Ben said: “Beals (1972) evaluated the climatic adaptation model with a worldwide sample of 339 populations. The climatic associations were highly significant. For example, ethnic groups exposed to winter frost have a mean cephalic index that is 4.3 units higher than those living within the tropics. The conclusions are independently supported by the data of Hiernaux for Africa and by Crognier for populations of Europe and the Mediterranean.” (Beals, K. L., Smith, C. L., Dodd, S. M. [1983]. “Climate and the Evolution of Brachycephalization”. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 62. pp. 425-437.)
"Beals (1972) observed an inverse relationship between the cephalic index and climatic factors and showed that the longer head (dolichocephalic) is predominant in hotclimatic regions and the broader head (mesocephalic or brachycephalic) is predominant in less hot regions. Thus, cephalic index is apparently correlated with climatic stress and follows theecological rules of Allen and Bergmann. It is generally expected that under cold stress,the most advantageous head shape wouldbe of a round type (brachycephalic), since this most closely approximates thespherical ideal. Under hot climatic conditions, a long head would be more advantageous." (Bharati, S., Som, S., Bharati, P., & Vasulu, T. S. [2001]. "Climate and head form in India". American Journal of Human Biology, 13(5), 626-634.)
Franz Boas showed that head shape (i.e. cephalic index) is considerably plastic, and can change in a few generations. While some have criticized his studies, they still reconise that the shape of the head is not "evolutionary conservative". So a few thousand years would presumably be more than enough for tropical long-heads to modify to more spherical, if they moved into a more temperate area.
The largest study of its kind - Raymond Dart in 1939 recorded the cephalic index of 2,861 Egyptian skulls spanning the pre-dynastic and all dynasties.
I do not have the full results of this study, but they showed that:
* Only 1% of pre-dynastic Egyptian skulls are brachycephalic (round or spherical): El Amrah 1% (101 skulls), Nagada, 1.9% (314 skulls), El Badari 0% (79 skulls).
* From Dynasty I to VI (Old Kingdom), brachycephaly does also not exceed a single percent. However during the First Intermediate Period of Egypt 2181–2055 BC or Dynasty IX, 11.6% of skulls are brachycephalic or round.
And while the majority are dolichocephalic, there is a sizable amount of borderline or low mesocephalic skulls, even in some (early) dynasties reaching 40%. Basically this supports Beals data; we should expect the cephalic index of the ancient Egyptians at subtropical latitude, being more temperate than the tropics, to grade into mesocephaly. So they are less long-headed than 'blacks'.
COUNT 1) Brachchepaly is well within the range of African populations, and is nothing unusual. Africans are the most diverse phenotypically- Brachycephaly is nothing special and limb proportions and skull variation can co-exist in several configurations- nothing special.. In fact archaeological surveys have long discovered clear "Negroid " remains WITH brachycephaly. The two can go together, as can limb proportions and skull variation at the same time. QUOTE:
"I might refer to the occupant of grave 162 in Cemetery 22. The skull was a short, brachcephalic ovoid, there was definite prognathism, typical Negro hair and a slight beard confined to the chin." (_-The Archeological Survey of Nubia: Report For 1907-1908. By G. Elliot Smith, F. Wood Jones.)
"more thickset and short-headed (Bongos, Golos, Makarakas, with the kindred Zandehs of the Welle region). No explanation has been offered for their brachycephaly.." (--Man, past and present By Augustus Henry Keane. 1920.)
In short, the phenotypic diversity of Africa puts "negroid" brachycephalic types well in place in the Nile Valley without needing any "incoming Caucasoids" to explain African diversity.
COUNT 2) Brachchepaly does not necessarily have a strong correlation with temperature. In fact skull shape is highly plastic and children of the same "race" without any admixture show skull changes as quickly as within one generation. Cultural practices also affect head shape, and cold climate Inuit fail to follow the alleged temperature rule. QUOTE:
"Crognier also suggested that the correlation between cold and head shape could be improved heat retention of brachchepalic (rounder) head shape found in colder climates; however this argument may not fully account for the phenomenon because cultural practices that protect the head (e.g. hats) are available in cold environments, In addition the Inuit of the Artic are as dolichocephalic (longer heads), as are Africans, suggesting that head shape is not related to environmental temperature. Finally other practices can influence head shape; for example, infant sleeping position can affect ultimate head shape. Also Boas showed the skull shape is highly plastic and can change in only on generation. Children of immigrants to the United States at the end of the nineteenth century were shown to have a different head shape that their parents. This many environmental factors can play a role in shaping head form, and temperature man be only one." --Noel Cameron. Human Growth and Development. (2002)
In short, temperature is unimpressive as an explanation of brachchepaly, and must take its place besides numerous other variables that bear on the issue.
"Not light-skinned enough to be a 'truly' Egyptian farmer.."
COUNT 3) Brachchepalization is also associated with increases in standard of living such as better diet due to agriculture. Thus a very plastic feature like Brachchepalization could easily change for Egyptians as they adopted better diets, including more agriculture. It should be noted that better diets can be obtained without full-blown agriculture through more intensive foraging and harvesting, and indeed the 'negroid' Badari and others enjoyed a rich reource base prior to farming and sustained relatively high population densities as they transitioned to more agriculture. Per scholars Jantz and Jantz 2000:
"In many parts of the world there has been a change toward shorter, broader crania in the past several thousand years. This change, referred to as brachycephalization, has been observed in Europe, Asia and America. A common explanation for this widespread trend is that it reflects functional responses to reduced masticatory stresses. The model has been formulated by Carlson and Van Gerven, (1977) based on their Nubian epipaleolithic-Neolithic series. The argument is that reduced masticatory stresses will result in crania that are shorter and higher in food producers than in hunters and gatherers. (See also Larsen 1997). Furthermore in Europe, where the data base is much richer, the period of most intensive brachycephalization occurs not with the Neolithic, but several thousand years later during the mediaeval period." --Jantz and Jantz 2000. The Meaning And Consequences Of Morphological Variation in “Exploring the Nature of Human Biological Diversity: Myth v. Reality” (AAA Prceedings 2004)
------------ Mo betta Munchies in the Nile Valley------- QUOTE: "With the onset of the Neolithic, the dietary diversity of hunter-gatherers is replaced with dietary specialization on one or a few cereal crops and the products of domestic animals... Increasing sedentism and population density are almost universally associated with increases in infectious disease.. and may underpin the the reduction in stature in the Predynastic period. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Badarian civilization had higher population density than did any other contemporaneous civilizations (Gabriel, 1987, Hassan 1988)." --Pinhasi and Stock 2011. Human Bioarchaelogy of the Transition to Agriculture -----------------------------------
In short, there were plenty of ways for (a) better diets to cause brachchepalization in the Nile Valley, and (b) if migrants are a factor, said migrants need not have cone from cold climates at all. They only need to be people with better, more intensive food sourcing and this can be richly obtained in the Nle Valley without full-blown agriculture.
All kinds of weather over millennia in the Sahara, cool, non-cool.. whatever.. plenty of time and scope to develop diversity and variability in-situ
COUNT 4) Finally, even if temperature is the cause, brachchepalization as the experts show is highly plastic. The cooler temperatures of the Saharan zone over time and Egypt as the climate waxed back and forth for millennia, allowed plenty of scope for the tropical Africans therein, to adapt in-situ, without needing any cold climate "associates." [The conservative, slower- changing limb proportions however are evidence of the origin and makeup of these tropical Africans.
And even if there was migration from cooler climates, the cooler climes are already built into the broad area in question- within the millennia long span of Saharan climate fluctuations, plus within the cooler climes of other Egyptian areas, there was both plenty of time and scope for people with varying degrees of dolichchepaly or brachchepaly to appear, without needing any "outside help."
COUNT 5) As a social construct, the construct "blacks" include people with brown skin, (indeed tropical Africans have the higest skin color diversity) and the conservative limb proportions of the Egyptians, which cluster with African-Americans in several studies, speak to the clear' tropical provenance of the ancient peoples. Social construct, or anthropological data- makes no difference- same result.
"From an evolutionary perspective, black skin is highly abnormal. No, or virtually no primates are this colour. White/light skin is basically the ancestral human condition. It's funny that Afrocentrists try and reverse this scientific reality and claim white people are mutants or not normal."
posted
Dark skin protects against ultra-violet radiation which causes skin cancer.All mutations are random that start as errors in DNA replication that get encoded and translated in protein synthesis, these mutations then come under strong selection because of beneficial bio-chemical properties.
Posts: 121 | From: Guyana | Registered: Mar 2012
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: who is Ben ?
quote:Originally posted by tropicals redacted: Ben April 2014 at ESR
"From an evolutionary perspective, black skin is highly abnormal. No, or virtually no primates are this colour. White/light skin is basically the ancestral human condition. It's funny that Afrocentrists try and reverse this scientific reality and claim white people are mutants or not normal."
But anyway, white skin is recent, whereas dark skin is to protect against melanoma. As mankind lived most of its time in Africa, were the climate suited for this. While outside of Africa it was cold to archaic.
Its funny how Eurocentric airheads need to use sun-lotion against sun-burn, even when it's not in a high radiation, yet are here to make these funny claims. To what is normal vs abnormal. It is highly abnormal to not being able to walk in the sun-light, without direct risk to sun-burn.
The even more ridiculous claim is the primate relativeness. But then again, primates are usually hairy. Where as man is not. Except for some that is, but in Africa it's not very common.
Posts: 22244 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote: Originally posted by cassitertides (aka Metapedia editor "Atlantid") December 2013
The faheem account was hacked at Egyptsearch. I've left this site and all others, but there seem to be a whole crowd of people elsewhere now reporting our behavior and stirring things up. I have no intention or involvement in this and am trying to move on....
renounced my views on race and left to better my mental health.
^^ there was a second person who had similar web postings also under the name Mikemikev, it seems __________________________________
It used to be renewed because it was making money. As was pointed out in another thread, this site only now gets 700 hits a day and is dropping. It doesn't make money anymore. It will be deleted since the owner (Sammy) will be making a loss if he continues to pay for the domain.
Regardless if traffic picks up, the site has become completely irrelevant since it has become a troll-haven with Mike111's "albino" BS, and then the spam threads from Abaza/White Nubian and his countless socks.
all of this is public record found on google searches correct me if I have made any errors
Posts: 42939 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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but in Africa it's not very common.
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