An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers 2019
Vasant Shinde,1,14,15,* Vagheesh M. Narasimhan,2,14,* Niraj Rai,5,7,15,* and David Reich2,3,4,15,16,* 1Department of Archaeology,
SUMMARY We report an ancient genome from the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC). The individual we sequenced fits as a mixture of people related to ancient Iranians (the largest component) and Southeast Asian hunter-gatherers, a unique profile that matches ancient DNA from 11 genetic outliers from sites in Iran and Turkmenistan in cultural communication with the IVC. These individuals had little if any Steppe pastoralist-derived ancestry, showing that it was not ubiquitous in northwest South Asia during the IVC as it is today. The Iranian-related ancestry in the IVC derives from a lineage leading to early Iranian farmers, herders, and huntergatherers before their ancestors separated, contradicting the hypothesis that the shared ancestry between early Iranians and South Asians reflects a large-scale spread of western Iranian farmers east. Instead, sampled ancient genomes from the Iranian plateau and IVC descend from different groups of hunter-gatherers who began farming without being connected by substantial movement of people.
After building a mitochondrial DNA consensus using damage-restricted sequences, we determined that its haplogroup was U2b2, which is absent in whole mitochondrial genomes sequences available from about 400 ancient Central Asians; today, this specific haplogroup is nearly exclusive to South Asia (Narasimhan et al., 2019).
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Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists
Sanghamitra Sengupta, Lev A. Zhivotovsky, [...], and Peter A. Underhill 2006
Interestingly, within India, R1a1-M17, R2-M124, and L1-M76 display considerable frequency and HG-associated microsatellite variance (table 9). The widespread geographic distribution of HG R1a1-M17 across Eurasia and the current absence of informative subdivisions defined by binary markers leave uncertain the geographic origin of HG R1a1-M17. However, the contour map of R1a1-M17 variance shows the highest variance in the northwestern region of India (fig. 4).
C5-M356 Is an Ancient HG That Originated in India
The phylogeography, frequency (tables (tables55 and and6),6), and age of Y-microsatellite variation (table 11) of HG C5-M356 lineages are indicative of an in situ Indian origin and considerable antiquity.
C(xC3) lineages occur at considerable frequency in Australia (Kayser et al. 2000). Some have interpreted that the paraphyletic HG C(xC3) reflects the Paleolithic colonization event concerning the peopling of Australia via a southern coastal migration route involving India (Kivisild et al. 1999, 2003a; Underhill et al. 2001a), whereas others (Redd et al. 2002) argued that such C*-defined chromosomes reflects recent (⩽5 KYA) genetic affinity between Indian tribes and Australian Aborigines. Interestingly, the Australian Aborigines with the C(xC3) HG display a large multistep deletion at the DYS390 microsatellite locus (Forster et al. 1998) that is considered to be a unique mutational event (Kayser et al. 2000), whereas the Indians do not. These Australian DYS390.1-deletion HG C chromosomes lack the M356 mutation (M. Kayser, personal communication), which undermines claims of a recent common shared ancestry with India. Conversely, the C5 data support a more-ancient affinity that is consistent with that observed with respect to mtDNA polymorphisms (Macaulay et al. 2005).
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