010)

 -


apparently the stone does have a triangular protrusion that you can't see at every angle, not a background object I had thought before

_________________________________________________


Graham Hancocks website ( co -Author of books withRobert Bauval)
post by Astrophysicist Thomas G. Brophy

http://www.grahamhancock.com/phorum/read.php?f=8&i=20559&t=20514

Wilkinson on the cowstone -- partly true but confused

Author: Thomas Brophy (99.184.251.---)
Date: 23-May-11 22:45

Wilkinson, page 10, "..., and burying the animals in graves marked on the
ground with large, flat stones. Under one such mound, archaeologists found
not a cattle burial but a huge sandstone monolith that had been carefully
shaped and dressed to resemble a cow. Dated, like the calendar circle, to
the early fifth millenium B.C., it is the earliest known monumental sculpture
from Egypt. Here are to be found the origins of pharonic stone carving ...
Archaeologists have been forced to rethink their theories of Egypt's origins."

Some problems with that passage: He says "under one such mound"
meaning the young cattle burials, but the cowstone (CSA) was found in a
totally separate area of the playa, and CSA was in a field of about 30 other
similar complex structures -- none of which contain animal graves. And CSA
was the centerpiece of the megalithic alignments. And the "large, flat stones"
that covered CSA were very different than those covering the cattle burials
found elsewhere (CSA stones were bigger, not all flat, arranged in a larger
oval shape, and oriented differently).

Less of a problem -- although the cowstone was very carefully shaped, as
some in this thread have noted it is a stretch to say "shaped and dressed to
resemble a cow". It is more likely it was symbolically cow plus something
else -- cow plus sky/supernal/star.

Another problem with the Wilkinson passage is he doesn't even mention
the bedrock sculptures which are even older, and he doesn't mention the
importance/meaning of all the other megaliths at NP.

And directly after the above quoted passage he re-focusses on his old
stomping grounds, the Eastern Desert.

So, I suggest read Wilkinson, but to get the whole story and especially
clarity about Nabta Playa and the other Western Desert sites, read
Black Genesis.

__________________________________

http://www.grahamhancock.com/phorum/read.php?f=8&i=20574&t=20514

Author: Pete Vanderzwet (67.193.88.---)
Date: 25-May-11 07:30

Someone please explain this to me...

How can you label it the "cowstone"?

Seems so arbitrary and absolutely without value.

___________________________________________


http://www.grahamhancock.com/phorum/read.php?f=8&i=20602&t=20514


Author: Thomas Brophy (99.184.251.---)
Date: 26-May-11 21:42

David Campbell wrote:

> Prior to excavating the "cowstone", a number of tumuli tombs
> containing young cattle dated to 5,500 BCE had been found. Upon
> excavating the stone, Fred Wendorf thought it vaguely resembled
> a cow and started speculating that it may have had something to
> do with the later cult of Hathor. He probably had cows on his
> mind when he first saw it. Personally, I don't see much
> resemblence to a cow myself except for the triangular
> protrusion which could be anything depending upon your
> perspective. My impression is that the cowstone is much older
> than the cattle tumuli as I have great difficulty accepting
> Wendorf's scenario of quarrying it from an unseen bedrock
> source several feet below layers of hard sediments, carving it,
> and then, after all that trouble, burying it again. Somehow I
> doubt the cattle tumuli builders even knew the cowstone was
> there except possibly through old traditions coupled with
> seasonal visits to the playa after it ceased to hold water year
> round.

Interesting thoughts there. The cattle tumuli were on the north side of the
playa, actually in an ancient wadi that fed the playa sometimes, not actually
in the playa. Whereas CSA (including cowstone) was smack in the southwest
part of the playa, as the centerpiece of the megalith lines that radiate out
to the norhteast and to the southeast -- all also in the playa. Wendorf did
note that the cow resemblance was only "vague" and at one point said
something like "or at least something with a head" -- referring to what you
call the "triangular protrusion". Myself, when I first saw the cowstone I was
most struck by its geometric forms -- the spherical section outer surface and
the sharp cut upper surfaces, and I scoffed at the "cow" idea. But after learning
more about all the cow symbolism at the site (the burials you mention), I can
see how the best interpretation is probably both cow and sky symbolism.

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the lioness,
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.


Astronomy of Nabta Playa

Authors:
McK Mahille, J.; Schild, R.; Wendorf, F.; Brenmer, R.
Affiliation:
AA(Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, USA Kim.Malville@colorado.edu), AB(Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland), AC(Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, USA), AD(Aldwick, West Sussex, UK)

Abstract

The repetitive orientation of megaliths, human burials, and cattle burials toward the northern regions of the sky reveals a very early symbolic connection to the heavens at Nabta Playa, Egypt. The groups of shaped stones facing north may have represented spirits of individuals who died on the trail or locally. A second piece of evidence for astronomy at Nabta Playa is the stone circle with its two sightlines toward the north and toward the rising sun at the June solstice. Finally, the five alignments of megaliths, which were oriented to bright stars in the fifth millennium, suggest an even more careful attention to the heavens. The "empty tombs" and deeply buried table rocks of the Complex Structures provide some of the greatest enigmas of Nabta Playa. The recurrent symbolism of the ceremonial centre involves issues that would have been of both practical and symbolic importance to the nomads: death, water, cattle, sun, and stars.


http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/2007AfrSk..11....2M/0000002.000.html

^^^this is an important article from 2007, the rest at link with photos

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Ish Geber
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Repost, as a reminder.


posted 06 January, 2012 11:01
Nick A. Drakea,1, Roger M. Blenchb, Simon J. Armitagec, Charlie S. Bristowd, and Kevin H. Whitee

a Department of Geography, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom; b Kay Williamson Educational Foundation, 8 Guest Road, Cambridge CB1 2AL, United Kingdom; c Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom; dSchool of Earth Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom; and eDepartment of Geography, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AB, United Kingdom

Edited by Ofer Bar-Yosef, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and approved November 22, 2010 (received for review August 23, 2010)

Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert


Evidence increasingly suggests that sub-Saharan Africa is at the center of human evolution and understanding routes of dispersal “out of Africa” is thus becoming increasingly important. The Sahara Desert is considered by many to be an obstacle to these dispersals and a Nile corridor route has been proposed to cross it. Here we provide evidence that the Sahara was not an effective barrier and indicate how both animals and humans populated it during past humid phases. Analysis of the zoogeography of the Sahara shows that more animals crossed via this route than used the Nile corridor. Furthermore, many of these species are aquatic. This dis- persal was possible because during the Holocene humid period the region contained a series of linked lakes, rivers, and inland deltas comprising a large interlinked waterway, channeling water and an- imals into and across the Sahara, thus facilitating these dispersals. This system was last active in the early Holocene when many spe- cies appear to have occupied the entire Sahara. However, species that require deep water did not reach northern regions because of weak hydrological connections. Human dispersals were influenced by this distribution; Nilo-Saharan speakers hunting aquatic fauna with barbed bone points occupied the southern Sahara, while peo- ple hunting Savannah fauna with the bow and arrow spread south- ward. The dating of lacustrine sediments show that the “green Sahara” also existed during the last interglacial (∼125 ka) and pro- vided green corridors that could have formed dispersal routes at a likely time for the migration of modern humans out of Africa.


Here is the full paper,


http://www.pnas.org/content/108/2/458.full.pdf


In addition,


http://www.quarryscapes.no/images/Egypt_sites/Aswan1.gif


http://www.sciencemag.org/content/225/4662/645.extract.jpg


Elaboration


http://www.mosaicsciencemagazine.org/pdf/m13_04_82_01.pdf

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Ish Geber
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quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
.


Astronomy of Nabta Playa

Authors:
McK Mahille, J.; Schild, R.; Wendorf, F.; Brenmer, R.
Affiliation:
AA(Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, USA Kim.Malville@colorado.edu), AB(Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland), AC(Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, USA), AD(Aldwick, West Sussex, UK)

Abstract

The repetitive orientation of megaliths, human burials, and cattle burials toward the northern regions of the sky reveals a very early symbolic connection to the heavens at Nabta Playa, Egypt. The groups of shaped stones facing north may have represented spirits of individuals who died on the trail or locally. A second piece of evidence for astronomy at Nabta Playa is the stone circle with its two sightlines toward the north and toward the rising sun at the June solstice. Finally, the five alignments of megaliths, which were oriented to bright stars in the fifth millennium, suggest an even more careful attention to the heavens. The "empty tombs" and deeply buried table rocks of the Complex Structures provide some of the greatest enigmas of Nabta Playa. The recurrent symbolism of the ceremonial centre involves issues that would have been of both practical and symbolic importance to the nomads: death, water, cattle, sun, and stars.


http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/2007AfrSk..11....2M/0000002.000.html

^^^this is an important article from 2007, the rest at link with photos

Repost,


quote:
Originally posted by Troll Patrol:
The Journal of African History (1986), 27 : pp 175-177 Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1986 DOI: 10.1017/S0021853700029285 (About DOI) Published online: 22 January 2009

Table of Contents - 1986 - Volume 27, Issue 01  


From Hunters to Farmers. Edited by J. Desmond Clark and Steven A. Brandt. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 1984. Pp. xi + 433. £44. Roland Olivera1


 -


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zarahan aka Enrique Cardova
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Patrol, check your mailbox- it is full. No mail can
get thru.

--------------------
Note: I am not an "Egyptologist" as claimed by some still bitter, defeated, trolls creating fake profiles and posts elsewhere. Hapless losers, you still fail. My output of hard data debunking racist nonsense has actually INCREASED since you began..

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xyyman
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@TP. This is not clear. another link?

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/225/4662/645.extract.jpg

--------------------
Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming

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Amun-Ra The Ultimate
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Nabta Playa: The origin of Ancient Egyptian stellar and solar astronomy

The following extract is from the book:
 -
Architecture, Astronomy and Sacred Landscape in Ancient Egypt (2013) by Giulio Magli (Author) published by Cambridge University Press

 -  -

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Amun-Ra The Ultimate
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I already made a thread about it but I will post it here too. Nabta Playa - Earliest Megalithic Astronomical Structure in the World

Taken from the book:
 -
Encyclopedia of the History of Astronomy and Astrophysics (2013) by David Leverington published by Cambridge University Press

 -

In text form:
Not only have the earliest human remains been found in Africa, but so has the earliest physical evidence of astronomical activity. This appears to be a lunar calendar found on an Ishango bone which has been dated at about 23,000 to 18,000 BC (see Sub Saharan Africa). The earliest megalithic structure that appears to be of astronomical significance is that at Nabta Playa, also in Africa, which has been dated to around 5000 to 4000 BC (see Megalithic astronomy). The earliest parts of Stonehenge in England, on the other hand, are at least 1,000 years younger, as is the passage tomb at Newgrange in Ireland.

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Ish Geber
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quote:
Originally posted by xyyman:
@TP. This is not clear. another link?

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/225/4662/645.extract.jpg

No, it's the only one I have.
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Djehuti
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quote:
Originally posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor:

^ in addition,


To give a clearer picture on the Nabta Playa:


 -

Yes, I've stated many times that there is a corresponding site of calendar stones in West Africa contemporaneous to Nabta Playa. It's called Adrar Madet in Niger and may very well have connections to the civilization of Dhar Tichitt-Walata.

I also wonder why it is Egyptologists and people in general seem to tie Nabta with Egypt more than Nubia, even though Nabta is essentially IN Nubia not to mention that its culture bears more affinities with pre-Qustul culture.

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