Think about this folks. Our ancestors were slaves to the ancient Egyptians for four hundred years. The Egyptians did horrible things to those ancestors similar to what happened to the slaves during the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade.
Glorifying ancient Egypt is no different to black people glorifying the white people that enslaved, raped, and burnt to death their ancestors from Africa.
THINK about it people! What good is ancient Egypt to us? Forget about ancient Egypt. Let us focus on our Hebrew origins instead. Furthermore, thanks to the book: "The Call To The Hebrews," you can actually prove your Hebrew origins. Something you can never do with ancient Egypt. So why bother? Lets focus on our Hebrew origins. That is who we are.
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
Take a look at the following images. It is a crime to forget our ancestors who went through such great suffering.
Posted by Brada-Anansi (Member # 16371) on :
Energy that's not Assyrian pottery but early Kemetian similar to Narmer's palette and why would Hebrews make better ancestors than Kemetians anyways,plus if I am not mistaken those figures were lower pre-unified Kemetians themselves not Hebrews,they were being conquered or assimilated by folks from the south pressing northwards,a messy deal it was in any case.
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
Brada history based on ancestry needs to be proven. Failing that we risk glorifying people who were oppressors and deadly enemies to our real ancestors. That is a terrible shame and makes us look stupid.
When you say we are kemetians, can you prove it? If not, why dwell on it? It makes no sense whatsoever to dwell on ancestry that one can not prove. That is my point.
Posted by Brada-Anansi (Member # 16371) on :
But hardly anyone here is claiming direct Kemetian ancestry in the same way as one claim Ashanti,Zulu,Malian,Twa, or any other off course I am saying this as a diasporan Black of general African decent and not Continental African.
Posted by Fruity Reed (Member # 15917) on :
I yes I am a continental African who can locate his origin to a village but still... I embrace whatever African cultures I find intriguing, beautiful and just go with whatever I happen to be feeling.
That's the beautiful thing about Alkebulan, you can have it however you want it, you can switch it up if your particular locale bored you to death.
Posted by xyyman (Member # 13597) on :
Another strange character. What about that website or blog you were building . . .bro?
BTW - MOST of us are NOT claiming we are direct descendants of the AEians. At least not me. Most likely my immediate forefathers were slaves from the Western part of Africa. Maybe even Mozambique, since I carry L2a1a.
But that doesn't negate the fact that AEians were indigenous Black Africans. And we are related through genetics,PN2, culture and more distant origin.
We have a lot more in common with AEians than the people who came from the Asian Steppes.
Posted by Fruity Reed (Member # 15917) on :
Indeed. As I stated in previous post, the beautiful thing about Africa is the variety. And most African cultures will accept any civilised human beings to become natives with them through intermarriage.
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by Brada-Anansi: But hardly anyone here is claiming direct Kemetian ancestry in the same way as one claim Ashanti,Zulu,Malian,Twa, or any other off course I am saying this as a diasporan Black of general African decent and not Continental African.
Oh but Brada we do. Why come here and waste hours on discussions on ancient Egypt if one does not feel any connection with Kemet? In fact this whole post is denouncing the countless hours we spend discussing Kemet and not Africa in general.
If like you said focus in not necessarily claiming kemitian descent, then why not discuss other African civilisations in equal measure? Even better, why not discuss the people of the former Slave Coast in Africa who we know were our real ancestors. Why do we pointedly ignore the Slave Coast and discuss Kemet instead?
The people of of the former Slave Coast are our known ancestry. Lets talk about them for a change please.
Posted by Fruity Reed (Member # 15917) on :
Documentation is the problem. The masses can only study what has been documented and AE is the best thus far in Africa.
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by xyyman: Another strange character. What about that website or blog you were building . . .bro?
BTW - MOST of us are NOT claiming we are direct descendants of the AEians. At least not me. Most likely my immediate forefathers were slaves from the Western part of Africa. Maybe even Mozambique, since I carry L2a1a.
But that doesn't negate the fact that AEians were indigenous Black Africans. And we are related through genetics,PN2, culture and more distant origin.
We have a lot more in common with AEians than the people who came from the Asian Steppes.
Think about this. NOWHERE, I repeat NOWHERE on this planet will you find people set up discussion boards or forums and discuss other peoples' history. They discuss their own.
Even in Africa you will not find the indigenous people discussing each others history. For example, you will never find Yoruba set up a forum to discuss Fulani history, or vice versa. It just wouldn't happen and no people in Africa carry on like that. It is just ridiculous behaviour.
Lets not pretend otherwise, there is a reason we dwell on Kemet. We talk about Kemet because we feel a connection. A connection we can't prove. Thus, dwelling on something we can't prove is just stupid. Until an African people come up and show conclusively they are descendants of the ancient kemetians, it is pointless dwelling on them.
On the other hand, can we prove our Hebrews roots? Yes we can! So why ignore what we can prove and dwell on what we cant?
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by Fruity Reed: Documentation is the problem. The masses can only study what has been documented and AE is the best thus far in Africa.
You have a point there. But guess what? We have more documentation on the Hebrews than we do about the ancient Egyptians. Therefore, since we can PROVE our connection/ancestry to the Hebrews there is no excuse whatsoever to ignore them in our discussions.
Posted by Fruity Reed (Member # 15917) on :
^ I see what you mean (in your previous post). Very interesting .
I think it's the images and symbolism. They remind us of something we can't seem to pinpoint... they remind me of a lost story, an intriguing story, something old, priceless, timeless and beautiful but somehow forgotten.
It's like seeing pictures from past times when you were having a good time...and it's not that you don't remember those times, you do...but there seems to be some sort of "it happened so long ago I can't remember the details" amnesia...
Posted by Brada-Anansi (Member # 16371) on :
Energy
quote:Oh but Brada we do. Why come here and waste hours on discussions on ancient Egypt if one does not feel any connection with Kemet? In fact this whole post is denouncing the countless hours we spend discussion Kemet and not Africa in general. If like you said focus in not necessarily claiming kemitian descent, then why not discuss other African civilisations in equal measure? Even better, why not discuss the people of the former Slave Coast in Africa who we know were our real ancestors. Why do we pointedly ignore the Slave Coast and discuss Kemet instead? The people of of the former Slave Coast are our known ancestry. Lets talk about them for a change please.
Didn't say we had no connection to Kemet but this site was made for things primarily related to Kemet as it is called EgyptSearch.com and like Fruity said documentation maybe a problem, But I think most African and African descendant folks here focus on Kemet because they view it as the ground zero if you will in reclaiming general African history and studies from centuries of Eurocentric mis-appropriation,more damning in my view is the focus on any non African civilization in favor of everywhere else of late.
But you are right about the fact that other civilization and regions in Africa get the short thrift,for hard as I and a few others have tried very few here have any deep interest in what happened in other regions of Africa.
Posted by Fruity Reed (Member # 15917) on :
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by Fruity Reed: ^ I see what you mean (in your previous post). Very interesting .
I think it's the images and symbolism. They remind us of something we can't seem to pinpoint... they remind me of a lost story, an intriguing story, something old, priceless, timeless and beautiful but somehow forgotten.
It's like seeing pictures from past times when you were having a good time...and it's not that you don't remember those times, you do...but there seems to be some sort of "it happened so long ago I can't remember the details" amnesia...
And you know what is even more sad, the Hebrews were Africans. Fellow Africans with a glorious and documented history we unwittingly ignore. Did you know until the Suez canal divided Africa from the Middle East, most of (Palestine) Israel was part of the African mainland. Now white Europeans (Ashkenazi Jews) have moved in there and are busy making it their own. If we do nothing that part of Africa will be lost to we the TRUE descendants of the Hebrews for good.
We need to claim back what is ours. We can start by opening discussions on the Hebrews and let more black people know about our true ancestry.
Posted by Brada-Anansi (Member # 16371) on :
Well if you want to reclaim the Levant and Arabia as part of greater Africa,there may well be geographical/geological even historic/cultural justification for doing so. the problem is the majority of the folks who resides in those regions today.
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
This is who we are. The following is an image of the Ewe ( pronounced Erverh) people of the former Slave Coast celebrating the Hogbetsotso festival. The festival is the EXODUS story as it is recorded in the Bible, and this festival is the commemoration of the peoples' main history. Erverh is the proper name of the ancient Hebrews.
Posted by Brada-Anansi (Member # 16371) on :
This is from a Ghana site so take it for what it's worth but this is what "they" said about the Hogbetsotso festival
Hogbetsotso Festival The Anlo Ewes, an ethnic group on the eastern coast of Ghana, are believed to have settled in Notsie in Togo when they first migrated from Southern Sudan. Legend has it that they escaped from the tyrannical ruler of Notsie, Ago-Koli, by walking backwards. In order to commemorate the exodus and the bravery of their traditional rulers who led them on the journey, the people created this annual ""Festival of the Exodus"". There are many ceremonies associated with the festival, including a peace-making period where all outstanding problems are supposed to be resolved. This is a purification ceremony of the traditional stool and a period of general cleaning when the villages are swept and rubbish burnt. This cleaning ceremony begins at the Volta Estuary and goes on for days until it finally reaches the Mono River in the Republic of Benin. An essential aspect of the festival is a durbar of Chiefs and the people. Chiefs dress in very colouful regalia and sit in state to receive homage from their subjects. Dancing, singing and general merry-making go on throughout the festival. The main durbars always take place on the first Saturday of November in Anloga, 15km west of Keta, a two and half hour drive from Accra. http://www.ghanaexpeditions.com/regions/highlight_detail.asp?id=&rdid=112
Now I don't know if the local elders and folks agree with the above or not, but what if both type of exodus became merged in local tradition.
Btw this also gave lie to those who claimed no connections happened between the river valleys.
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
Energy - Many people complain about the lack of threads about sub-Saharan Africa, but do nothing about it. So what you are doing is great in that regard, but I really don't understand the Hebrew connection, could you please detail the history of this connection.
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by Brada-Anansi: Now I don't know if the local elders and folks agree with the above or not, but what if both type of exodus became merged in local tradition.
Btw this also gave lie to those who claimed no connections happened between the river valleys.
Brada I can answer that question for you right now. I am a HIGH PRINCE of my people and I speak for my family members and cousins that make up the Royal family and say YES WE DO. Most of them will agree with what I am saying.
The story of Notsi is coded. Not everyone knows the full story. Our peoples' exodus history did not happen in Notsi in Togo. It happened in Notsi elsewhere. That is a FACT.
Because of information not being recorded and passed down orally our people wrongfully assume a place called Notsi in Togo is where the exodus took place. That is not the case. The King of Notsi associated with the Hogbetsotso, called Agorkorli was created by the German colonial masters. Now most of our people don't know this fact. If they did, they will know for definite that the exodus story did not happen in Notsi in Togo. Just as I am telling you.
FYI our people name new locations after old ones. It is part of our tradition. For example we have a town called Amedzofe in Ghana, which means "Garden of Eden," in English. However, we all know the present Amedzofe (garden of Eden) is not the original location. The original was elsewhere. Another example is Ketu in Ghana. Again, we know the original ketu was in our old homeland in the Old Oyo Empire. The new Ketu is simply named after the capital of the Old Oyo empire. Thus, we don't assume because there is a Ketu in Ghana and Benin, those were original locations.
The main thing you have to understand is; we have the exodus story as part of our main history. On top of that we are called Erverh, which incidentally is the proper name of the Hebrews. In addition, we have traditions as recorded in the Bible. For instance we still have in our villages the tradition of marrying your brother's widow. We still have the circumcision as integral to our culture. We also still practice/carry out the sacrifices Moses laid out for the Israelites as they are recorded in the Bible. The list simply goes on. Others may claim to be Hebrews, but they can't prove it. They can only speculate. Only the real McCoy can have the name of the Hebrews as well as their traditions as standard part of their culture. And this we have in abundance.
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by Mike111: Energy - Many people complain about the lack of threads about sub-Saharan Africa, but do nothing about it. So what you are doing is great in that regard, but I really don't understand the Hebrew connection, could you please detail the history of this connection.
Funny you should say this Mike. I come here to Egyptsearch to look for you and what else you have unearthed. I like the way you eschew speculation as others do but rather deal with FACTS by showing images of the past. Others who are jealous of your work call it picture spamming but my brother believe me, YOU to me are a godsend. The way you can dig up ancient images of people and artefacts is what we need to prove our ancestry in Africa. And thus by extension prove the ancestry of our brothers and sisters in the Americas. You are not even aware of the valuable work you do. Just keep going, my brother, don't stop. You dig up the images, and people like me will fill in the blanks/links with our oral traditions to tell the story of the black race.
Posted by the lioness (Member # 17353) on :
This Assyrian carving at Lachish shows Jews being led inton exile by Sargon's son Sennacherib after Hezekiah's failed revolot (701 BC). Oxford University Press, 1998
quote:Originally posted by Energy: Why come here and waste hours on discussions on ancient Egypt if one does not feel any connection with Kemet? In fact this whole post is denouncing the countless hours we spend discussing Kemet and not Africa in general.
If like you said focus in not necessarily claiming kemitian descent, then why not discuss other African civilisations in equal measure? Even better, why not discuss the people of the former Slave Coast in Africa who we know were our real ancestors. Why do we pointedly ignore the Slave Coast and discuss Kemet instead?
The people of of the former Slave Coast are our known ancestry. Lets talk about them for a change please.
Why come here and waste hours on discussions on Israel if one does not feel any connection with Israel? In fact your whole post is denouncing the countless hours Energy spends discussing Israel and not Africa in general.
If like you said focus in not necessarily claiming Hebrew descent, then why not discuss other African civilisations in equal measure? Even better, why not discuss the people of the former slave coast in Africa who we know were our real ancestors. Why do we pointedly ignore the West Coast and discuss Israel instead?
The people of the West Coast are our known ancestry. Lets talk about them for a change please.
Posted by Fruity Reed (Member # 15917) on :
^^ South,
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by the lioness: Why come here and waste hours on discussions on Israel if one does not feel any connection with Israel? In fact your whole post is denouncing the countless hours Energy spends discussing Israel and not Africa in general.
If like you said focus in not necessarily claiming Hebrew descent, then why not discuss other African civilisations in equal measure? Even better, why not discuss the people of the former slave coast in Africa who we know were our real ancestors. Why do we pointedly ignore the West Coast and discuss Israel instead?
The people of the West Coast are our known ancestry. Lets talk about them for a change please.
You got it wrong there Lioness, I talk about the HEBREWS, which is who I am. I don't spend even a second discussing Israel.
I am glad you wanna talk about the people of the Slave Coast which is our known ancestry.
I am really glad you are also showing images of the advanced bronze works of the people in the region. Did you know when Europeans first came to West Africa and saw these advanced metal works, they doubted the locals had made them? As far as they were concerned a higher civilization had left them behind.
What they did not know was they were witnessing confirmation of information recorded in the Bible at Ex 31:2-7.
2 "See, I have chosen Bezalel son of Uri, the son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah, 3 and I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability and knowledge in all kinds of crafts-- 4 to make artistic designs for work in gold, silver and bronze, 5 to cut and set stones, to work in wood, and to engage in all kinds of craftsmanship. 6 Moreover, I have appointed Oholiab son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan, to help him. Also I have given skill to all the craftsmen to make everything I have commanded you: 7 the Tent of Meeting, the ark of the Testimony with the atonement cover on it, and all the other furnishings of the tent-
The people were skillful in doing these metal works because because they were descendants of the tribe of Dan, (Danhomey means home of the the tribe of Dan) and inherited the knowledge from their Hebrew ancestors. Exactly as recorded in the Bible.
Posted by Swenet (Member # 17303) on :
The Hebrews who wrote the bible were a bunch of liars and considered a fringe of their own society, BY their own society, much like how we look upon groups like Jehova Witnesses and Mormons. Even they (authors of the bible) admit as much in all their tales of how the Hebrews didn't listen to what they, cough cough, I mean Yahweh said; basically the Hebrew people didn't care.
Sorry to burst your bubble, but the exodus never happened, and they lied about their victories over Syrio-Palestinian and African populations. They were no force to be wreckoned with. Thats why everytime they are mentioned in a REAL historical document wherein they're mentioned (ie, outside of the bible), someone is detailing how they just put the smackdown on them.
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by Swenet: The Hebrews who wrote the bible were a bunch of liars and considered a fringe of their own society, BY their own society, much like how we look upon groups like Jehova Witnesses and Mormons. Even they admit as much in all their tales of how the Hebrews didn't listen to what they, cough cough, I mean Yahweh said.
Sorry to burst your bubble, but the exodus never happened, and they lied about their victories over Syrio-Palestinian and African populations. They were no force to be wreckoned with. Thats why everytime they are mentioned in a REAL historical document wherein they're mentioned (ie, outside of the bible), someone is detailing how they just put the smackdown on them.
Where is your evidence to the contrary of the eye witness accounts of what the Hebrews wrote?
By saying the Hebrews aka the Erverhs were a bunch of liars you are saying your black ancestors were a bunch of Liars. That is a HUGE claim. I hope you have evidence to back up that statement.
Posted by the lioness (Member # 17353) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy: You got it wrong there Lioness, I talk about the HEBREWS, which is who I am. I don't spend even a second discussing Israel.
Jerusalem appears in the Bible 641 times with its Hebrew name and 26 times in its Aramaic name, "Yerushalem" What modern day country is the location of ancient Jerusalem in?
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by the lioness:
quote:Originally posted by Energy: You got it wrong there Lioness, I talk about the HEBREWS, which is who I am. I don't spend even a second discussing Israel.
Jerusalem appears in the Bible 641 times with its Hebrew name and 26 times in its Aramaic name, "Yerushalem" What modern day country is the location of ancient Jerusalem in?
Lioness I know Hebrew is synonymous with ancient Israel. Unfortunately the Hebrews are not in their homeland. European impostors live in their land now and claim to be Israel. However, these Jews in Israel do not claim to be Hebrews. Thus, we have to be careful not to confuse the present occupants of Israel with the real Hebrews. The Hebrews were a race of people who are currently spread all over Africa and the Americas. Hence, the reason I don't waste time discussing Israel but focus on the Hebrews. By discussing the Hebrews and not Israel, I separate the two and show they are not one and the same. Hope you understand.
Posted by Swenet (Member # 17303) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
quote:Originally posted by Swenet: The Hebrews who wrote the bible were a bunch of liars and considered a fringe of their own society, BY their own society, much like how we look upon groups like Jehova Witnesses and Mormons. Even they admit as much in all their tales of how the Hebrews didn't listen to what they, cough cough, I mean Yahweh said.
Sorry to burst your bubble, but the exodus never happened, and they lied about their victories over Syrio-Palestinian and African populations. They were no force to be wreckoned with. Thats why everytime they are mentioned in a REAL historical document wherein they're mentioned (ie, outside of the bible), someone is detailing how they just put the smackdown on them.
Where is your evidence to the contrary of the eye witness accounts of what the Hebrews wrote?
By saying the Hebrews aka the Erverhs were a bunch of liars you are saying your black ancestors were a bunch of Liars. That is a HUGE claim. I hope you have evidence to back up that statement.
I don't think you understad what I've just said. I said the authors of the bible were a bunch of liars, not that the entire Hebrew nation consisted of liars. I also said that they weren't considered the spiritual leaders they made themselves out to be, so again, my beef is with the authors, not with the Hebrews in general.
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
^^ I hope you know who the authors of the Bible are. Moses the founder of the nation started it off. His writings was followed by that of the Levites (members of Moses' tribe) who God appointed as shepherds of the Hebrews. These wrote the bulk of the Bible. Thus by claiming these were a bunch of Liars, you are inadvertently saying the Hebrews were a bunch of Liars. A statement, which as I pointed out is discrediting your own recorded history. Because the Bible is THE BLACK MAN'S HISTORY BOOK.
I don't think the Bible writers lied anywhere in the Bible because what they wrote was not very flattering about themselves.
But having said that, you might know something that I don't and since we are here to learn from one another I am happy to look at the evidence that PROVES my black ancestors who wrote the Bible were liars.
Posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova (Member # 15718) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy: Think about this folks. Our ancestors were slaves to the ancient Egyptians for four hundred years. The Egyptians did horrible things to those ancestors similar to what happened to the slaves during the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade.
Glorifying ancient Egypt is no different to black people glorifying the white people that enslaved, raped, and burnt to death their ancestors from Africa.
THINK about it people! What good is ancient Egypt to us? Forget about ancient Egypt. Let us focus on our Hebrew origins instead. Furthermore, thanks to the book: "The Call To The Hebrews," you can actually prove your Hebrew origins. Something you can never do with ancient Egypt. So why bother? Lets focus on our Hebrew origins. That is who we are.
^^Agreed. The following information offers much on "Hebrew" origins.
Recent studies find the ancient Egyptians had a tropical body plan like sub-Saharan 'black' Africans and were not cold-adapted like European type populations. Tropical body plans also indicate darker-skin.
QUOTE: "The raw values in Table 6 suggest that Egyptians had the "super-Negroid" body plan described by Robins (1983).. This pattern is supported by Figure 7 (a plot of population mean femoral and tibial lengths; data from Ruff, 1994), which indicates that the Egyptians generally have tropical body plans. Of the Egyptian samples, only the Badarian and Early Dynastic period populations have shorter tibiae than predicted from femoral length. Despite these differences, all samples lie relatively clustered together as compared to the other populations." (Zakrzewski, S.R. (2003). "Variation in ancient Egyptian stature and body proportions". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 121 (3): 219-229.
a 2008 Study puts the ancient Egyptians closer to US Blacks than whites:
Quotes:
"Intralimb (crural and brachial) indices are significantly higher in ancient Egyptians than in American Whites (except crural index among females), i.e., Egyptians have relatively longer distal segments (Table 4). Intralimb indices are not significantly different between Egyptians and American Blacks... Many of those who have studied ancient Egyptians have commented on their characteristically ''tropical'' or ''African'' body plan (Warren, 1897; Masali, 1972; Robins, 1983; Robins and Shute, 1983, 1984, 1986; Zakrzewski, 2003). Egyptians also fall within the range of modern African populations (Ruff and Walker, 1993), but close to the upper limit of modern Europeans as well, at least for the crural index (brachial indices are definitely more ''African'').. In terms of femoral and tibial length to total skeletal height proportions, we found that ancient Egyptians are significantly different from US Blacks, although still closer to Blacks than to Whites.
Comparisons of linear body proportions of Old Kingdom and non-Old Kingdom period individuals, and workers and high officials in our sample found no statistically significant differences among them. Zakrzewski (2003) also found little evidence for differences in linear body proportions of Egyptians over a wider temporal range. In general, recent studies of skeletal variation among ancient Egyptians support scenarios of biological continuity through time. Irish (2006) analyzed quantitative and qualitative dental traits of 996 Egyptians from Neolithic through Roman periods, reporting the presence of a few outliers but concluding that the dental samples appear to be largely homogeneous and that the affinities observed indicate overall biological uniformity and continuity from Predynastic through Dynastic and Postdynastic periods.
Zakrzewski (2007) provided a comprehensive summary of previous Egyptian craniometric studies and examined Egyptian crania from six time periods. She found that the earlier samples were relatively more homogeneous in comparison to the later groups. However, overall results indicated genetic continuity over the Egyptian Predynastic and Early Dynastic periods, albeit with a high level of genetic diversity within the population, suggesting an indigenous process of state formation. She also concluded that while the biological patterning of the Egyptian population varied across time, no consistent temporal or spatial trends are apparent. Thus, the stature estimation formulae developed here may be broadly applicable to all ancient Egyptian populations.." ("Stature estimation in ancient Egyptians: A new technique based on anatomical reconstruction of stature." Michelle H. Raxter, Christopher B. Ruff, Ayman Azab, Moushira Erfan, Muhammad Soliman, Aly El-Sawaf, (Am J Phys Anthropol. 2008, Jun;136(2):147-55
Older limb studies find the same:
"In this regard it is interesting to note that limb proportions of Predynastic Naqada people in Upper Egypt are reported to be "Super-Negroid," meaning that the distal segments are elongated in the fashion of tropical Africans.....skin color intensification and distal limb elongation are apparent wherever people have been long-term residents of the tropics." (C.L. Brace, 1993. Clines and clusters..")
"An attempt has been made to estimate male and female Egyptian stature from long bone length using Trotter & Gleser negro stature formulae, previous work by the authors having shown that these rather than white formulae give more consistent results with male dynastic material... When consistency has been achieved in this way, predynastic proportions are founded to be such that distal segments of the limbs are even longer in relation to the proximal segments than they are in modern negroes. Such proportions are termed "super-negroid"...
Robins (1983) and Robins & Shute (1983) have shown that more consistent results are obtained from ancient Egyptian male skeletons if Trotter & Gleser formulae for negro are used, rather than those for whites which have always been applied in the past. .. their physical proportions were more like modern negroes than those of modern whites, with limbs that were relatively long compared with the trunk, and distal segments that were long compared with the proximal segments. If ancient Egyptian males had what may be termed negroid proportions, it seems reasonable that females did likewise." (Robins G, Shute CCD. 1986. Predynastic Egyptian stature and physical proportions. Hum Evol 1:313-324. Ruff CB. 1994.)
The ancient Badarians were quite representative of ancient Egyptians as a whole and showed clear links with tropical Africans to the south. They have been sometimes excluded in studies of the ancient Egyptian population, which shows continuity in its history, not mass influxes of foreigners until the late periods.
Quotes: "As a result of their facial prognathism, the Badarian sample has been described as forming a morphological cluster with Nubian, Tigrean, and other southern (or \Negroid") groups (Morant, 1935, 1937; Mukherjee et al., 1955; Nutter, 1958, Strouhal, 1971; Angel, 1972; Keita, 1990). Cranial nonmetric trait studies have found this group to be similar to other Egyptians, including much later material (Berry and Berry, 1967, 1972), but also to be significantly different from LPD material (Berry et al., 1967). Similarly, the study of dental nonmetric traits has suggested that the Badarian population is at the centroid of Egyptian dental samples (Irish, 2006), thereby suggesting similarity and hence continuity across Egyptian time periods. From the central location of the Badarian samples in Figure 2, the current study finds the Badarian to be relatively morphologically close to the centroid of all the Egyptian samples. The Badarian have been shown to exhibit greatest morphological similarity with the temporally successive EPD (Table 5). Finally, the biological distinctiveness of the Badarian from other Egyptian samples has also been demonstrated (Tables 6 and 7).
These results suggest that the EDyn do form a distinct morphological pattern. Their overlap with other Egyptian samples (in PC space, Fig. 2) suggests that although their morphology is distinctive, the pattern does overlap with the other time periods. These results therefore do not support the Petrie concept of a \Dynastic race" (Petrie, 1939; Derry, 1956). Instead, the results suggest that the Egyptian state was not the product of mass movement of populations into the Egyptian Nile region, but rather that it was the result of primarily indigenous development combined with prolonged small-scale migration, potentially from trade, military, or other contacts.
This evidence suggests that the process of state formation itself may have been mainly an indigenous process, but that it may have occurred in association with in-migration to the Abydos region of the Nile Valley. This potential in-migration may have occurred particularly during the EDyn and OK. A possible explanation is that the Egyptian state formed through increasing control of trade and raw materials, or due to military actions, potentially associated with the use of the Nile Valley as a corridor for prolonged small scale movements through the desert environment. (Sonia R. Zakrzewski. (2007). Population Continuity or Population Change: Formation of the Ancient Egyptian State. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 132:501-509)
Ancient Egyptians most related to other Africans and are part of a Nilotic continuity rather than something Mediterranean or Middle Eastern
"Certainly there was some foreign admixture [in Egypt], but basically a homogeneous African population had lived in the Nile Valley from ancient to modern times... [the] Badarian people, who developed the earliest Predynastic Egyptian culture, already exhibited the mix of North African and Sub-Saharan physical traits that have typified Egyptians ever since (Hassan 1985; Yurco 1989; Trigger 1978; Keita 1990.. et al.,)... The peoples of Egypt, the Sudan, and much of East African Ethiopia and Somalia are now generally regarded as a Nilotic continuity, with widely ranging physical features (complexions light to dark, various hair and craniofacial types) but with powerful common cultural traits, including cattle pastoralist traditions.." (Frank Yurco, "An Egyptological Review," 1996 -in Mary R. Lefkowitz and Guy MacLean Rogers, Black Athena Revisited, 1996, The University of North Carolina Press, p. 62-100)
African peoples are the most diverse in the world whether analyzed by DNA or skeletal or cranial methods. Attempts to deny this are rooted in racism and error. African people, particularly SUB-SAHARAN Africans, vary the most in how they look, more so than any other population in the world.
"Estimates of genetic diversity in major geographic regions are frequently made by pooling all individuals into regional aggregates. This method can potentially bias results if there are differences in population substructure within regions, since increased variation among local populations could inflate regional diversity. A preferred method of estimating regional diversity is to compute the mean diversity within local populations. Both methods are applied to a global sample of craniometric data consisting of 57 measurements taken on 1734 crania from 18 local populations in six geographic regions: sub-Saharan Africa, Europe, East Asia, Australasia, Polynesia, and the Americas. Each region is represented by three local populations.
Both methods for estimating regional diversity show sub-Saharan Africa to have the highest levels of phenotypic variation, consistent with many genetic studies." (Relethford, John "Global Analysis of Regional Differences in Craniometric Diversity and Population Substructure". Human Biology - Volume 73, Number 5, October 2001, pp. 629-636)
"The living peoples of the African continent are diverse in facial characteristics, stature, skin color, hair form, genetics, and other characteristics. No one set of characteristics is more African than another. Variability is also found in "sub-Saharan" Africa, to which the word "Africa" is sometimes erroneously restricted. There is a problem with definitions. Sometimes Africa is defined using cultural factors, like language, that exclude developments that clearly arose in Africa. For example, sometimes even the Horn of Africa (Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea) is excluded because of geography and language and the fact that some of its peoples have narrow noses and faces.
However, the Horn is at the same latitude as Nigeria, and its languages are African. The latitude of 15 degree passes through Timbuktu, surely in "sub-Saharan Africa," as well as Khartoum in Sudan; both are north of the Horn. Another false idea is that supra-Saharan and Saharan Africa were peopled after the emergence of "Europeans" or Near Easterners by populations coming from outside Africa. Hence, the ancient Egyptians in some writings have been de-Africanized. These ideas, which limit the definition of Africa and Africans, are rooted in racism and earlier, erroneous "scientific" approaches." (S. Keita, "The Diversity of Indigenous Africans," in Egypt in Africa, Theodore Clenko, Editor (1996), pp. 104-105. [10])
Modern DNA studies find even though some African peoples look different, they are genetically related through the PN2 transition clade of the Y-chromosone. Haplogroup E links numerous peoples together even though they don't look exactly the same.
"But the Y-chromosome clade defined by the PN2 transition (PN2/M35, PN2/M2) shatters the boundaries of phenotypically defined races and true breeding populations across a great geographical expanse. African peoples with a range of skin colors, hair forms and physiognomies have substantial percentages of males whose Y chromosomes form closely related clades with each other, but not with others who are phenotypically similar. The individuals in the morphologically or geographically defined 'races' are not characterized by 'private' distinct lineages restricted to each of them." (S O Y Keita, R A Kittles, et al. "Conceptualizing human variation," Nature Genetics 36, S17 - S20 (2004)
"Recall that the Horn-Nile Valley crania show, as a group, the largest overlap with other regions. A review of the recent literature indicates that there are male lineage ties between African peoples who have been traditionally labeled as being ''racially'' different, with ''racially'' implying an ontologically deep divide. The PN2 transition, a Y chromosome marker, defines a lineage (within the YAPţ derived haplogroup E or III) that emerged in Africa probably before the last glacial maximum, but after the migration of modern humans from Africa (see Semino et al., 2004). This mutation forms a clade that has two daughter subclades (defined by the biallelic markers M35/215 (or 215/M35) and M2) that unites numerous phenotypically variant African populations from the supra-Saharan, Saharan, and sub-Saharan regions.." (S.O.Y Keita. Exploring northeast African metric craniofacial variation at the individual level: A comparative study using principal component analysis. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 16:679-689, 2004.) keita2004neanalysis.htm
"Africa contains tremendous cultural, linguistic and genetic diversity, and has more than 2,000 distinct ethnic groups and languages.. Studies using mitochondrial (mt)DNA and nuclear DNA markers consistently indicate that Africa is the most genetically diverse region of the world." (Tishkoff SA, Williams SM., Genetic analysis of African populations: human evolution and complex disease. Nature Reviews Genetics. 2002 Aug (8):611-21.)
DNA of some modern Egyptians found a genetic ancestral heritage to East Africa: "The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity of 58 individuals from Upper Egypt, more than half (34 individuals) from Gurna, whose population has an ancient cultural history, were studied by sequencing the control-region and screening diagnostic RFLP markers. This sedentary population presented similarities to the Ethiopian population by the L1 and L2 macrohaplogroup frequency (20.6%), by the West Eurasian component (defined by haplogroups H to K and T to X) and particularly by a high frequency (17.6%) of haplogroup M1. We statistically and phylogenetically analysed and compared the Gurna population with other Egyptian, Near East and sub-Saharan Africa populations; AMOVA and Minimum Spanning Network analysis showed that the Gurna population was not isolated from neighbouring populations. Our results suggest that the Gurna population has conserved the trace of an ancestral genetic structure from an ancestral East African population, characterized by a high M1 haplogroup frequency. The current structure of the Egyptian population may be the result of further influence of neighbouring populations on this ancestral population." (Stevanovitch A, Gilles A, Bouzaid E, et al. (2004) Mitochondrial DNA sequence diversity in a sedentary population from Egypt.Ann Hum Genet. 68(Pt 1):23-39.)
Tishkoff et al on Africa having the most genetic diversity:
"Africa contains tremendous cultural, linguistic and genetic diversity, and has more than 2,000 distinct ethnic groups and languages (see online link to Ethnologue). Studies using mitochondrial (mt)DNA and nuclear DNA markers consistently indicate that Africa is the most genetically diverse region of the world(TABLE 1).However,most studies report only a few markers in divergent African populations, which makes it difficult to draw general conclusions about the levels and patterns of genetic diversity in these populations (FIG. 1). Because genetic studies have been biased towards more economically developed African countries that have key research or medical centres, populations from more underdeveloped or politically unstable regions of Africa remain undersampled (FIG. 1). Historically, human population genetic studies have relied on one or two African populations as being representative of African diversity, but recent studies show extensive genetic variation among even geographically close African populations, which indicates that there is not a single 'representative' African population." -- Tishkoff NATURE REVIEWS | GENETICS VOLUME 3 | AUGUST 2002
"Genetic studies that attempt to recover the biological history of the species have generally found that there is a split between their restricted African samples and "the rest of the world." These approaches conceptualize human population history as a series of bifurcations with each node being relatively uniform. The "Africans" usually used are either the short statured Aka or Mbuti, Khoisan speakers, or West African stereotype s, in keeping with a socially, not scientifically constructed concept of African. Studies using individuals as the unit of analysis evince a different pattern. A select subset of Africans called the "group of 49" forms a unit versus the rest of humankind. However the latter individuals ("rest of humankind") also includes non-East African sub-Saharans. Hence there is no "racial" split. As has been stated, the idea that human variation can be described as being structured by subspecies(races) that are treated as lineages is fundamentally false. In actuality, also, although averages are used, the gene studies usually give us histories that are not necessarily the same as population histories." Writing African History Chapter 4, Physical Anthropology and African History, Shomarka Keita University of Rochester Press p.134
Continent wide African DNA linkages "The most extensive pan-African haplotype (16189 16192 16223 16278 16294 16309 16390) is in the L2a1 haplogroup. This sequence is observed in West Africa among the Malinke, Wolof, and others; in North Africa among the Maure, Hausa, Fulbe, and others; in Central Africa among the Bamileke, Fali, and others; in South Africa among the Khoisan family including the Khwe and Bantu speakers; and in East Africa among the Kikuyu. Closely related variants are observed among the Tuareg in North and West Africa and among the East African Dinka and Somali." (-- Bert Ely , Jamie Lee Wilson , Fatimah Jackson and Bruce A Jackson. (2006). African-American mitochondrial DNAs often match mtDNAs found in multiple African ethnic groups. BMC Biology 2006, 4:34)
"It is of interest that the M35 and M2 lineages are united by a mutation - the PN2 transition. This PN2 defined clade originated in East Africa, where various populations have a notable frequency of its underived state. This would suggest that an ancient population in East Africa, or more correctly its males, form the basis of the ancestors of all African upper Paleolithic populations - and their subsequent descendants in the present day." (--Bengston, John D. (ed.), In Hot Pursuit of Language in Prehistory: Essays in the four fields of anthropology. 2008. John Benjamins Publishing: pp. 3-16)
Egyptian Y-chromosome haplotypes show preponderance is with African clusters not Europe or the Near East
Recent DNA studies of the Sudan show genetic unity and linkage between the Sudanic, Horn, Egyptian, Nubian and other Nilotic peoples, confirming earlier skeletal/cranial studies and historical data. (Yurco (1989, 1996), Keita (1993,2004, 2005) Lovell (1999), Zakrewski (2003, 2007) et. al). Of note is that DNA data shows that some peoples linked to one of the oldest Egyptian populations, the original Copts, have a significant frequency of the B-M60 marker, indicating early colonization of Egypt by Nilotics in the state formation period.
QUOTES:
"Haplogroup E-M78, however, is more widely distributed and is thought to have an origin in eastern African. More recently, this haplogroup has been carefully dissected and was found to depict several well-established subclades with defined geographical clustering (Cruciani et al., 2006, 2007). Although this haplogroup is common to most Sudanese populations, it has exceptionally high frequency among populations like those of western Sudan (particularly Darfur) and the Beja in eastern Sudan... Although the PC plot places the Beja and Amhara from Ethiopia in one sub-cluster based on shared frequencies of the haplogroup J1, the distribution of M78 subclades (Table 2) indicates that the Beja are perhaps related as well to the Oromo on the basis of the considerable frequencies of E-V32 among Oromo in comparison to Amhara (Cruciani et al., 2007)...
These findings affirm the historical contact between Ethiopia and eastern Sudan (1998), and the fact that these populations speak languages of the Afroasiatic family tree reinforces the strong correlation between linguistic and genetic diversity (Cavalli-Sforza, 1997)."
"Genetic continuum of the Nubians with their kin in southern Egypt is indicated by comparable frequencies of E-V12 the predominant M78 subclade among southern Egyptians." [Hassan et al. Y-chromosome variation.." Am J. Phy Anthro. v137,3. 316-323
"The Copt samples displayed a most interesting Y-profile, enough (as much as that of Gaalien in Sudan) to suggest that they actually represent a living record of the peopling of Egypt. The significant frequency of B-M60 in this group might be a relic of a history of colonization of southern Egypt probably by Nilotics in the early state formation, something that conforms both to recorded history and to Egyptian mythology." Source: (Hisham Y. Hassan 1, Peter A. Underhill 2, Luca L. Cavalli-Sforza 2, Muntaser E. Ibrahim 1. (2008). Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: Restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history. Am J Phys Anthropology, 2008. Volume 137 Issue 3, Pages 316 - 323)
Older research notes the physical makeup of the original Copts, now confirmed by recent DNA data above: "In Libya, which is mostly desert and oasis, there is a visible Negroid element in the sedentary populations, and at the same is true of the Fellahin of Egypt, whether Copt or Muslim. Osteological studies have shown that the Negroid element was stronger in predynastic times than at present, reflecting an early movement northward along the banks of the Nile, which were then heavily forested." (Encyclopedia Britannica 1984 ed. "Populations, Human")
Haplogroup E3A and E3B represent more than 70% of the Y-chromosones on the African continent, with varying proportions found in different parts of the continent. In some African populations for example, E3B exceeds 80%. Migrations out of Africa, are responsible for the spread of E3b to Europe. Non-Africans thus acquired a sub-set f African genes through this migration.
"In Europe, the overall frequency pattern of haplogroup E-M78 does not support the hypothesis of a uniform spread of people from a single parental Near Eastern population... The Y chromosome specific biallelic marker DYS271 defines the most common haplogroup (E3a) currently found in sub-Saharan Africa. A sister clade, E3b (E-M215), is rare in sub-Saharan Africa, but very common in northern and eastern Africa. On the whole, these two clades represent more than 70% of the Y chromosomes of the African continent. A third clade belonging to E3 (E3c or E-M329) has been recently reported to be present only in eastern Africa, at low frequencies.. The new topology of the E3 haplogroup is suggestive of a relatively recent eastern African origin for the majority of the chromosomes presently found in sub-Saharan Africa."
"In conclusion, we detected the signatures of several distinct processes of migration and/or recurrent gene flow associated with the dispersal of haplogroup E3b lineages. Early events involved the dispersal of E-M78d chromosomes from eastern Africa into and out of Africa, as well as the introduction of the E-M34 subclade into Africa from the Near East. Later events involved short-range migrations within Africa (E-M78? and E-V6) and from northern Africa into Europe (E-M81 and E-M78ß), as well as an important range expansion from the Balkans to western and southern-central Europe (E-M78a). This latter expansion was the main contributor to the present distribution of E3b chromosomes in Europe."
(Cruciani, F, et. al. (2004) Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa, Am J Hum Genet. 74(5): 1014-1022.)
Somalis link much more heavily with African populations such as those in Kenya and Ethiopia than Middle Eastern or European ones according to DNA evidence. Eurasian genes only accounted for about 15% of the mix among Somalis, typically associated with recent Arab influence. On such key common DNA markers as E3b1, Europeans only weighed in at 5%, and Middle Easterners at approximately 6%. The overwhelming link of Somalis- over 85% of the total is with Africans. Kenya and Ethiopia are located in "sub-Saharan" Africa.
"The high frequency (77.6%) of haplogroup E3b1 was characteristic of male Somalis. The frequency of E3b1 was significantly lower in Ethiopian Oromos (35.9%), Ethiopian Amharas (22.9%), Egyptians (20.0%), Sudanese (17.5%), Kenyans (15.1%),10 Iraqis (6.3%), Northern Africans (6.1%), Southern Europeans (0.5-5.1%) and sub-Saharan populations." (Sanchez et al.,(2005) High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males, Eu J of Hum Genet (2005) 13, 856-866)
Simplistic "race percentage" models are dubious in Africa which has the highest genetic diversity in the world. That diversity proceeded from deeper sub-Saharan Africa, to East and N.E. Africa, then to the rest of the globe. All other populations, including Europeans and "Middle easterners" carry this diversity which was built into Africa to begin with. Africans thus don't need any "race mix" to look different. Their diversity is built-in and supplied the whole globe. Any returnees or "backflow" to Africa looked like Africans. (Brace 2005, Hanihara 1996, Holliday 2003).
"These studies suggest a recent and primary subdivision between African and non-African populations, high levels of divergence among African populations, and a recent shared common ancestry of non-African populations, from a population originating in Africa. The intermediate position, between African and non-African populations, that the Ethiopian Jews and Somalis occupy in the PCA plot also has been observed in other genetic studies (Ritte et al. 1993; Passarino et al. 1998) and could be due either to shared common ancestry or to recent gene flow. The fact that the Ethiopians and Somalis have a subset of the sub-Saharan African haplotype diversity and that the non-African populations have a subset of the diversity present in Ethiopians and Somalis makes simple-admixture models less likely; rather, these observations support the hypothesis proposed by other nuclear-genetic studies (Tishkoff et al. 1996a, 1998a, 1998b; Kidd et al. 1998) that populations in northeastern Africa may have diverged from those in the rest of sub-Saharan Africa early in the history of modern African populations and that a subset of this northeastern-African population migrated out of Africa and populated the rest of the globe. These conclusions are supported by recent mtDNA analysis (Quintana-Murci et al. 1999)." [Tishkoff et al. (2000) Short Tandem-Repeat Polymorphism/Alu Haplotype Variation at the PLAT Locus: Implications for Modern Human Origins. Am J Hum Genet; 67:901-925]
Data on Ethiopian peoples like the Oromo are underreported even though they make up the largest group percentage wise in the Ethiopian population, (50%) and are often pooled with others, hiding and obscuring their overall contribution to the Ethiopian gene pool.
"This difference, not revealed in the study by Passarino et al. (1998), in which the Oromo were underrepresented, might reflect distinct population histories." (--Semino, et al. (2002). Ethiopians and Khoisan Share the Deepest Clades of the Human Y..")
"These data, together with those reported elsewhere (Ritte et al. 1993a, 1993b; Hammer et al. 2000) suggest that the Ethiopian Jews acquired their religion without substantial genetic admixture from Middle Eastern peoples and that they can be considered an ethnic group with essentially a continental African genetic composition." (Cruciani, et. al Am J Hum Genet. 2002 May; 70(5): 1197-1214. "A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes)
"An earlier generation of anthropologists tried to explain face form in the Horn of Africa as the result of admixture from hypothetical “wandering Caucasoids,”.. but that explanation founders on the paradox of why that supposedly potent “Caucasoid” people contributed a dominant quantity of genes for nose and face form but none for skin color or limb proportions." --CL Brace, 1993
[Afrocentric critic Mary Leftokwitz says Egypt was peopled by persons from sub-Saharan Africa:
"Recent work on skeletons and DNA suggests that the people who settled in the Nile valley, like all of humankind, came from somewhere south of the Sahara; they were not (as some nineteenth-century scholars had supposed) invaders from the North. See Bruce G. Trigger, "The Rise of Civilization in Egypt," Cambridge History of Africa (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1982), vol I, pp 489-90; S. O. Y. Keita, "Studies and Comments on Ancient Egyptian Biological Relationships," History in Africa 20 (1993) 129-54. (Mary Lefkotitz (1997). Not Out of Africa: How Afrocentrism Became an Excuse to Teach Myth as History. Basic Books. pg 242) [/QB][/QUOTE]
In Black Athena Revisited, Lefkowitz finds similarity between Egyptians and Sudanics and recommends the work of conservative anthropologist Nancy Lovell for more research on the subject.
Quote: "not surprisingly, the Egyptian skulls were not very distance from the Jebel Moya [a Neolithic site in the southern Sudan] skulls, but were much more distance from all others, including those from West Africa. Such a study suggests a closer genetic affinity between peoples in Egypt and the northern Sudan, which were close geographically and are known to have had considerable cultural contact throughout prehistory and pharaonic history... Clearly more analyses of the physical remains of ancient Egyptians need to be done using current techniques, such as those of Nancy Lovell at the University of Alberta is using in her work.."
Lefkotitz cites Keita 1993 in Not Out of Africa. Here is Keita on the Jebel Moya studies?
"Overall, when the Egyptian crania are evaluated in a Near Eastern (Lachish) versus African (Kerma, Jebel Moya, Ashanti) context) the affinity is with the Africans. The Sudan and Palestine are the most appropriate comparative regions which would have 'donated' people, along with the Sahara and Maghreb. Archaeology validates looking to these regions for population flow (see Hassan 1988)... Egyptian groups showed less overall affinity to Palestinian and Byzantine remains than to other African series, especially Sudanese." [/img] S. O. Y. Keita, "Studies and Comments on Ancient Egyptian Biological Relationships," History in Africa 20 (1993) 129-54
Hereis the work of the anthropologist so strongly recommended by Lefkowitz, Nancy Lovell:
"There is now a sufficient body of evidence from modern studies of skeletal remains to indicate that the ancient Egyptians, especially southern Egyptians, exhibited physical characteristics that are within the range of variation for ancient and modern indigenous peoples of the Sahara and tropical Africa.. In general, the inhabitants of Upper Egypt and Nubia had the greatest biological affinity to people of the Sahara and more southerly areas." (Nancy C. Lovell, " Egyptians, physical anthropology of," in Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, ed. Kathryn A. Bard and Steven Blake Shubert, ( London and New York: Routledge, 1999) pp 328-332)
and
"must be placed in the context of hypotheses informed by archaeological, linguistic, geographic and other data. In such contexts, the physical anthropological evidence indicates that early Nile Valley populations can be identified as part of an African lineage, but exhibiting local variation. This variation represents the short and long term effects of evolutionary forces, such as gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection, influenced by culture and geography." ("Nancy C. Lovell, " Egyptians, physical anthropology of," in Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, ed. Kathryn A. Bard and Steven Blake Shubert, ( London and New York: Routledge, 1999). pp 328-332)
Obviously, this shows that the Egyptians were completely white, and how foolish the Afrocentrists are to reject this notion. After all Afrocentric critic Mary Lefkowitz recommends Lovell's research..
The same Nancy Lovell recommended by Lefkowitz studied dental traits among some high status persons of the key Egyptian Naqada group and found that they resembled the peoples of Nubia.
T. Prowse, and N. Lovell "Concordance of cranial and dental morphological traits and evidence for endogamy in ancient Egypt" American journal of physical anthropology. 1996, vol. 101, no2, pp. 237-246 (2 p.1/4)
A biological affinities study based on frequencies of cranial nonmetric traits in skeletal samples from three cemeteries at Predynastic Naqada, Egypt, confirms the results of a recent nonmetric dental morphological analysis. Both cranial and dental traits analyses indicate that the individuals buried in a cemetery characterized archaeologically as high status are significantly different from individuals buried in two other, apparently non-elite cemeteries and that the non-elite samples are not significantly different from each other. A comparison with neighboring Nile Valley skeletal samples suggests that the high status cemetery represents an endogamous ruling or elite segment of the local population at Naqada, which is more closely related to populations in northern Nubia than to neighboring populations in southern Egypt.
Lefkowitz warns against Eurocentric "racial" analysis as to the Egyptians and Nubians.
Quote: "The Nubian tribute-bearers are painted in two skin tones, black and dark brown. These tones do not necessarily represent actual skin tones in real life but may serve to distinguish each tribute-bearer from the next in a row in which the figures overlap. Alternatively, the brown-skinned people may be of Nubian origin, and the black-skinned ones may be farther south 9Trigger 1978, 33). The shading of skin tones in Egyptian tomb paintings, which varies considerably, may not be a certain criterion for distinguishing race. Specific symbols of ethnic identity can also vary. Identifying race in Egyptian representational art, again, is difficult to do- probably because race (as opposed to ethnic affiliation, that is, Egyptians versus all non-Egyptians) was not a criterion for differentiation used by the ancient Egyptians...
Northern Egypt shows more physical variation than the south, but not necessarily as part of any significant 'race' mix, but local, built-in variation. They were closer to southerners than any other peoples. In comparisons with "Middle Eastern" populations of the same ancient period, the Egyptians link more closely with other Africans than the Middle Easterners. Africans vary in how they look because they have the highest built-in molecular diversity to begin with.
QUOTE(s): "..sample populations available from northern Egypt from before the 1st Dynasty (Merimda, Maadi and Wadi Digla) turn out to be significantly different from sample populations from early Palestine and Byblos, suggesting a lack of common ancestors over a long time. If there was a south-north cline variation along the Nile valley it did not, from this limited evidence, continue smoothly on into southern Palestine. The limb-length proportions of males from the Egyptian sites group them with Africans rather than with Europeans." (Barry Kemp, "Ancient Egypt Anatomy of a Civilisation. (2005) Routledge. p. 52-60)
"Individuals from different geographical regions frequently plotted near each other, revealing aspects of variation at the level of individuals that is obscured by concentrating on the most distinctive facial traits once used to construct ''types.''The high level of African interindividual variation in craniometric pattern is reminiscent of the great level of molecular diversity found in Africa." (S.O.Y Keita. Exploring northeast African metric craniofacial variation at the individual level: A comparative study using principal component analysis. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 16:679-689, 2004.)
Quote on northern Egypt analysis- the Qarunian (Faiyum) remains (c. 7000 BC) "The body was that of a forty-year old woman with a height of about 1.6 meters, who was of a more modern racial type than the classic 'Mechtoid' of the Fakhurian culture (see pp. 65-6), being generally more gracile, having large teeth and thick jaws bearing some resemblance to the modern 'negroid' type." (Beatrix Midant-Reynes, Ian Shaw (2000). The Prehistory of Egypt. Wiley-Blackwell. pg. 82)
Modern studies show diversity in how people look is heavily based on distance from sub-Saharan Africa, not merely climate. In genetically diverse Africa, broad-nosed people live on the cool or cold mountain slopes of East Africa or the hot, dry Sahara, and narrow-nosed peoples like many Fulani like in the wet tropics of West Africa. Yellowish-skinned San tribes live in the hot zones of Southern Africa.
"The relative importance of ancient demography and climate in determining worldwide patterns of human within-population phenotypic diversity is still open to debate. Several morphometric traits have been argued to be under selection by climatic factors, but it is unclear whether climate affects the global decline in morphological diversity with increasing geographical distance from sub-Saharan Africa. Using a large database of male and female skull measurements, we apply an explicit framework to quantify the relative role of climate and distance from Africa. We show that distance from sub-Saharan Africa is the sole determinant of human within-population phenotypic diversity, while climate plays no role. By selecting the most informative set of traits, it was possible to explain over half of the worldwide variation in phenotypic diversity. These results mirror those previously obtained for genetic markers and show that 'bones and molecules' are in perfect agreement for humans." (Distance from Africa, not climate, explains within-population phenotypic diversity in humans. (2008) by: Lia Betti, François Balloux, William Amos, Tsunehiko Hanihara, Andrea Manica, Proceedings B: Biological Sciences, 2008/12/02)
Analysis of skeletal and cranial remains reveals that the ancient Egyptians of the early Dynastic and pre-Dynastic phases, link closer to nearby Saharan, Sudanic and East African populations than Mediterranean and Middle Eastern peoples. Greeks, Romans, Hyskos, Arabs and others were to appear later in Egyptian history. Craniometric studies generally place ancient Upper Egyptian populations closer to the range of tropical Africans in the Nile Valley and East Africa than to Mediterraneans, or Middle Easterners.
QUOTE(s): S. O. Y. Keita, "Studies and Comments on Ancient Egyptian Biological Relationships," History in Africa 20 (1993) 129-54
"Overall, when the Egyptian crania are evaluated in a Near Eastern (Lachish) versus African (Kerma, Kebel Moya, Ashanti) context) the affinity is with the Africans. The Sudan and Palestine are the most appropriate comparative regions which would have 'donated' people, along with the Sahara and Maghreb. Archaeology validates looking to these regions for population flow (see Hassan 1988)... Egyptian groups showed less overall affinity to Palestinian and Byzantine remains than to other African series, especially Sudanese." (Keita 1993)
"When the unlikely relationships [Indian matches] and eliminated, the Egyptian series are more similar overall to other African series than to European or Near Eastern (Byzantine or Palestinian) series." (Keita 1993)
"Populations and cultures now found south of the desert roamed far to the north. The culture of Upper Egypt, which became dynastic Egyptian civilization, could fairly be called a Sudanese transplant."(Egypt and Sub-Saharan Africa: Their Interaction. Encyclopedia of Precolonial Africa, by Joseph O. Vogel, AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, California (1997), pp. 465-472 )
"Analysis of crania is the traditional approach to assessing ancient population origins, relationships, and diversity. In studies based on anatomical traits and measurements of crania, similarities have been found between Nile Valley crania from 30,000, 20,000 and 12,000 years ago and various African remains from more recent times (see Thoma 1984; Brauer and Rimbach 1990; Angel and Kelley 1986; Keita 1993). Studies of crania from southern predynastic Egypt, from the formative period (4000-3100 B.C.), show them usually to be more similar to the crania of ancient Nubians, Kushites, Saharans, or modern groups from the Horn of Africa than to those of dynastic northern Egyptians or ancient or modern southern Europeans." (S. O. Y and A.J. Boyce, "The Geographical Origins and Population Relationships of Early Ancient Egyptians", in Egypt in Africa, Theodore Celenko (ed), Indiana University Press, 1996, pp. 20-33)
"There is no archaeological, linguistic, or historical data which indicate a European or Asiatic invasion of, or migration to, the Nile Valley during First Dynasty times. Previous concepts about the origin of the First Dynasty Egyptians as being somehow external to the Nile Valley or less native are not supported by archaeology... In summary, the Abydos First Dynasty royal tomb contents reveal a notable craniometric heterogeneity. Southerners predominate. (Kieta, S. (1992) Further Studies of Crania From Ancient Northern Africa: An Analysis of Crania From First Dynasty Egyptian Tombs, Using Multiple Discriminant Functions. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 87:245-254)"
"The predominant craniometric pattern in the Abydos royal tombs is 'southern' (tropical African variant), and this is consistent with what would be expected based on the literature and other results (Keita, 1990). This pattern is seen in both group and unknown analyses... Archaeology and history seem to provide the most parsimonious explanation for the variation in the royal tombs at Abydos.. Tomb design suggests the presence of northerners in the south in late Nakada times (Hoffman, 1988) when the unification probably took place. Delta names are attached to some of the tombs at Abydos (Gardiner, 1961; Yurco, 1990, personal communication), thus perhaps supporting Petrie's (1939) and Gardiner's contention that north-south marriages were undertaken to legitimize the hegemony of the south. The courtiers of northern elites would have accompanied them.
Given all of the above, it is probably not possible to view the Abydos royal tomb sample as representative of the general southern Upper Egyptian population of the time. Southern elites and/or their descendants eventually came to be buried in the north (Hoffman, 1988). Hence early Second Dynasty kings and Djoser (Dynasty 111) (Hayes, 1953) and his descendants are not buried in Abydos. Petrie (1939) states that the Third Dynasty, buried in the north, was of Sudanese origin, but southern Egypt is equally likely. This perhaps explains Harris and Weeks' (1973) suggested findings of southern morphologies in some Old Kingdom Giza remains, also verified in portraiture (Drake, 1987). Further study would be required to ascertain trends in the general population of both regions. The strong Sudanese affinity noted in the unknown analyses may reflect the Nubian interactions with upper Egypt in predynastic times prior to Egyptian unification (Williams, 1980,1986)..." (S. Keita (1992) Further Studies of Crania From Ancient Northern Africa: An Analysis of Crania From First Dynasty Egyptian Tombs, Using Multiple Discriminant Functions. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 87:245-254)
"When the Elephantine results were added to a broader pooling of the physical characteristics drawn from a wide geographic region which includes Africa, the Mediterranean and the Near East quite strong affinities emerge between Elephantine and populations from Nubia, supporting a strong south-north cline. (Barry Kemp. (2006) Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization. p. 54)
Gene flow into the Nubian area during the Neolithic was not from reputed "wandering Caucasoids" but from tropical, Sub-Saharan types.
"Prior to the Neolithic, populations of the Nile Valley in Nubia are very robust, and, because of a gap in the fossil record, it is difficult to connect them to later populations. Some have postulated a local evolution, due to diet change, while others postulated migrations, especially from the Sahara area. But between 5000 and 1000 BC, many cemeteries have supplied a large amount of skeletons, and the anatomical characters of Nubian populations are easier to follow-up. Twenty-seven archaeological samples (4 at 5000 BC, 5 at 4000 BC, 10 at 3000 BC, 3 at 2000 BC, 5 at 1000 BC), and 10 craniofacial measurements, have been considered. While cerebral skull is fairly stable, facial skull displays several regular modifications, and specially a reduction of facial and nasal heights, a broadening of the nose, and an increase of prognathism, while bizygomatic breadth is unchanged. These features illustrate a trend towards a growing resemblance with populations of Sub-Saharan Africa living in wet environments. However, paleoclimatological studies show that Nubia experienced an increasing aridification during that period. It is then unlikely that such a morphological change could be related to any local adaptive evolution to environment. Random drift is also unlikely, because the anatomical trend is relatively uniform during these millennia. It then seems more plausible that these changes correspond to the increasing presence of Southern populations migrating northward." -- Froment, A. (2002) Morphological micro-evolution of Nubian Populations from, A-Group to Christian Epochs: gene flow, not local adaptation. Am J Phys Anthropol [Suppl] 34:72.
Afrocentric critic Froment also notes: "Black populations of the Horn of Africa (Tigré and Somalia) fit well into Egyptian variations." (Froment, Alain, Origines du peuplement de l’Égypte ancienne: l’apport de l’anthropobiologie, Archéo-Nil 2 (Octobre 1992), 79-98)
Afrocentric critic C. Loring Brace's 2005 study groups ancient Egyptian populations like the Naqada closer to Nubians and Somalis than European, Mediterranean or Middle Eastern populations. Brace's study shows that the closest European linking with Africans in Egypt or Nubia are Middle Stone Age Portugese and Neolithics, OLDER populations more closely resembling AFRICANS than modern Europeans. Early Neolithic populations, like the Nautifians, in what is now Israel, show sub-Saharan 'negroid' affinities. (Brace, et al. The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 January 3; 103(1): p. 242-247.)
"The Niger-Congo speakers, Congo, Dahomey and Haya, cluster closely with each other and a bit less closely with the Nubian sample, both the recent and the Bronze Age Nubians, and more remotely with the Naqada Bronze Age sample of Egypt, the modern Somalis, and the Arabic-speaking Fellaheen (farmers) of Israel. When those samples are separated and run in a single analysis as in Fig. 1, there clearly is a tie between them that is diluted the farther one gets from sub-Saharan Africa" (Brace, 2005)
"The surprise is that the Neolithic peoples of Europe and their Bronze Age successors are not closely related to the modern inhabitants, although the prehistoric/modern ties are somewhat more apparent in southern Europe. It is a further surprise that the Epipalaeolithic Natufian of Israel from whom the Neolithic realm was assumed to arise has a clear link to Sub-Saharan Africa... Interestingly enough, however, the small Natufian sample falls between the Niger-Congo group and the other samples used. Fig. 2 shows the plot produced by the first two canonical variates, but the same thing happens when canonical variates 1 and 3 (not shown here) are used. This placement suggests that there may have been a Sub-Saharan African element in the make-up of the Natufians (the putative ancestors of the subsequent Neolithic), .. When canonical variates are plotted, neither sample ties in with Cro-Magnon as was once suggested. The data treated here support the idea that the Neolithic moved out of the Near East into the circum-Mediterranean areas and Europe by a process of demic diffusion but that subsequently the in situ residents of those areas, derived from the Late Pleistocene inhabitants, absorbed both the agricultural life way and the people who had brought it." (Brace, 2005)
Both skeletal/cranial and DNA studies by other authors confirm that some Neolithics did not derive from the Near East. They most likely resembled African populations. Hence comparisons using older European Neolithics versus Africans are comparisons with older prehistoric Europeans who looked more like Africans, than modern 'white' Europeans, as shown by Brace (2005), and Hanihara (1996) also, who states "Early West Asians looked like Africans."
"The absence of mtDNA haplogroup J in the ancient Portuguese Neolithic sample suggests that this population was not derived directly from Near Eastern farmers. The Mesolithic and Neolithic groups show genetic discontinuity implying colonisation at the Neolithic transition in Portugal." (CHANDLER, H.; SYKES, B.; ZILHĂO, J. (2005) - Using ancient DNA to examine genetic continuity at the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in Portugal, in ARIAS, P.; ONTAŃÓN, R.; GARCÍA-MONCÓ, C. (eds.) - «Actas del III Congreso del Neolítico en la Península Ibérica», Santander, Monografías del Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistóricas de Cantabria 1, p. 781-786.)
"Early Europeans still resembled modern tropical peoples - some resemble modern Australian and Africans, more than modern Europeans.. Nor does the picture get any clearer when we move on to the Cro-Magnons, the presumed ancestors of modern Europeans. Some were more like present-day Australians or Africans, judged by objective anatomical observations." (Christopher Stringer, Robin McKie (1998). African Exodus. Macmillan, p. 162)
Early Europeans, as recently as 6,000-9000 years ago, looked somewhat like Africans in terms of retained 'tropical' characteristics. Cold adaptation was to bring about several physical changes over time from the initial Out of Africa migrations to Europe. Retained traces of 'tropical' characteristics, indicate a "large African role in the origins of anatomically modern Europeans." (Holliday and Churchill 2003).
"Body proportions covary with climate, apparently as the result of climatic selection. Ontogenetic research and migrant studies have demonstrated that body proportions are largely genetically controlled and are under low selective rates; thus studies of body form can provide evidence for evolutionarily short-term dispersals and/or gene flow. Replacement predicts that the earliest modern Europeans will possess "tropical" body proportions (assuming Africa is the center of origin), while Regional Continuity permits only minor shifts in body shape, due to climatic change and/or improved cultural buffering. .. results refute the hypothesis of local continuity in Europe, and are consistent with an interpretation of elevated gene flow (and population dispersal?) from Africa, followed by subsequent climatic adaptation to colder conditions." (Holliday, Trenton (1997) Body proportions in Late Pleistocene Europe and modern human origins. Journal of Human Evolution, Volume 32, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 423-447)
".. while the Late Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic humans have significantly higher (i.e., tropically-adapted) brachial and crural indices than do recent Europeans, they also have shorter (i.e., cold-adapted) limbs. The somewhat paradoxical retention of "tropical" indices in the context of more "cold-adapted" limb length is best explained as evidence for Replacement in the European Late Pleistocene, followed by gradual cold adaptation in glacial Europe." (Holliday, Trenton (1999) Brachial and crural indices of European Late Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic humans. Journal of Human Evolution. Volume 36, Issue 5, May 1999, Pages 549-566)
"Stature, body mass, and body proportions are evaluated for the Cheddar Man (Gough's Cave 1) skeleton. Like many of his Mesolithic contemporaries, Gough's Cave 1 evinces relatively short estimated stature (ca. 166.2 cm [5' 5']) and low body mass (ca. 66 kg [146 lbs]). In body shape, he is similar to recent Europeans for most proportional indices. He differs, however, from most recent Europeans in his high crural index and tibial length/trunk height indices. Thus, while Gough's Cave 1 is characterized by a total morphological pattern considered 'cold-adapted', these latter two traits may be interpreted as evidence of a large African role in the origins of anatomically modern Europeans." (TRENTON W. HOLLIDAY a1 and STEVEN E. CHURCHILL. (2003). Gough's Cave 1 (Somerset, England): an assessment of body size and shape, Bulletin of the Natural History Museum: Geology, 58:37-44 Cambridge University Press)
More data showing early Europeans were tropically adapted types like Africans "Body proportions are under strong climatic selection and evince remarkable stability within regional lineages. As such, they offer a viable and robust alternative to cranio-facial data in assessing hypothesised continuity and replacement with the transition to agro-pastoralism in central Europe. Humero-clavicular, brachial and crural indices in a large sample (n=75) of Linienbandkeramik (LBK), Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age specimens from the middle Elbe-Saale-Werra valley (MESV) were compared with Eurasian and African terminal Pleistocene, European Mesolithic and geographically disparate recent human specimens. Mesolithic Europeans display considerable variation in humero-clavicular and brachial indices yet none approach the extreme "hyper-polar" morphology of LBK humans from the MESV. In contrast, Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age peoples display elongated brachial and crural indices reminiscent of terminal Pleistocene and "tropically adapted" recent humans. These marked morphological changes likely reflect exogenous immigration during the terminal Fourth millennium cal BC. Population expansion and diffusion is a function of increased mobility and settlement dispersal concomitant with significant technological and subsistence changes in later Neolithic societies during the late fourth millennium cal BCE." -- Gallagher et al. "Population continuity, demic diffusion and Neolithic origins in central-southern Germany: the evidence from body proportions." Homo. 2009;60(2):95-126. Epub 2009 Mar 4.
Early West Asians looked like Africans. Thus any ancient returnees or "backflow" from West Asia back to Africa is by people who look like Africans to begin with. Brace 2005 shows this as to Europeans. Hanihara 1996, demonstrates this below as to West Asians (i.e. 'Middle easterners'). Also see above.
quote: "Distance analysis and factor analysis, based on Q-mode correlation coefficients, were applied to 23 craniofacial measurements in 1,802 recent and prehistoric crania from major geographical areas of the Old World. The major findings are as follows: 1) Australians show closer similarities to African populations than to Melanesians. 2) Recent Europeans align with East Asians, and early West Asians resemble Africans. 3) The Asian population complex with regional difference between northern and southern members is manifest. 4) Clinal variations of craniofacial features can be detected in the Afro-European region on the one hand, and Australasian and East Asian region on the other hand. 5) The craniofacial variations of major geographical groups are not necessarily consistent with their geographical distribution pattern. This may be a sign that the evolutionary divergence in craniofacial shape among recent populations of different geographical areas is of a highly limited degree. Taking all of these into account, a single origin for anatomically modern humans is the most parsimonious interpretation of the craniofacial variations presented in this study." (Hanihara T. Comparison of craniofacial features of major human groups. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1996 Mar;99(3):389-412.)
Older studies often show misclassification or exclusion of Nile Valley remains deemed 'negroid'. Although clearly of the "African" type, such remains were frequently relabeled "Mediterranean."
"Analyses of Egyptian crania are numerous. Vercoutter (1978) notes that ancient Egyptian crania have frequently all been lumped (implicitly or explicitly) as Mediterranean, although Negroid remains are recorded in substantial numbers by many workers... "Nutter (1958), using the Penrose statistic, demonstrated that Nagada I and Badari crania, both regarded as Negroid, were almost identical and that these were most similar to the Negroid Nubian series from Kerma studied by Collett (1933). [Collett, not accepting variability, excluded "clear negro" crania found in the Kerma series from her analysis, as did Morant (1925), implying that they were foreign..." (S. Keita (1990) Studies of Ancient Crania From Northern Africa. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 83:35-48)
Different features among Africans, particularly EAST AFRICANS, like narrow noses are not due to different "race" mixes but are part of the built-in physical diversity and variation of African peoples. Narrow noses appear in the oldest African populations for example, in Kenya's Gamble Cave complex. East Africans like Somalians or Kenyans do not need any outside race "mix" or migration to make them look the way they do.
QUOTE(s): ".. all their features can be found in several living populations of East Africa, like the Tutsi of Rwanda and Burundi, who are very dark skinned and differ greatly from Europeans in a number of body proportions.. There is every reason to believe that they are ancestral to the living 'Elongated East Africans'. Neither of these populations, fossil and modern, should be considered to be closely related to the populations of Europe and western Asia.. In skin colour, the Tutsi are darker than the Hutu, in the reverse direction to that leading to the caucasoids. Lip thickness provides a similar case: on an average the lips of the Tutsi are thicker than those of the Hutu." [Jean Hiernaux, The People of Africa (1975), pgs 42-43, 62-63)
"In sub-Saharan Africa, many anthropological characters show a wide range of population means or frequencies. In some of them, the whole world range is covered in the sub-continent. Here live the shortest and the tallest human populations, the one with the highest and the one with the lowest nose, the one with the thickest and the one with the thinnest lips in the world. In this area, the range of the average nose widths covers 92 per cent of the world range: only a narrow range of extremely low means are absent from the African record. Means for head diameters cover about 80 per cent of the world range; 60 per cent is the corresponding value for a variable once cherished by physical anthropologists, the cephalic index, or ratio of the head width to head length expressed as a percentage....." - Jean Hiernaux, "The People of Africa" 1975 p.53, 54
"Prehistoric human crania from Bromhead's Site, Willey's Kopje, Makalia Burial Site, Nakuru, and other localities in the Eastern Rift Valley of Kenya are reassessed using measurements and a multivariate statistical approach. Materials available for comparison include series of Bushman and Hottentot crania. South and East African Negroes, and Egyptians. Up to 34 cranial measurements taken on these series are utilized to construct three multiple discriminant frameworks, each of which can assign modern individuals to a correct group with considerable accuracy. When the prehistoric crania are classified with the help of these discriminants, results indicate that several of the skulls are best grouped with modern Negroes. This is especially clear in the case of individuals from Bromhead's Site, Willey's Kopje, and Nakuru, and the evidence hardly suggests post-Pleistocene domination of the Rift and surrounding territory by "Mediterranean" Caucasoids, as has been claimed. Recent linguistic and archaeological findings are also reviewed, and these seem to support application of the term Nilotic Negro to the early Rift populations." (Rightmire GP. New studies of post-Pleistocene human skeletal remains from the Rift Valley, Kenya. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1975 May;42(3):351-69. )
"....inhabitants of East Africa right on the equator have appreciably longer, narrower, and higher noses than people in the Congo at the same latitude. A former generation of anthropologists used to explain this paradox by invoking an invasion by an itinerant "white" population from the Mediterranean area, although this solution raised more problems than it solved since the East Africans in question include some of the blackest people in the world with characteristically wooly hair and a body build unique among the world's populations for its extreme linearity and height.... The relatively long noses of East Africa become explicable then when one realizes that much of the area is extremely dry for parts of the year." (C. Loring Brace, "Nonracial Approach Towards Human Diversity," cited in The Concept of Race, Edited by Ashley Montagu, The Free Press, 1980, pp. 135-136, 138)
"The .... excavations at Gogoshiis Qabe (Somalia) uncovered eleven virtually complete and articulated primary burials...Closest morphological affinities are with early Holocene skeletons from Lake Turkana, Kenya...and Lake Besaka, Ethiopia.." (S. Brandt, (1986) The Upper Pleistocene and early Holocene prehistory of the Horn of Africa. Journal African Archaeological Review. Volume 4, Number 1, Pages 41-82 )
"The role of tall, linearly built populations in eastern Africa's prehistory has always been debated. Traditionally, they are viewed as late migrants into the area. But as there is better palaeoanthropological and linguistic documentation for the earlier presence of these populations than for any other group in eastern Africa, it is far more likely that they are indigenous eastern Africans. ... prehistoric linear populations show resemblances to both Upper Pleistocene eastern African fossils and present-day, non-Bantu-speaking groups in eastern Africa, with minor differences stemming from changes in overall robusticity of the dentition and skeleton. This suggests a longstanding tradition of linear populations in eastern Africa, contributing to the indigenous development of cultural and biological diversity from the Pleistocene up to the present." (L . A . SCHEPARTZ, "Who were the later Pleistocene eastern Africans?" The African Archaeological Review, 6 (1988), pp. 57- 72)
Africa is the most genetically diverse region in the world with the original man being from East Africa according to conservative scholars:
"Africa contains tremendous cultural, linguistic and genetic diversity, and has more than 2,000 distinct ethnic groups and languages.. Studies using mitochondrial (mt)DNA and nuclear DNA markers consistently indicate that Africa is the most genetically diverse region of the world." (Tishkoff SA, Williams SM., Genetic analysis of African populations: human evolution and complex disease. Nature Reviews Genetics. 2002 Aug (8):611-21.)
" In other words, all non-Africans carry M168. Of course, Africans carrying the M168 mutation today are the descendants of the African subpopulation from which the migrants originated.... Thus, the Australian/Eurasian Adam (the ancestor of all non-Africans) was an East African Man." (Linda Stone, Paul F. Lurquin, L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Genes, Culture, and Human Evolution: A Synthesis, Wiley-Blackwell: 2006, pg 108)
The Natufians, early inhabitants of the Sinai - Israel- Palestine area, and reputed pioneers of several Neolithic agricultural and technological developments, appear to have had "Negroid" affinities. Important Natufian sites include Mt. Carmel, Jericho and several others.
"Against this background of disease, movement and pedomorphic reduction of body size one can identify Negroid (Ethiopic or Bushmanoid?) traits of nose and prognathism appearing in Natufian latest hunters (McCown, 1939) and in Anatolian and Macedonian first farmers, probably from Nubia via the unknown predecesors of the Badarians and Tasians....". (Biological Relations of Egyptians and Eastern Mediterranean Populations during pre-Dynastic and Dynastic Times. J. Lawrence Angel. Journal of Human Evolutiom. 1972:1, 1, Pg 307)
"The Mushabians moved into Sinai from the Nile Delta, bringing North African lithic chipping tecniques." ("Pleistocene connections between Africa and Southwest Asia: an archaeological perspective. O. Bar-Yosef. African Archaeological Review. 5 (1987) Pg 29)
"It is a further surprise that the Epipalaeolithic Natufian of Israel from whom the Neolithic realm was assumed to arise has a clear link to Sub-Saharan Africa... Interestingly enough, however, the small Natufian sample falls between the Niger-Congo group and the other samples used... This placement suggests that there may have been a Sub-Saharan African element in the make-up of the Natufians (the putative ancestors of the subsequent Neolithic.." (C.L Brace, et. al. 2005. The Questionable contribution of the Neolithic...)
Early inhabitants of the general Natufian Israel area show limb proportions suited to tropical peoples- similar to sub-Saharan's homeland
"However, the real revelation came when Erik [Trinkhaus] inserted his data on the Cro-Magnons of Europe and the Skhul-Qafzeh skeletons from Israel into the equations. In this case, he got a figure of 85 percent for the shinbone-thighbone ratio. Not only were they unlike the Neanderthals, but these people actually fell at the other extreme in their readings on the limb thermometer. The predicted average temperature of origin for folk with an 85% shin-thigh fraction, indicating much longer extremities relative to trunk length - was about 20 degrees higher than the Neanderthals', suggesting a subtropical- if not tropical- homeland!" (African Exodus By Christopher Stringer, Robin McKie, McMillan: pg 79-83)
Recent study shows ancient Egyptians physically more like tropically adapted Black Americans than White Americans, confirming older studies that show today's Egyptians in general are closer to US blacks than Northern Europeans, and Southern Europeans as well.
QUOTE(s): "We also compare Egyptian body proportions to those of modern American Blacks and Whites... Long bone stature regression equations were then derived for each sex. Our results confirm that, although ancient Egyptians are closer in body proportion to modern American Blacks than they are to American Whites, proportions in Blacks and Egyptians are not identical... Intralimb indices are not significantly different between Egyptians and American Blacks. ..brachial indices are definitely more 'African'... There is no evidence for significant variation in proportions among temporal or social groupings; thus, the new formulae may be broadly applicable to ancient Egyptian remains." ("Stature estimation in ancient Egyptians: A new technique based on anatomical reconstruction of stature." Michelle H. Raxter, Christopher B. Ruff, Ayman Azab, Moushira Erfan, Muhammad Soliman, Aly El-Sawaf, (Am J Phys Anthropol. 2008, Jun;136(2):147-55
The 1993 'Clines and Clusters' study by C.L. Brace, et. al. has been used to minmize or downplay the realtionship between Egypt and its African neighbors. For example it:
--Created an "African" or "sub-Saharan" group, but excluded the Maghreb (including parts of the Sahara and Sahel), the Sudan and the Horn area (Ethiopia and Somalia) even though these latter two are BELOW the Sahara, and thus "sub-Saharan".
--Excluded the Badari, and Naqada I and II, key Egyptian groups, thus obscuring the Sudanic/Saharan character of numerous early samples, noted in several earlier analyses. Ignored the formative range of the Saharans on Egypt, from the megaliths and cattle cults of the Nabta Playa to early mummification practices was ignored.
--Excluded the Nubian population of the Badari and early Naqada period, including the rich remains of the well documented Qustul culture, near the present Sudanese-Egyptian border, again obscuring the close relationship between the two peoples.
--Created a vague "Bronze Age" grouping of Nubians, and a "modern" group of medieval samples, an era long after the dynasties and when Nubia had experienced more gene flow of that and the later Arab incursions, beginning in the 700s. Sampling thus ignored the early Badari/Naqada Nubians, jumped the 25th Dynasty era, and shifted to the medieval era in the age range of the Arab conquests. Used Somalian samples that were modern, and thus within the range of recent gene flow (such as the Arab era), particularly on the coast.
--The result was a "comparison" finding that the ancient Egyptians had no relationship "at all" to other "sub-Saharan" peoples and were relatively distant from the Nubians and Somalians. peoples. This finding has been undermined by the subsequent research of several scholars, including limb proportion studies.
QUOTE(s):
"However, Brace et al. (1993) find that a series of upper Egyptian/Nubian epipalaeolithic crania affiliate by cluster analysis with groups they designate "sub-Saharan African" or just simply "African" (from which they incorrectly exclude the Maghreb, Sudan, and the Horn of Africa), whereas post-Badarian southern predynastic and a late dynastic northern series (called "E" or Gizeh) cluster together, and secondarily with Europeans. In the primary cluster with the Egyptian groups are also remains representing populations from the ancient Sudan and recent Somalia. Brace et al. (1993) seemingly interpret these results as indicating a population relationship from Scandinavia to the Horn of Africa, although the mechanism for this is not clearly stated; they also state that the Egyptians had no relationship with sub-Saharan Africans, a group that they nearly treat (incorrectly) as monolithic, although sometimes seemingly including Somalia, which directly undermines aspects of their claims. Sub-Saharan Africa does not define/delimit authentic Africanity." (S.O.Y. Keita. "Early Nile Valley Farmers from El-Badari: Aboriginals or "European" Agro-Nostratic Immigrants? Craniometric Affinities Considered With Other Data". Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 36 No. 2, pp. 191-208 (2005)
Brace carefully excluded the Badari- a key native pre-dynastic group that led into the dynasties, and suggested possible European immigration to ancient Egypt. Keita put this to the test and found that the excluded group matched up more closely with Africans than Europeans.
"An examination of the distance hierarchies reveals the Badarian series to be more similar to the Teita in both analyses and always more similar to all of the African series than to the Norse and Berg groups (see Tables 3A & 3B and Figure 2). Essentially equal similarity is found with the Zalavar and Dogon series in the 11-variable analysis and with these and the Bushman in the one using 15 variables. The Badarian series clusters with the tropical African groups no matter which algorithm is employed (see Figures 3 and 4).. In none of them did the Badarian sample affiliate with the European series."(S.O.Y. Keita. Early Nile Valley Farmers from El-Badari: Aboriginals or "European" Agro-Nostratic Immigrants? Craniometric Affinities Considered With Other Data. Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 36 No. 2, pp. 191-208 (2005)
More on the biased and skewed 'true negro' model
"Another example of the use of a socially constructed typological paradigm is in studies of the Nile Valley populations in which the concept of a biological African is restricted to those with a particular craniometric pattern (called in the past the 'True Negro' though no 'True White' was ever defined). Early Nubians, Egyptians, and even Somalians are viewed essentially as non-Africans, when in fact numerous lines of evidence and an evolutionary model make them a part of African biocultural/biogeographical history. The diversity of 'authentic' Africans is a reality. This diversity prevents biogeographical/biohistorical Africans from clustering into a single unit, no matter the kind of data." (The Persistence of Racial Thinking and the Myth of Racial Divergence, S. O. Y. Keita, Rick A. Kittles, American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 99, No. 3 (Sep., 1997), pp. 534-544)
"..presents all tropical Africans with narrower noses and faces as being related to or descended from external, ultimately non-African peoples. However, narrow-faced, narrow-nosed populations have long been resident in Saharo-tropical Africa... and their origin need not be sought elsewhere. These traits are also indigenous. The variability in tropical Africa is expectedly naturally high. Given their longstanding presence, narrow noses and faces cannot be deemed `non-African."(S.O.Y. Keita, "Studies and Comments on Ancient Egyptian Biological Relationships," History in Africa 20 (1993), page 134 )
"Another example of the use of a socially constructed typological paradigm is in studies of the Nile Valley populations in which the concept of a biological African is restricted to those with a particular craniometric pattern (called in the past the 'True African' though no 'True White' was ever defined). Early Nubians, Egyptians, and even Somalians are viewed essentially as non-Africans, when in fact numerous lines of evidence and an evolutionary model make them a part of African biocultural/biogeographical history. The diversity of 'authentic' Africans is a reality. This diversity prevents biogeographical/biohistorical Africans from clustering into a single unit, no matter the kind of data." ---Keita and Kittles. "The Persistence of Racial Thinking and the Myth of Racial Divergence." American Anthropologist 99, no. 3 (September 1997): 534-544
Hair and the 'true negro' "Strouhal (1971) microscopically examined some hair which had been preserved on a Badrarian skull. The analysis was interpreted as suggesting a stereotypical tropical African-European hybrid (mulatto). However this hair is grossly no different from that of Fulani, some Kanuri, or Somali and does not require a gene flow explanation any more than curly hair in Greece necessarily does. Extremely "wooly" hair is not the only kind native to tropical Africa.." (S. O. Y. Keita. (1993). "Studies and Comments on Ancient Egyptian Biological Relationships," History in Africa 20 (1993) 129-54)
Sampling bias and the true negro. In some Nile Valley research sampling bias persists such as drawing samples from the far north of Egypt, boscuring the region's genetic complexity. The stereotypical "true negro" type is still used to artifically separate related peoples and obscure a fuller, more accurate picture of African genetic diversity. Sampling bias appears both in DNA studies (noted by Keita) and in cranial studies (noted by Egyptologist Barry Kemp).
QUOTE(s):
Keita on DNA studies drawing samples from the far north, an area with more foreign settlement and gene flow
"However, in some of the studies, only individuals from northern Egypt are sampled, and this could theoretically give a false impression of Egyptian variability (contrast Lucotte and Mercier 2003a with Manni et al. 2002), because this region has received more foreign settlers (and is nearer the Near East). Possible sample bias should be integrated into the discussion of results." (S.O.Y. Keita, A.J. Boyce, "Interpreting Geographical Patterns of Y Chromosome Variation1," History in Africa 32 (2005) 221-246 )
Egyptologist Barry Kemp on the worldwide CRANID database that used northern samples near the Mediterranean as "representative" of the ancient Egyptians, and classifying them in a "European" direction, while excluding key historic sites further south..
"If, on the other hand, CRANID had used one of the Elephantine populations of the same period, the geographic association would be much more with the African groups to the south. It is dangerous to take one set of skeletons and use them to characterize the population of the whole of Egypt." (Barry Kemp, Ancient Egypt Anatomy of a Civilisation, Routledge: 2005, p. 55)
Modern anthropology shows that the ancient Egyptians are well within the range of tropical Africa, contradicting older research in the 1990s that sought to deny any relationship. The anthropologist below, Nancy Lovell was recommended by Mary lefkowitz in Black Athena Revisted.
"There is now a sufficient body of evidence from modern studies of skeletal remains to indicate that the ancient Egyptians, especially southern Egyptians, exhibited physical characteristics that are within the range of variation for ancient and modern indigenous peoples of the Sahara and tropical Africa.. In general, the inhabitants of Upper Egypt and Nubia had the greatest biological affinity to people of the Sahara and more southerly areas." (Nancy C. Lovell, " Egyptians, physical anthropology of," in Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, ed. Kathryn A. Bard and Steven Blake Shubert, ( London and New York: Routledge, 1999) pp 328-332)
One of the oldest remains from Upper Egypt, shows strong sub-Saharan affinities, and early northern Egypt also shows sub-Saharan affinities through cultural traits- the 'Nubian complex' of technology and production.
"The morphometric affinities of the 33,000 year old skeleton from Nazlet Khater, Upper Egypt are examined using multivariate statistical procedures.. The results indicate a strong association between some of the sub-Saharan Middle Stone Age (MSA) specimens, and the Nazlet Khater mandible. Furthermore, the results suggest that variability between African populations during the Neolithic and Protohistoric periods was more pronounced than the range of variability observed among recent African and Levantine populations." (PINHASI Ron, SEMAL Patrick (2000). The position of the Nazlet Khater specimen among prehistoric and modern African and Levantine populations. Journal of human evolution. 2000, vol. 39, no3, pp. 269-288 )
"..Middle Paleolithic and the transition to the Upper Paleolithic in the Lower Nile Valley are described... the Middle Paleolithic or, more appropriately, Middle Stone Age of this region starts with the arrival of new populations from sub-Saharan Africa, as evidenced by the nature of the Early to Middle Stone Age transition in stratified sites. Throughout the late Middle Pleistocene technological change occurs leading to the establishment of the Nubian Complex by the onset of the Upper Pleistocene." (Van Peer, Philip. Did middle stone age moderns of sub-Saharan African descent trigger an upper paleolithic revolution in the lower nile valley? Anthropologie. vol. 42, no3, pp. 215-225)
Dental studies provide evidence that the ancient Egyptian population maintained a high degree of continuity into the early, mid and late Dynastic periods. A key ancient group, the Badari, found to link to tropical African metrics, was excluded by such studies as Brace (1993) but dental research shows they link well with later pre and Dynastic populations. J. Irish's 2006 dental study examined the ancient Badarian people excluded by Brace and found that they were a "good representative of what the common ancestor to all later predynastic and dynastic Egyptian peoples would be like." His dental results show that:
QUOTE:
"Despite the difference, Gebel Ramlah [the Western Desert- Saharan region] is closest to predynastic and early dynastic samples from Abydos, Hierakonpolis, and Badari.."
the Badarians were a "good representative of what the common ancestor to all later predynastic and dynastic Egyptian peoples would be like"
"A comparison of Badari to the Naqada and Hierakonpolis samples .. contradicts the idea of a foreign origin for the Naqada (Petrie, 1939; Baumgartel, 1970)"
Evidence in favor of continuity is also demonstrated by comparison of individual samples. "Naqada and especially Hierakonpolis share close affinities with First-Second Dynasty Abydos.. These findings do not support the concept of a foreign dynastic ''race''"
"Thus, despite increasing foreign influence after the Second Intermediate Period, not only did Egyptian culture remain intact (Lloyd, 2000a), but the people themselves, as represented by the dental samples, appear biologically constant as well."
(Joel D. Irish (2006). Who Were the Ancient Egyptians? Dental Affinities Among Neolithic Through Postdynastic Peoples. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2006 Apr;129(4):529-43.)
Africans have the highest dental diversity "Previous research by the first author revealed that, relative to other modern peoples, sub-Saharan Africans exhibit the highest frequencies of ancestral (or plesiomorphic) dental traits... The fact that sub-Saharan Africans express these apparently plesiomorphic characters, along with additional information on their affinity to other modern populations, evident intra-population heterogeneity, and a world-wide dental cline emanating from the sub-continent, provides further evidence that is consistent with an African origin model." (Irish JD, Guatelli-Steinberg D.(2003) Ancient teeth and modern human origins: an expanded comparison of African Plio-Pleistocene and recent world dental samples. Hum Evol. 2003 Aug;45(2):113-44. )
Ancient Egyptian civilization was indigenous with continuity among its peoples, not an influx of Middle Easterners, Europeans or other outsiders like Arabs until relatively late in history
QUOTE(s): "Some have argued that various early Egyptians like the Badarians probably migrated northward from Nubia, while others see a wide-ranging movement of peoples across the breadth of the Sahara before the onset of desiccation. Whatever may be the origins of any particular people or civilization, however, it seems reasonably certain that the predynastic communities of the Nile valley were essentially indigenous in culture, drawing little inspiration from sources outside the continent during the several centuries directly preceding the onset of historical times..." (Robert July, Pre-Colonial Africa, 1975, p. 60-61)
"overall population continuity over the Predynastic and early Dynastic, and high levels of genetic heterogeneity, thereby suggesting that state formation occurred as a mainly indigenous process." (Zakrzewski, S.R. (2007). "Population continuity or population change: Formation of the ancient Egyptian state". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 132 (4): 501-509)
"the peoples of the steppes and grasslands to the immediate south of Egypt domesticated cattle, as early as 9000 to 8000 B.C. They included peoples from the Afroasiastic linguistic group and the second major African language family, Nilo-Saharan (Wendorf, Schild, Close 1984; Wendorf, et al. 1982). Thus the earliest domestic cattle may have come to Egypt from these southern neighbors, circa 6000 B.C., and not from the Middle East.[148] Pottery, another significant advance in material cultural may also have followed this pattern, initiatied "as early as 9000 B.C. by the Nilo-Saharans and Afrasians who lived to the south of Egypt. Soon thereafter, pots spread to Egyptian sites, almost 2,000 years before the first pottery was made in the Middle East." (Christopher Ehret, "Ancient Egyptian as an African Language, Egypt as an African Culture," in Egypt in Africa, Theodore Celenko (ed), Indiana University Press, 1996, pp. 25-27)
X-ray Atlas of the Royal Mummies show some to be linked physically to Nubian types, and some documented royal officials are clearly "Negroid' like Pepi-seneb, an eminent scribe c. 2745 BC. Some royal New Kingdom mummies also show melanin frequencies consistent with Negroid origin.
"In terms of head shape, the XVIV and XX dynasties look more like the early Nubian skulls from the mesolithic with low vaults and sloping, curved foreheads.The XVII and XVIII dynasty skulls are shaped more like modern Nubians with globular skulls and high vaults." (An X-ray atlas of the royal mummies. Edited by J.E. Harris and E.F. Wente. (The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1980.) Review: Michael R. Zimmerman, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Volume 56, Issue 2 , (1981) Pages 207 - 208)
"While the Upper Nile Egyptians show phenotypic features that occur in higher frequencies in the Sudan and southward into East Africa (namely, facial prognathism, chamaerrhiny, and paedomorphic cranial architecture with specific modifications of the nasal aperature), these so-called Negroid features are not universal in the region of Thebes, Karnak, and Luxor." (Kennedy, Kenneth A.R., T. Plummer, J. Chinment, "Identification of the Eminent Dead: Pepi, A Scribe of Egypt," In Katherine J. Reichs (ed.), Forensic Osteology, 1986.)
German Institute for Archaeology -excavation of the tombs of the nobles in Thebes-West, Upper Egypt. In several of the noble specimens: "The basal epithelial cells were packed with melanin as expected for specimens of Negroid origin." (Determination of optimal rehydration, fixation and staining methods for histological and immunohistochemical analysis of mummified soft tissues", Biotechnic & Histochemistry 2005, 80(1): 7_/13) Nubians are no "prequisite" for dark skin in ancient Egypt.
Nubians were ethnically the closest people to the Egyptians. Conflict between the two were typical clashes between kingdoms without the simplistic "racial" models drawn by some 20th century writers.
Quote 1: "The ancient Egyptians referred to a region, located south of the third cataract the Nile River, in which Nubians dwelt as Kush.. Within such context, this phrase is not a racial slur. Throughout the history of ancient Egypt there were numerous, well documented instances that celebrate Nubian-Egyptian marriages. A study of these documents, particularly those dated to both the Egyptian New Kingdom (after 1550 B.C.E.) and to Dynasty XXV and early Dynasty XXVI (about 720-640 BCE), reveals that neither spouse nor any of the children of such unions suffered discrimination at the hands of the ancient Egyptians. Indeed such marriages were never an obstacle to social, economic, or political status, provided the individuals concerned conformed to generally accepted Egyptian social standards. Furthermore, at times, certain Nubian practices, such as tattooing for women, and the unisex fashion of wearing earrings, were wholeheartedly embraced by the ancient Egyptians." (Bianchi, 2004: p. 4)
'It is an extremely difficult task to attempt to describe the Nubians during the course of Egypt's New Kingdom, because their presence appears to have virtually evaporated from the archaeological record.. The result has been described as a wholesale Nubian assimilation into Egyptian society. This assimilation was so complete that it masked all Nubian ethnic identities insofar as archaeological remains are concerned beneath the impenetrable veneer of Egypt's material; culture.. In the Kushite Period, when Nubians ruled as Pharaohs in their own right, the material culture of Dynasty XXV (about 750-655 B.C.E.) was decidedly Egyptian in character.. Nubia's entire landscape up to the region of the Third Cataract was dotted with temples indistinguishable in style and decoration from contemporary temples erected in Egypt. The same observation obtains for the smaller number of typically Egyptian tombs in which these elite Nubian princes were interred. (Bianchi, 2004, p. 99-100)
- Robert Bianchi ( 2004). Daily Life of the Nubians. Greenwood Publishing Group
One of Egypt's greatest dynasties, the 12th, originated from dark-skinned Nubian stock, according to conservative Egyptologist F. Yurco (1989). The 12th Dynasty ruled approximately 1000 years BEFORE the well known "black" 25th Dynasty. Quote 2:
"the XIIth Dynasty (1991-1786 B.C.E.) originated from the Aswan region.4 As expected, strong Nubian features and dark coloring are seen in their sculpture and relief work. This dynasty ranks as among the greatest, whose fame far outlived its actual tenure on the throne. Especially interesting, it was a member of this dynasty- that decreed that no Nehsy (riverine Nubian of the principality of Kush), except such as came for trade or diplomatic reasons, should pass by the Egyptian fortress at the southern end of the Second Nile Cataract. Why would this royal family of Nubian ancestry ban other Nubians from coming into Egyptian territory? Because the Egyptian rulers of Nubian ancestry had become Egyptians culturally; as pharaohs, they exhibited typical Egyptian attitudes and adopted typical Egyptian policies."
- (F. J. Yurco, 'Were the ancient Egyptians black or white?', Biblical Archaeology Review (Vol 15, no. 5, 1989)
"Among the foreigners, the Nubians were closest ethnically to the Egyptians. In the late predynastic period (c. 3700-3150 B.C.E.), the Nubians shared the same culture as the Egyptians and even evolved the same pharaonic political structure." - (F. J. Yurco, 'Were the ancient Egyptians black or white?', Biblical Archaeology Review (Vol 15, no. 5, 1989)
Ancient Egyptian religion closer to the religion of African regions than to Mesopotamia, Europe or the Middle East
QUOTE(s): Encyclopedia Britannica 1984 ed. Macropedia Article, Vol 6: "Egyptian Religion" , pg 506-508 "A large number of gods go back to prehistoric times. The images of a cow and star goddess (Hathor), the falcon (Horus), and the human-shaped figures of the fertility god (Min) can be traced back to that period. Some rites, such as the "running of the Apil-bull," the "hoeing of the ground," and other fertility and hunting rites (e.g., the hippopotamus hunt) presumably date from early times.. Connections with the religions in southwest Asia cannot be traced with certainty." "It is doubtful whether Osiris can be regarded as equal to Tammuz or Adonis, or whether Hathor is related to the "Great Mother." There are closer relations with northeast African religions. The numerous animal cults (especially bovine cults and panther gods) and details of ritual dresses (animal tails, masks, grass aprons, etc) probably are of African origin. The kinship in particular shows some African elements, such as the king as the head ritualist (i.e., medicine man), the limitations and renewal of the reign (jubilees, regicide), and the position of the king's mother (a matriarchal element). Some of them can be found among the Ethiopians in Napata and Meroe, others among the Prenilotic tribes (Shilluk)." (Encyclopedia Britannica 1984 ed. Macropedia Article, Vol 6: "Egyptian Religion" , pg 506-508)
Egyptian dynastic civilization based from the 'darker' south (Upper Egypt) not the north (Lower Egypt)
QUOTE(s): "While not attempting to underestimate the contribution that Deltaic political and religious institutions made to those of a united Egypt, many Egyptologists now discount the idea that a united prehistoric kingdom of Lower Egypt ever existed."
"While communities such as Ma'adi appear to have played an important role in entrepots through which goods and ideas form south-west Asia filtered into the Nile Valley in later prehistoric times, the main cultural and political tradition that gave rise to the cultural pattern of Early Dynastic Egypt is to be found not in the north but in the south.": The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 1, From the Earliest Times to c. 500 BC, (Cambridge University Press: 1982), Edited by J. Desmond Clark pp. 500-509
"..the early cultures of Merimde, the Fayum, Badari Naqada I and II are essentially African and early African social customs and religious beliefs were the root and foundation of the ancient Egyptian way of life." (Source: Shaw, Thurston (1976) Changes in African Archaeology in the Last Forty Years in African Studies since 1945. p. 156-68. London.)
Egyptian state founded from the south, and indigenous in character. Egyptians dominated Palestine in some eras.
"What is truly unique about this state is the integration of rule over an extensive geographic region, in contrast to other contemporaneous Near Easter polities in Nubia, Mesopotamia, Palestine and the Levant. Present evidence suggests that the state which emerged by the First Dynasty had its roots in the Nagada culture of Upper Egypt, where grave types, pottery and artifacts demonstrate an evolution of form from the Predynastic to the First Dynasty, This cannot be demonstrated for the material culture of Lower Egypt, which was eventually displaced by that which originated in Upper Egypt. Hierarchical society with much social and economic differentiation, as symbolized in the Nagada II cemeteries of Upper Egypt, does not seem to have been present, then, in Lower Egypt, a fact which supports an Upper Egyptian origin for the unified state. Thus archaeological evidence cannot support earlier theories that the founders of Egyptian civilization were an invading Dynastic race from the east.."
"Egyptian contact in the 4th millennium B.C. with SW Asia is undeniable, but the effect of this contact on state formation is Egypt is less clear... The unified state which emerged in Egypt in the 3rd millenium B.C. however, was unlike the polities in Mesopotamia, the Levant, northern Syria, or Early Bronze Age Palestine- in sociopolitical organization, material culture, and belief system. There was undoubtedly heightened commercial contact with SW Asia in the 4th millennium B.C., but the Early Dynastic state which emerged in Egypt is unique and religious in character." (Bard, Kathryn A. 1994 The Egyptian Predynastic: A Review of the Evidence. Journal of Field Archaeology 21(3):265-288.)
"From Petrie onwards, it was regularly suggested that despite the evidence of Predynastic cultures, Egyptian civilization of the 1st Dynasty appeared suddenly and must therefore have been introduced by an invading foreign 'race'. Since the 1970s however, excavations at Abydos and Hierakonpolis have clearly demonstrated the indigenous, Upper Egyptian roots of early civilization in Egypt.
Contact between northern Egypt and Palestine was overland, as evidence in northern Sinai demonstrates.. Israeli archealogists suggest that this evidence represents a commercial network established and controlled by the Egyptians as early as EBA Ia, and that this network was a major factor in the rise of the urban settlements found later in Palestine EBA II. Naomi Porat's technological study of ceramics from EBA sites in southern Palestine clearly demonstrates that in EBA Ib strata many of the pottery vessels used for food preparation were probably manufactured by Egyptian potters using Egyptian technology but local Palestinian clays. In EBA Ib strata there are also many storage jars made from Nile silt and marl wares, which must have been imported from Egypt. Not only did the Egyptians establish camps and way stations in northern Sinai, but the ceramic evidence also suggests that they established a highly organized network of settlements in southern Palestine where an Egyptian population was in residence." (Ian Shaw ed. (2003) The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt By Ian Shaw. Oxford University Press, page 40-63)
Much older scholarship shows cultural similarities between ancient Egypt and the rest of Africa, contradicting claims of Middle Eastern inspiration.
--Specific central African tool designs found at the well known Naqada, Badari and Fayum archaeological sites in Egypt (de Heinzelin 1962, Arkell and Ucko, 1956 et al). Shaw (1976) states that "the early cultures of Merimde, the Fayum, Badari Naqada I and II are essentially African and early African social customs and religious beliefs were the root and foundation of the ancient Egyptian way of life." Pottery evidence first seen in the Saharan Highlands then spreading to the Nile Valley (Flight 1973). Art motifs of Saharan rock paintings showing similarities to those in pharaonic art. A number of scholars suggest that these earlier artistic styles influenced later pharaonic art via Saharans leaving drier areas and moving into the Nile Valley taking their art styles with them (Mori 1964, Blanc 1964, et al)
--Earlier pioneering mummification outside Egypt. The oldest mummy in Africa is of a black Saharan child (Donadoni 1964, Blanc 1964) Frankfort (1956) suggests that it is thus possible to understand the pharaonic worldview by reference to the religious beliefs of these earlier African precursors. Attempts to suggest the root of such practices are due to Caucasoid civilizers from elsewhere are thus contradicted by the data on the ground.
--Several cultural practices of Egypt show strong similarities to an African totemic clan base. Childe (1969, 1978), Aldred (1978) and Strouhal (1971) demonstrate linkages with several African practices such as divine kingship and the king as divine rainmaker.
--Physical similarities of the early Nile valley populations with that of tropical Africans. Such connections are demonstrated in the work of numerous scholars such as Thompson and Randall Mclver 1905, Falkenburger 1947, and Strouhal 1971. The distance diagrams of Mukherjee, Rao and Trevor (1955) place the ancient Badarians genetically near 'black' tribes such as the Ashanti and the Taita. See also the "Issues of lumping under Mediterranean clusters" section above for similar older analyses.
--Serological (blood) evidence of genetic linkages. Paoli 1972 for example found a significant resemblance between ABO frequencies of dynastic Egyptians and the black northern Haratin who are held to be the probable descendants of the original Saharans (Hiernaux, 1975).
--Language similarities which include several hundred roots ascribable to African elements (UNESCO 1974)
--Ancient Egyptian origin stories ascribing origins of the gods and their ancestors to African locations to the south and west of Egypt (Davidson 1959)
--Advanced state building and political unity in Nubia, including writing, administrative apparatus and insignia some 300 years before dynastic Egypt, and the long demonstrated interchange between Nubia and Egypt (Williams 1980)
--Newer studies (Wendorf 2001, Wilkinson 1999, et al.) confirm these older analyses. Excavations from Nabta Playa, located about 100km west of Abu Simbel for example, suggest that the Neolithic inhabitants of the region were migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa, based on cultural similarities and social complexity which is thought to be reflective of Egypt's Old Kingdom
--Other scholars (Wilkinson 1999) present similar material and cultural evidence- including similarities between predynastic Egypt and traditional African cattle-culture, typical of Southern Sudanese and East African pastoralists of today, and various cultural and artistic data such as iconography on rock art found in both Egypt and in the Sudan.
Assorted demic diffusion theories holding a mass influx of Europeans or Middle Easterners to Africa bringing cattle and agriculture to the natives is not supported by credible evidence. Indigenous development is most likely.
"Furthermore, the archaeology of northern Africa DOES NOT SUPPORT demic diffusion of farming from the Near East. The evidence presented by Wetterstrom indicates that early African farmers in the Fayum initially INCORPORATED Near Eastern domesticates INTO an INDIGENOUS foraging strategy, and only OVER TIME developed a dependence on horticulture. This is inconsistent with in-migrating farming settlers, who would have brought a more ABRUPT change in subsistence strategy. "The same archaeological pattern occurs west of Egypt, where domestic animals and, later, grains were GRADUALLY adopted after 8000 yr B.P. into the established pre-agricultural Capsian culture, present across the northern Sahara since 10,000 yr B.P. From this continuity, it has been argued that the pre-food-production Capsian peoples spoke languages ancestral to the Berber and/or Chadic branches of Afroasiatic, placing the proto-Afroasiatic period distinctly before 10,000 yr B.P."
Source: The Origins of Afroasiatic Christopher Ehret, S. O. Y. Keita, Paul Newman;, and Peter Bellwood Science 3 December 2004: Vol. 306. no. 5702, p. 1680
When claims of massive European or 'Mediterranean' migrant influx to ancient Egypt before the Hyskos/Greek/Roman era are analyzed research data conclusively debunks them. Quote from "Early Nile Valley Farmers From El-Badari"
Male Badarian crania were analyzed using the generalized distance of Mahalanobis in a comparative analysis with other African and European series from the Howells?s database. The study was carried out to examine the affinities of the Badarians to evaluate, in preliminary fashion, a demic diffusion hypothesis that postulates that horticulture and the Afroasiatic language family were brought ultimately from southern Europe. (The assumption was made that the southern Europeans would be more similar to the central and northern Europeans than to any indigenous African populations.) The Badarians show a greater affinity to indigenous Africans while not being identical. This suggests that the Badarians were more affiliated with local and an indigenous African population than with Europeans. (S.O.Y. Keita. "Early Nile Valley Farmers from El-Badari: Aboriginals or "European" Agro-Nostratic Immigrants? Craniometric Affinities Considered With Other Data". Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 36 No. 2, pp. 191-208 (2005)
The Sahara and the Sudan seem to have provided a major source for the genesis of Egyptian civilization contributing many of its unique elements.
QUOTE(s): "a critical factor in the rise of social complexity and the subsequent emergence of the Egyptian state in Upper Egypt (Hoffman 1979; Hassan 1988). If so, Egypt owes a major debt to those early pastoral groups in the Sahara; they may have provided Egypt with many of those features that still distinguish it from its neighbors to the east." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 17, 97-123 (1998), "Nabta Playa and Its Role in Northeastern African Prehistory," Fred Wendorf and Romuald Schild.
"Over the last two decades, numerous contemporary (Khartoum Neolithic) sites and cemeteries have been excavated in the Central Sudan.. The most striking point to emerge is the overall similarity of early neolithic developments inhabitation, exchange, material culture and mortuary customs in the Khartoum region to those underway at the same time in the Egyptian Nile Valley, far to the north." (Wengrow, David (2003) "Landscapes of Knowledge, Idioms of Power: The African Foundations of Ancient Egyptian Civilization Reconsidered," in Ancient Egypt in Africa, David O'Connor and Andrew Reid, eds. Ancient Egypt in Africa. London: University College London Press, 2003, pp. 119-137)
"Sub-Saharan" genetic elements found as far afield as the Turkish and Greek regions
F. X. Ricaut, M. Waelkens. (2008). Cranial Discrete Traits in a Byzantine Population and Eastern Mediterranean Population Movements Human Biology - Volume 80, Number 5, October 2008, pp. 535-564
"A late Pleistocene-early Holocene northward migration (from Africa to the Levant and to Anatolia) of these populations has been hypothesized from skeletal data (Angel 1972, 1973; Brace 2005) and from archaeological data, as indicated by the probable Nile Valley origin of the "Mesolithic" (epi-Paleolithic) Mushabi culture found in the Levant (Bar Yosef 1987). This migration finds some support in the presence in Mediterranean populations (Sicily, Greece, southern Turkey, etc.; Patrinos et al.; Schiliro et al. 1990) of the Benin sickle cell haplotype. This haplotype originated in West Africa and is probably associated with the spread of malaria to southern Europe through an eastern Mediterranean route (Salares et al. 2004) following the expansion of both human and mosquito populations brought about by the advent of the Neolithic transition (Hume et al 2003; Joy et al. 2003; Rich et al 1998). This northward migration of northeastern African populations carrying sub-Saharan biological elements is concordant with the morphological homogeneity of the Natufian populations (Bocquentin 2003), which present morphological affinity with sub-Saharan populations (Angel 1972; Brace et al. 2005). In addition, the Neolithic revolution was assumed to arise in the late Pleistocene Natufians and subsequently spread into Anatolia and Europe (Bar-Yosef 2002), and the first Anatolian farmers, Neolithic to Bronze Age Mediterraneans and to some degree other Neolithic-Bronze Age Europeans, show morphological affinities with the Natufians (and indirectly with sub-Saharan populations; Angel 1972; Brace et al 2005), in concordance with a process of demic diffusion accompanying the extension of the Neolithic revolution (Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994)."
"Following the numerous interactions among eastern Mediterranean and Levantine populations and regions, caused by the introduction of agriculture from the Levant into Anatolia and southeastern Europe, there was, beginning in the Bronze Age, a period of increasing interactions in the eastern Mediterranean, mainly during the Greek, Roman, and Islamic periods. These interactions resulted in the development of trading networks, military campaigns, and settler colonization. Major changes took place during this period, which may have accentuated or diluted the sub-Saharan components of earlier Anatolian populations. The second option seems more likely, because even though the population from Sagalassos territory was interacting with northeastern African and Levantine populations [trade relationships with Egypt (Arndt et al. 2003), involvement of thousands of mercenaries from Pisidia (Sagalassos region) in the war around 300 B.C. between the Ptolemaic kingdom (centered in Egypt) and the Seleucid kingdom (Syria/Mesopotamia/Anatolia), etc.], the major cultural and population interactions involving the Anatolian populations since the Bronze Age occurred with the Mediterranean populations form southeastern Europe, as suggested from historical and genetic data."
""In this context it is likely that Bronze Age events may have facilitated the southward diffusion of populations carrying northern and central European biological elements and may have contributed to some degree of admixture between northern and central Europeans and Anatolians, and on a larger scale, between northeastern Mediterraneans and Anatolians. Even if we do not know which populations were involved, historical and archaeological data suggest, for instance, the 2nd millennium B.C. Minoan and later Mycenaean occupation of Anatolian coast, the arrival in Anatolia in the early 1st millennium B.C. of the Phrygians coming from Thrace, and later the arrival of settlers from Macedonia in Pisidia and in the Sagalassos territory (under Seleucid rule). The coming of the Dorians from Northern Greece and central Europe (the Dorians are claimed to be one of the main groups at the origin of the ancient Greeks) may have also brought northern and central European biological elements into southern populations. Indeed, the Dorians may have migrated southward to the Peloponnese, across the southern Aegean and Create, and later reached Asia Minor."
Ancient Egyptian language is part of the Afrasian or Afroasiatic group which has its origins in Africa, and together with other archaeological evidence firmly makes it an African culture. Acording to mainstream research:
QUOTE(s):
"Ancient Egyptian civilization was, in ways and to an extent usually not recognized, fundamentally African. The evidence of both language and culture reveals these African roots. The origins of Egyptian ethnicity lay in the areas south of Egypt. The ancient Egyptian language belonged to the Afrasian family (also called Afroasiatic or, formerly, Hamito-Semitic). The speakers of the earliest Afrasian languages, according to recent studies, were a set of peoples whose lands between 15,000 and 13,000 B.C. stretched from Nubia in the west to far northern Somalia in the east. They supported themselves by gathering wild grains. The first elements of Egyptian culture were laid down two thousand years later, between 12,000 and 10,000 B.C., when some of these Afrasian communities expanded northward into Egypt, bringing with them a language directly ancestral to ancient Egyptian. They also introduced to Egypt the idea of using wild grains as food." (Christopher Ehret (1996) "Ancient Egyptian as an African Language, Egypt as an African Culture." In Egypt in Africa Egypt in Africa, Theodore Celenko (ed), Indiana University Press)
"Ancient Egypt belongs to a language group known as 'Afroasiatic' (formerly called Hamito-Semitic) and its closest relatives are other north-east African languages from Somalia to Chad. Egypt's cultural features, both material and ideological and particularly in the earliest phases, show clear connections with that same broad area. In sum, ancient Egypt was an African culture, developed by African peoples, who had wide ranging contacts in north Africa and western Asia." (Morkot, Robert (2005) The Egyptians: An Introduction. Routledge. p. 10)
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ANCIENT EGYPTIANS AND HAIR ----------
Mummification actices and dyeing of hair Hair studies of mummies note that color is often influenced by environmental factors at burial sites. Brothwell and Spearman (ref in Fletcher's works-1963) point out that reddish-brown ancient color hair is usually the result of partial oxidation of the melanin pigment. Other causes of hair color "blonding" involve bleaching, caused by the alkaline in the mummification process. Color also varies due to the Egyptian practice of dyeing hair with henna. Other samples show individuals lightening the hair using vegetable colorants. Thus variations in hair color among mummies do not necessarily suggest the presence of blond or red-haired Europeans or Near Easterners flitting about Egypt before being mummified, but the influence of environmental factors. --------
Egyptian practice of putting locks of hair in mummy wrappings.
Racial analysis is also made problematic by the Egyptian practice of burying hair, in many "votive or funerary deposits buried separately from the body, a practice found from Predynastic to Roman times despite its frequent omission from excavation reports." (Fletcher 2002) In examining hair samples Fletcher (2004) notes that care is needed to determine what is natural scalp hair, versus hair from a wig, versus hair extensions to natural locks. Tracking the exact source of hair is also critical since the Egyptians were known to have placed locks of hair from different sources among mummy wrappings. (The Search for Nefertiti, By Joann Fletcher, HarperCollins, 2004, p. 93-94, 96; Joann Fletcher, ANCIENT EGYPTIAN HAIR AND WIGS, THE OSTRACON THE JOURNAL OF THE EGYPTIAN STUDY SOCIETY, VOLUME 13, NUMBER 2; SUMMER 2002) ------------------------------------------------ -------------
Hair for wigs often obtained through trade not mass waves of "Caucasoid" migrants.
The use of wigs made of varying hair also complicates attempts at 'racial' analysis. Fletcher (2002) shows that many Egyptian wigs have been found with what is defined as straighter 'cynotrichous' hair. This however is hardly a marker of massive European or Near Eastern presence or admixture. Fletcher notes that the Egyptians often eschewed their own personal hair, shaving carefully and using wigs widely. The hair for these wigs was often obtained through trade. Indeed, "hair itself being a valuable commodity ranked alongside gold and incense in account lists from the town of Kahun." Egyptian trading links with other regions is well known, and a prized commodity like straighter 'cynotrichous' hair could have been easily obtained via the Sahara, Levant, the Maghreb, Mediterranean contacts, or even the hair of Asiatic war captives or casulaties from Egypt's numerous conflicts. ------------------------------------------------ -------------
Red-headed Ramses- routine for genetic variability in Africa not "whiteness"
Rameses came along comparatively late in Egyptian history, when outsiders toEgypt like the Hyskos were increasing in the region. Detailed microscopic analysis during the 1980s (Balout 1985) identified some of the hair of Egyptian Pharoah Rameses II as being a yellowish-red. Such a finding should not be surprising given the wide range of physical variability in Africa, the most genetically diverse region on earth, out of which flowed other population groups. Indeed, blondism and various other hair shades are not unknown in East Africa or Nubia, particularly in children, nor are such hair color variants uncommon in dark-haired or dark skinned populations like the Australians. (Hrdy 1978) Given the range of genetic variability in Africa, a red-haired Rameses is hardly unusual. Rameses' reign, in the 19th Dynasty, came over 1,500 years after the Egyptian state had been established, and after the Hyskos interlude. Such latecomers to Egypt, like the Hyskos, Assyrians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs etc would add their own genetic strands to the nation's mix. Whatever the blend of genes that occurred with Rameses, his hair offers little supposed "proof" of a "white" or "Nordic" Egypt. If anything, X-rays of several royal mummies by mainstream scientists show that the Egyptians pharoahs and other royals had several uncomfortable 'Negroid' leanings. (http://www.geocities.com/nilevalleypeo ples/xraymummies1.htm) ------------------------------------------------ -------------
Red hair can be readily produced by dark-skinned populations- just check out Australia and pheomelanin
The finding of Rameses "red" hair also deserves further scrutiny. The analysis found evidence of dyeing to make the hair yellowish-red, but some elements were untouched by the dye. These elements of yellowish-red hair in Balout's study, were established on the basis of the presence of pheomelanin, a red-brown polymeric pigment in the skin and hair of humans. However, pheomelanin can also be found in persons with dark brown or even black hair as well, which gives it a reddish hue. Most natural melanins contain sulfur, which is typically associated with pheomelanin. In scientific tests of melanin, black hair contained as much as 5% sulfur, 3% lower than the 8.8% found in Irish red hair, but exceeding the 2.3% found in Scandinavian blond hair. (Jolles, et al. 1996) Thus the yellowish-red hair discovered on Rameses is well within the range of human variation for dark haired people, whatever the exact gene combination that led to the condition.
As noted above, such variation began with ancient African populations. Most red hair is found in northern and western Europe, especially in the British Isles, and even then it appears in minor frequencies in Europe- some 4% of the population. It is unlikely such populations had any major contact or influence in the ancient Nile Valley. The analysis on Rameses also did not show classic "European" red hair but hair of a light red to yellowish tinge. Black haired or dark-skinned populations are quite capable of producing such yellowish-red color variants on their own, as can be seen in today's east and northeast Africa (see child's photo above). Nor is such color variation unusual to Africa. Native dark-skinned populations in Australia, routinely produce people witn blond or reddish hair. .
The analysis also found Rameses' hair to be cymotrich or wavy, again a characteristic quite within the range of overall African or Nile valley physical and genetic diversity. A "pure" Nordic type of straight hair was thus not established for Rameses. Hence the notion of white Europeans or red-headed Caucasoids from other areas flowing into ancient Egypt to add hair variation is dubious. Inflows occurred during the Greek and Roman eras but reddish or brown hair is within the range of African variation. Genetic studies (Tishkoff 2009, 2000) show Africans have the highest diversity in the world. Skeletal/cranial studies confirm the pattern. Relethford (2001) shows that ".. methods for estimating regional diversity show sub-Saharan Africa to have the highest levels of phenotypic variation, consistent with many genetic studies." (Relethford, John "Global Analysis of Regional Differences in Craniometric Diversity and Population Substructure". Human Biology - Volume 73, Number 5, October 2001, pp. 629-636) Hanihara 2003 notes that [significant] "..intraregional diversity are present in Subsaharan Africans.." While ancient Egypt had gene flow in various eras, hair variations easily fall under this pattern of built-in, indigenous diversity, as well as the above noted cultural practice of using wigs with hair from different places obtained through trade.
-----------------------
Joann Fletcher, ANCIENT EGYPTIAN HAIR AND WIGS, THE OSTRACON THE JOURNAL OF THE EGYPTIAN STUDY SOCIETY, VOLUME 13, NUMBER 2; SUMMER 2002
The Search for Nefertiti, By Joann Fletcher, HarperCollins, 2004, p. 93-94, 96
Brothwell. D., and R. Spearman 1963 The hair of earlier peoples. In: Science in Archaeology. D. Brothwell and E. Higgs, eds. Thames and Hudeon, London, p. 427-436
Daniel Hrdy 1978- Analysis of Hair Samples of Mummies from Semna South, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, (1978) 49: 277-262)
Studies of Ancient Crania From Northern Africa," American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 83:35-48 (1990
Hair Styles and History, by Cyril Aldred, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New Series, Vol. 15, No. 6 (Feb., 1957), pp. 141-147)
L. Balout, C. Roubet and C. Desroches-Noblecourt, and was titled La Momie de Ramsčs II: Contribution Scientifique ŕ l'Égyptologie (1985).
Formation and Structure of Human Hair: Biology and Structure, By Pierre Jollčs, Helmut Zahn, H. Höcker, Birkhäuser, 1996, pp. 200-225
>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>
NUBIA AND EGYPT- Nubians and Egyptians were so close in various eras that they were virtually indistinguishable
“The ancient Egyptians referred to a region, located south of the third cataract the Nile River, in which Nubians dwelt as Kush.. Within such context, this phrase is not a racial slur. Throughout the history of ancient Egypt there were numerous, well documented instances that celebrate Nubian-Egyptian marriages. A study of these documents, particularly those dated to both the Egyptian New Kingdom (after 1550 B.C.E.) and to Dynasty XXV and early Dynasty XXVI (about 720-640 BCE), reveals that neither spouse nor any of the children of such unions suffered discrimination at the hands of the ancient Egyptians. Indeed such marriages were never an obstacle to social, economic, or political status, provided the individuals concerned conformed to generally accepted Egyptian social standards. Furthermore, at times, certain Nubian practices, such as tattooing for women, and the unisex fashion of wearing earrings, were wholeheartedly embraced by the ancient Egyptians." (Bianchi, 2004: p. 4)
'It is an extremely difficult task to attempt to describe the Nubians during the course of Egypt's New Kingdom, because their presence appears to have virtually evaporated from the archaeological record.. The result has been described as a wholesale Nubian assimilation into Egyptian society. This assimilation was so complete that it masked all Nubian ethnic identities insofar as archaeological remains are concerned beneath the impenetrable veneer of Egypt's material; culture.. In the Kushite Period, when Nubians ruled as Pharaohs in their own right, the material culture of Dynasty XXV (about 750-655 B.C.E.) was decidedly Egyptian in character.. Nubia's entire landscape up to the region of the Third Cataract was dotted with temples indistinguishable in style and decoration from contemporary temples erected in Egypt. The same observation obtains for the smaller number of typically Egyptian tombs in which these elite Nubian princes were interred. (Bianchi, 2004, p. 99-100)
- Robert Bianchi ( 2004). Daily Life of the Nubians. Greenwood Publishing Group
Integration of Nubian and egyptian elites in some eras
"the XIIth Dynasty (1991-1786 B.C.E.) originated from the Aswan region.4 As expected, strong Nubian features and dark coloring are seen in their sculpture and relief work. This dynasty ranks as among the greatest, whose fame far outlived its actual tenure on the throne. Especially interesting, it was a member of this dynasty- that decreed that no Nehsy (riverine Nubian of the principality of Kush), except such as came for trade or diplomatic reasons, should pass by the Egyptian fortress at the southern end of the Second Nile Cataract. Why would this royal family of Nubian ancestry ban other Nubians from coming into Egyptian territory? Because the Egyptian rulers of Nubian ancestry had become Egyptians culturally; as pharaohs, they exhibited typical Egyptian attitudes and adopted typical Egyptian policies." - (F. J. Yurco, 'Were the ancient Egyptians black or white?', Biblical Archaeology Review (Vol 15, no. 5, 1989)
The pharaohs that forbid the movement of certain Nubian tribes into Egypt were themselves of negroid origin according to conservative mainstream Egyptologist Frank Yurco..
Quote:
"the XIIth Dynasty (1991-1786 B.C.E.) originated from the Aswan region. As expected, strong Nubian features and dark coloring are seen in their sculpture and relief work. This dynasty ranks as among the greatest, whose fame far outlived its actual tenure on the throne. Especially interesting, it was a member of this dynasty- that decreed that no Nehsy (riverine Nubian of the principality of Kush), except such as came for trade or diplomatic reasons, should pass by the Egyptian fortress at the southern end of the Second Nile Cataract. Why would this royal family of Nubian ancestry ban other Nubians from coming into Egyptian territory? Because the Egyptian rulers of Nubian ancestry had become Egyptians culturally; as pharaohs, they exhibited typical Egyptian attitudes and adopted typical Egyptian policies."
- (F. J. Yurco, 'Were the ancient Egyptians black or white?', Biblical Archaeology Review (Vol 15, no. 5, 1989)
Applying a consistent 'race' model that interprets war between Egyptians and Nubians as 'racial' the Egyptians also pursued 'racial' wars against whites from the Middle East.
[IMG]http://digital.library.upenn.edu/wo men/edwards/pharaohs/207.gif[/IMG] RAMESES II. SLAYING THE "whites" BEFORE RA, THE TUTELARY DEITY OF THE GREAT TEMPLE OF ABŰ-SIMBEL..
THE DISCOURSE OF AMEN-RA, LORD OF THRONES.
Thou hast struck off the heads of the Asiatics, and their children cannot escape from thee. Every land illuminated by thy diadem is encircled by thy might; and in all the zone of the heavens there is not a rebel to rise up against thee. The enemy bring in their tribute on their backs, prostrating themselves before thee, their limbs trembling and their hearts burned up within them."
Campaign against "white" Mittani in parts of Lebanon:
"He is a king valiant ... Naharin which its lord had deserted out of fear ... I hacked up its towns and villages and I set fire to them ... I carried off their inhabitants ... also their herds of cattle ... I felled all their plantations and their fruit trees ...I had many vessels ... built on the mountains of God's Land in the neighborhood of the Lady of Byblos ... then on that mountain of Naharin, my Majesty erected my stela, carved out of the mountain on the western side of the Euphrates.."
Conquest against and tribute from "white" Palestine:
"Tribute of the princes of Retenu, who came to do obeisance ... to the souls of his majesty... Now every harbor at which his majesty arrived was supplied with loaves and with assorted loaves, with oil, incense, wine, f[ruit] ---- abundant were they beyond everything ...
Tribute from 'white' Lebanon:
The chieftains, lord of Lebanon, construct the royal ships in order that people may sail south in them to bring all the marvels of the "Garden" to the palace. LPH. ... The chieftains of Retjenu (Retenu) who drag the flagpoles by means of oxen to the shore, it is they who come with their dues to the place where his majesty is, to the Residence in ...... bearing all the fine products brought as marvels of the south and being taxed for tribute annually as (with) all bondsmen of his Majesty."
Operations against more 'white' 'Troglodytes':
"Then my Majesty made them take their oaths of allegiance as follows: never again shall we do anything evil against Menkheperre (another name for Thutmose III), may he live forever ... Then my Majesty had them set free on the road to their cities*). They went off on donkeys for I had seized their chariotry. I captured their inhabitants for Egypt and their property likewise." [W. Helck transl. by B. Cummings (1982), `Urkunden der 18. Dynastie', `Egyptian Historical Records of the Later 18th Dynasty']
"His majesty proceeded northward, to overthrow the Asiatics (Mntyw-Stt). His majesty arrived at a district, Sekmem (Skmm) was its name. His majesty led the good way in proceeding to the palace of `Life, Prosperity, and Health (L.P.H.,' when Sekmen had fallen, together with Retenu (Rtnw) the wretched, while I was acting as rearguard." [Breasted, `Records', Vol. I, Sec. 680] Time of Seti the Great - Presentation of Syrian Prisoners and Precious Vessels to Amon
"Smiting the Troglodytes, beating down the Asiatics (Mn·t·yw), making his boundary as far as the `Horns of the Earth', as far as the marshes of Naharin (N-h-r-n)." [Ibid., Vol. III, Sec. 118;]
"Slaying of the Asiatic Troglodytes (Ynw-Mn·t·yw [Menate, Manasseh]), all inaccessible countries, all lands, the Fenkhu of the marshes of Asia, the Great Bend of the sea (w'd-wr)."
Booty seized from "white" Caananites:
".... 340 living prisoners; 83 hands; 2,401 mares; 191 foals; 6 stallions; ... young ...; a chariot, wrought with gold, (its) pole of gold, belonging to the chief of `M-k-ty' (as the land around Jerusalem was called); .... 892 chariots of his wretched army; total, 924 (chariots); a beautiful suit of bronze armor, belonging to the chief of Jerusalem; .... 200 suits of armor, belonging to his wretched army; 502 bows; 7 poles of (mry) wood, wrought with silver, belonging to the tent of that foe. Behold, the army of his majesty took ...., 297 ...., 1,929 large cattle, 2,000 small cattle, 20500 white small cattle." [JBRE, `Records', Vol. II, Sec. 435; See also the following sections.]
Tribute from "white" Assur/Assyria "The tribute of the chief of Assur (Ys-sw-r): genuine lapis lazuli, a large block, making 20 deben, 9 kidet; genuine lapis lazuli, 2 blocks; total, 3; and pieces, [making] 30 deben; total, 50 deben and 9 kidet; fine lapis lazuli from Babylon (Bb-r); vessels of Assur of hrrt- stone in colors, ---- very many." "Tribute of the chief of Assur: horses ---. A ---- of skin of the M-h-w as the [protection] of a chariot, of the finest of --- wood; 190(+x) wagons --- --- wood, nhb wood, 343 pieces, carob wood, 50 pieces; nby and k'nk wood, 206 pieces; olive oil, ------.." [BREASTED, Vol. II, Sec. 446, 449]
"Whites" put to slave labor in Egypt.
from Project Guttenberg full text of: A HISTORY OF EGYPT FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PERSIAN CONQUEST BY JAMES HENRY BREASTED, II, 760-1, 773. 2 II, 761.
Inscription "the Asiatics of all countries came with bowed head, doing obeisance to the fame of his majesty."
book text:
"Thutmose's war-galleys moored in the harbour of the town; but at this time not merely the iceaUh of Asia was unloaded from the ships; the Asiatics themselves, bound one to another in long lines, were led down the gang planks to begin a life of slave- labour for the Pharaoh (Fig. 119). They wore long matted beards, an abomination to the Egyptians ; their hair hung in heavy black masses upon their shoulders, and they were clad in gaily coloured woolen stuffs, such as the Egyptian, spotless in his white linen robe, would never put on his body.
Their arms were pinioned behind them at the elbows or crossed over their heads and lashed together ; or, again, their hands were thrust through odd pointed ovals of wood, which served as hand-cuffs. The women carried their children slung in a fold of the mantle over their shoulders. With their strange speech and uncouth postures the poor wretches were the subject of jibe and merriment on the part of the multitude ; while the artists of the time could never forbear caricaturing them. Many of them found their way into the houses of the Pharaoh's favourites, and his generals were liberally rewarded with gifts of such slaves; but the larger number were immediately employed on the temple estates, the Pharaoh's domains, or in the construction of his great monuments and buildings."
Ancient Egyptians warn against cowardly, treacherous "whites" comparing them to destructive thieves and reptiles.
"The Instruction for King, Merikare takes a similar tone for peoples in the north (Lichtheim 1973: 10404):
Lo the miserable Asiatic (white), He is wretched because of the place he's in: Short of water, bare of wood, Its paths are many and painful because of mountains. He does not dwell in one place, Food propels his legs, He fights since the time of Horus.. He does not announce the day of combat, Like a thief who darts about a group.."
"Asiatics (whites) are both cowardly and pitiful, leading a marginal existence, constantly fighting but with nothing ever settled. They are also sly and ultimately treacherous, attacking without warning. This passage characterizes Asiatics as both primitive and threatening.. In this case, the passage reflects Egypt's combination of colonial domination and outright military conflict.."
Merikare goes on (Lichtheim 1976: 103-104)
"The Asiatic is a crocodile on its shore It snatches from a lonely road, It cannot seize a populous town."
"Along the same lines, the Prophecy of Neferti (c. 1950 BC) portrays Asiatic immigrants as a flock of rapacious birds descending on Egypt, taking advantage of civil wars of the First Intermediate Period (c. 2150 - 2050 BC) to infiltrate parts of the rich Egyptian delta (Lichtheim 1973: 141):
A strange bird will breed in the delta marsh, having made its nest besides the people.. All happiness is vanished, The land is bowed down in distress, Owing to those feeders, Asiatics who roam the land..
From: --Stuart Tyson Smith. (2003) Wretched Kush: ethnic identities and boundaries in Egypt's Nubian empire. Routledge, pp. 28-31 =========================
Recent DNA study shows Berber roots foundational in africa and African populations with deep-rooted African DNA lineages not merely migration from the outside/
"Our objective is to highlight the age of sub-Saharan gene flows in North Africa and particularly in Tunisia... The results show that the most ancient haplogroup is L3*, which would have been introduced to North Africa from eastern sub-Saharan populations around 20,000 years ago. Our results also point to a less ancient western sub-Saharan gene flow to Tunisia, including haplogroups L2a and L3b. This conclusion points to an ancient African gene flow to Tunisia before 20,000 years BP. These findings parallel the more recent findings of both archaeology and linguistics on the prehistory of Africa. The present work suggests that sub-Saharan contributions to North Africa have experienced several complex population processes after the occupation of the region by anatomically modern humans. Our results reveal that Berber speakers have a foundational biogeographic root in Africa and that deep African lineages have continued to evolve in supra-Saharan Africa."
-- Ancient Local Evolution of African mtDNA Haplogroups in Tunisian Berber Populations Frigi et al. Human Biology (August 2010 (82:4)
"Our findings are in accordance with other studies on Y-chromosome markers that have shown that the predominant Y-chromosome lineage in Berber communities is the subhaplogroup E1b1b1b (E-M81), which emerged in Africa, is specific to North African populations, and is almost absent in Europe, except in Iberia (Spain and Portugal) and Sicily. Molecular studies on the Y chromosome in North Africa are interpreted as indicating that the southern part of Africa, namely, the Horn/East Africa, was a major source of population in the Nile Valley and northwest Africa after the Last Glacial Maximum, with some migration into the Near East and southern Europe (Bosch et al. 2001; Underhill et al. 2001)."
--Ancient Local Evolution of African mtDNA Haplogroups in Tunisian Berber Populations Frigi et al., 2010 ----------------
Conservative Egyptologist Frank Yurco, shows that the 12th Dynasty was of the negroid type, of Upper Egyptian and Nubian origin. The 12th Dynasty is one of Egypt's greatest, and was in place approximately 1000 years before the 25th dynasty. Yurco also shows that the Nubians were ethnically the closest people to the Egyptians.
Quote: "the XIIth Dynasty (1991-1786 B.C.E.) originated from the Aswan region. As expected, strong Nubian features and dark coloring are seen in their sculpture and relief work. This dynasty ranks as among the greatest, whose fame far outlived its actual tenure on the throne. Especially interesting, it was a member of this dynasty- that decreed that no Nehsy (riverine Nubian of the principality of Kush), except such as came for trade or diplomatic reasons, should pass by the Egyptian fortress at the southern end of the Second Nile Cataract. Why would this royal family of Nubian ancestry ban other Nubians from coming into Egyptian territory? Because the Egyptian rulers of Nubian ancestry had become Egyptians culturally; as pharaohs, they exhibited typical Egyptian attitudes and adopted typical Egyptian policies."
- (F. J. Yurco, 'Were the ancient Egyptians black or white?', Biblical Archaeology Review (Vol 15, no. 5, 1989)
"Among the foreigners, the Nubians were closest ethnically to the Egyptians. In the late predynastic period (c. 3700-3150 B.C.E.), the Nubians shared the same culture as the Egyptians and even evolved the same pharaonic political structure." - (F. J. Yurco, 'Were the ancient Egyptians black or white?', Biblical Archaeology Review (Vol 15, no. 5, 1989) ----------------------------- Emergence of Haplogroup M occurred among dark-skinned tropical peoples – QUOTE:
"Macaulay's research team analyses the Orang Asli, the aboriginal inhabitants of the Malay Penisula, while Thangaraj and colleagues focused on the Andamese islanders, called 'Negritos' (for the characteristic phenotype of dark skin), both groups performing a large number of complete mitochondrial sequences in order to clarify the origin of these populations. They discovered that both Orang Asli and Andaman islanders harboured ancient mtDNA lineages, belonging to the founder haplogroups M, N, and R, with coalescence ages of ~44,000 to ~63,000 years, which were considered the legacy of an early diffusion of modern humans out of Africa. Thus, there was a single rapid out of Africa dispersal (~70,000 years ago) involving a founding group of individuals harbouring the L3 mtDNA haplogroup and starting from the Horn of Africa towards the Persian Gulf and further along the tropical coast of the Indian Ocean to Southeast Asia and Australasia. During this coastal migration, haplogroups M, N and R evolved and the ancestral L3 was lost. Moreover, this scenario is strongly supported by palaeoenvironmental evidence, confirming that a northern migration would have been impossible during the glacial period extending from ~70,000 to 50,000 years ago."
Haplogroup M not found much in Europe or the Middle East, but in Africa, M1 appears - QUOTE.
"The richest basal variation in the founder haplogroups , N and R is found among the southern stretch of Eurasia, particularly in the Indian subcontinent (Figure 1), suggesting a rapid colonization along the southern coast of Asia.. Western Eurasians, in contrast with Southern Asians, eastern Eurasians, and Australasians, have a high level of haplogroup diversity within the haplogroup N and R, but lack haplogroup M also entirely (Figure 1)... Although Haplogroup M differentiated soon after the out of Africa exit and it is widely distributed in Asia (east Asia and India) and Oceania, there is an interesting exception for one of its more than 40 sub-clades: M1.. Indeed this lineage is mainly limited to the African continent with peaks in the Horn of Africa." --Paola Spinozzi, Alessandro Zironi . (2010). Origins as a Paradigm in the Sciences and in the Humanities. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 48-50
Misleading "Eurasian" label flagged by some scholars - QUOTE: "The historical linguistic data reported earlier would apply in the case of maternal lineages as well.. it is not likely that the "northern" genetic profile is simply due to "Eurasians" having colonized supra-Saharan regions from external African sources. It might be likely that the greater percentage of haplotypes called "Eurasian" are predominantly, although not solely, of indigenous African origin. As a term "Eurasian" is likely misleading, since it suggests a single locale of geographical origins. This is because it can be postulated that differentiation of the L3* haplogroup began before the emigration out of Africa, and that there would be indigenous supra-Saharan/Saharan or Horn-supra-Saharan haplotypes. More work and careful analysis of mtDNA and the archeological data and likely probabilities is needed. Early hunting and gathering paleolithic populations can be modeled as having roamed between northern Africa and Eurasia, leaving an asymmetrical distribution of various derivative variants over a wide region, giving the appearance of Eurasian incursion." --Keita, A, Boyce, A. (2005) Genetics, Egypt, and History... History in Africa, 32, 221-246
------------------------------------------ ------
“..the M1 presence in the Arabian peninsula signals a predominant East African influence since the Neolithic onwards.“ -- Petraglia, M and Rose, J (2010). The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia:
Conservative mainstream Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt shows ancient Egypt derived from an African cultural sub-stratum
[QUOTE:]
[i]"The evidence also points to linkages to other northeast African peoples, not coincidentally approximating the modern range of languages closely related to Egyptian in the Afro-Asiatic group (formerly called Hamito-Semetic). These linguistic similarities place ancient Egyptian in a close relationship with languages spoken today as far west as Chad, and as far south as Somalia. Archaeological evidence also strongly supports an African origin. A widespread northeastern African cultural assemblage, including distinctive multiple barbed harpoons and pottery decorated with dotted wavy line patterns, appears during the early Neolithic (also known as the Aqualithic, a reference to the mild climate of the Sahara at this time). Saharan and Sudanese rock art from this time resembles early Egyptian iconography. Strong connections between Nubian (Sudanese) and Egyptian material culture continue in later Neolithic Badarian culture of Upper Egypt. Similarities include black-topped wares, vessels with characteristic ripple-burnished surfaces, a special tulip-shaped vessel with incised and white-filled decoration, palettes, and harpoons...
Other ancient Egyptian practices show strong similarities to modern African cultures including divine kingship, the use of headrests, body art, circumcision, and male coming-of-age rituals, all suggesting an African substratum or foundation for Egyptian civilization.."
-- Source: Donald Redford (2001) The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Egypt, Volume 3. Oxford University Press. p.28
Ancient "Middle Easterners" lack the tropical body proportions of ancient Egyptians
QUOTE:
"There is long-standing disagreement regarding Upper Pleistocene human evolution in Western Asia, particularly the Levant. Some argue that there were two different populations, perhaps different species, of Upper Pleistocene Levantine hominids. The first, from the Israeli sites of Qafzeh and Skhul, is anatomically modern. The second, from sites such as Amud, Kebara, and Tabun, is archaic, or "Neandertal" in morphology. Others argue that this is a false dichotomy and that all of these hominids belong to a single, highly variable population. In this paper I attempt to resolve this issue by examining postcranial measures reflective of body shape. Results indicate that the Qafzeh-Skhul hominids have African-like, or tropically adapted, proportions, while those from Amud, Kebara, Tabun, and Shanidar (Iraq) have more European-like, or cold-adapted, proportions. This suggests that there were in fact two distinct Western Asian populations and that the Qafzeh-Skhul hominids were likely African in origin - a result consistent with the "Replacement" model of modern human origins.
"What we can say, however, is that in the Holocene, humans from southwest Asia do not exhibit tropically adapted body shape (Crognier 1981; Eveleth and Tanner 1976; Schreider 1975). In addition, while Levantine winters today are generally characterized as mild (Henkin et al. 1998), they are nonetheless quite often cold, with frequent snowfall—for example, the winter of 1992 was particularly cold and snowy in Israel (Vishnevetsky and Steinberger 19%). Given that the Holocene is a warm phase, yet recent Levantine humans do not exhibit a tropically adapted morphology, there is little reason to assume that in the (generally colder) Pleistocene epoch, natural selection alone could result in tropically adapted morphology in the region.
Thus, the discovery of tropically adapted hominids in the region would therefore likely indicate population dispersal from the TROPICS, and the most logical geographic source for such an influx is Africa. In this regard, Trinkaus (1981, 1984, 1995) and Ruff (1994) have argued that the high brachial and crural indices, narrow biiliac breadths, and small relative femoral head sizes of the Qafzeh-Skhul hominids suggest an influx of African genes associated with the emergence of modern humans in the region."
---Trenton Holliday (2000) Evolution at the Crossroads: Modern Human Emergence in Western Asia. American Anthropologist. New Series, Vol. 102, No. 1, 54-68
---Trenton Holliday (2000) Evolution at the Crossroads: Modern Human Emergence in Western Asia. American Anthropologist. New Series, Vol. 102, No. 1, 54-68 Holliday, T. 2000. Evolution at the Crossroads. Amr Anthr, 102. 54-68 ==========================
"Limb length proportions in males from Maadi and Merimde group them with African rather than European populations. Mean femur length in males from Maadi was similar to that recorded at Byblos and the early Bronze Age male from Kabri, but mean tibia length in Maadi males was 6.9cm longer than that at Byblos. At Merimde both bones were longer than at the other sites shown, but again, the tibia was longer proportionate to femurs than at Byblos (Fig 6.2), reinforcing the impression of an African rather than Levantine affinity."
-- Smith, P. (2002) The palaeo-biological evidence for admixture between populations in the southern Levant and Egypt in the fourth to third millennia BCE. in E.C.M van den Brink and TE Levy, eds. Egypt and the Levant: interrelations from the 4th through the 3rd millenium, BCE. Leicester Univ Press: 2002, 118-28 --------------------------------------------------------------
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova - I see you doing this kind of post all the time now. Is it that you are trying to destroy other peoples threads? or is it that you are just too simple-minded to format your posts properly?
Posted by Swenet (Member # 17303) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy: ^^ I hope you know who the authors of the Bible are. Moses the founder of the nation started it off. His writings was followed by that of the Levites (members of Moses' tribe) who God appointed as shepherds of the Hebrews. These wrote the bulk of the Bible. Thus by claiming these were a bunch of Liars, you are inadvertently saying the Hebrews were a bunch of Liars. A statement, which as I pointed out is discrediting your own recorded history. Because the Bible is THE BLACK MAN'S HISTORY BOOK.
I don't think the Bible writers lied anywhere in the Bible because what they wrote was not very flattering about themselves.
But having said that, you might know something that I don't and since we are here to learn from one another I am happy to look at the evidence that PROVES my black ancestors who wrote the Bible were liars.
Just a taste:
quote:This treatment of the Patriarchal stories can serve as a model for the reading of Exodus. In this case too, the attempts to locate the events in the thirteenth centure B.C.E. in the time of Pharaoh Ramesses II, have faced insurmountable difficulties. There is no such an event in any New Kingdom Egyptian source, and there is no trace of the early Hebrews in Egypt. The northern coast of Sinai was protected by formidable Egyptian forts that could have easily prevented an escaping people from crossing the desert; there is no trace of Late Bronze remains in the rest of the Sinai peninsula, not even in a place like Kadesh-barnea, where the Israelites are supposed to have camped for a long time; and Canaan of that time was an Egyptian province, administered by Egyptian garrisons where fifty Egyptian soldiers were enough to pacify an area according to the Amarna letters. Finally, many of the placs mentioned in the story of Exodus and the wandering in the desert were not inhabited before the eighth or even seventh century B.C.E.
The quest for the historical Israel, p52 -David Finkelstein
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
I hope that this is an enjoyable thread for all concerned, but be mindful that the history of Canaan and Jerusalem is complicated.
Here is an interesting tid-bit, according to the Wiki article the name (Jerusalem) recurs in Akkadian cuneiform as Urušalim, in the Amarna tablets datable to the 1400-1360 BCE.
But I don't find that, I find "Buruzilim" instead. If anyone can find the ones with "Urušalim" please let me know.
Letters by Rib-Addi of Biblos to Amenhotep IV
The power of Egypt in Retenu was decreasing; the Hattians had conquered Mitanni and extended their power southwards. The Amorite king Aziru conquered a number of Phoenician cities such as Niy, Tunip and Sumur, which were either allied to or governed by Egypt.
Rib-Addi, a faithful vassal of Egypt, was old and ill. Rib-addi spoke to his lord, the King of Lands:
May the Mistress of Gubla grant power to my lord. At the feet of my lord, my sun, I fall down seven times and seven times. Let the king, my lord, know that Gubla, your handmaid from ancient times, is well.
However, the war of the 'Apiru against me is severe. (Our) sons (and) daughters are gone, (as well as) the furnishings of the houses, because they have been sold in Yarimuta to keep us alive. My field is "a wife without a husband," lacking in cultivation. I have repeatedly written to the palace regarding the distress afflicting me, . . but no one has paid attention to the words that keep arriving. Let the king heed the words of his servant........... They . . . all the lands of the king, my lord. Aduna, the king of Irqata, mercenaries have killed, and there is no one who has said anything to Abdi-Ashirta, although you knew about it. Miya, the ruler of Arashni, has taken Ardata; and behold now the people of Ammiya have killed their lord; so I am frightened.
Let the king, my lord, know that the king of Hatti has overcome all the lands that belonged to the king of Mittani or the king of Nahma [4] the land of the great kings.
Abdi-Ashirta, the slave, the dog, has gone with him. Send archers. The hostility toward me is great. ................ and send a man to the city of . . . I will . . . his words.
Another letter:
Rib-addi says to his lord, the King of Lands, the Great King, the King of Battle:
May the Lady of Gubla grant power to the king, my lord. At the feet of my lord, my Sun, I fall down seven times and seven times. Be informed that since Amanappa's arrival to me, all the 'Apiru have turned their face against me at the instigation of Abdi-Ashirta. Let my lord listen to the words of his servant, and let him send me a garrison to defend the city of the king, until the archers come out. And if there are no archers, then all the lands will unite with the 'Apiru. Listen, since the conquest of Bit-Arha in accordance with the demand of Abdi-Ashirta, they seek in the same way to unite Gubla and Batruna; and thus all lands would be united with the 'Apiru. Two cities remain with me, and they are also attempting to take them from the king's hand. Let my lord send a garrison to his two cities until the arrival of the archers, and give me something to feed them. I have nothing.
Like a bird that lies in a net, a kilubi/cage, so I am in Gubla. Furthermore, if the king is not able to rescue me from the hand of his enemy, then all lands will unite with Abdi-Ashirta. What is he, the dog, that he takes the king's lands for himself?
The conspiracy organized by Rib-Addi's brother in favor of Aziru of Amurru, son of his old enemy Abdi-Ashirta, drove him to seek refuge with Hammuniri . From there he sent his son to the Pharaoh bearing a request for aid.
Rib-addi [speaks] to the king, his Lord, [the sun of all countries]; [I have prostrated myself] seven times and seven times at the feet of the king, my Lord. I have written repeatedly in order (to obtain) [ troops ], but have not received them, [ and ] the king, my Lord, has not listened to the words of his servant. I have sent my messenger to the palace, and [he has returned] (with) empty (hands): there were troops for him. When the people of my house saw that no money had been given, they reproached me, the governors, my brothers, and they despised me. On the other hand, I set out for Hammuniri and in the meantime a brother of mine, younger than me, conspired against me at Gubla [1] to deliver the city to the sons of Abdi-Ashirta. When my brother saw that my messenger had returned empty(handed) and that there were no occupation troops with him, he despised me and thus he committed a crime, and he expelled me from the city. May the king, my Lord, not hold back (before) the actions of this dog.
Now I cannot enter the land of Mitsru [2]; I am old and I (suffer of) a serious disease in my own flesh. May the king, my Lord, know, that the Gods of Gubla are angered and the disease has become chronic, although I have confessed my sin to the Gods. Therefore I have not appeared before the king, my Lord. Now then, I have sent my son, servant of the king, my Lord, to the king, my Lord. May the king, my Lord, listen to the words of his servant and may the king, my Lord, give troops of archers to conquer the city of Gubla in order that enemy troops not enter her, nor the sons of A[bdi-A]shirta, and it become necessary that the troops of archers of the king, my Lord, reconquer it. See, (there are) many men who love me in the city and few are my enemies. When the troops of archers will be leaving and the day of their arrival be known, the city will return to the king, my Lord. And may my Lord know (that) I am willing to die for him.
When I was in the city, I made an effort to keep it for my Lord and my heart was firm (in the support of) the king, my Lord. It would not have delivered the city to the sons of Abdi-Ashirta. Therefore my brother has caused enmity between me and the city, to deliver it to the sons of Abdi-Ashirta. May the king, my Lord, hold back with respect to the city. Certainly there is inside her (walls) much gold and silver, and in her temples there is much of everything. If they conquer her, may the king, my Lord, do with his servant as he wants, but may he give me the city of Buruzilim as residence.
Now I am with Hammuniri, since Buruzilim has made the (other) cities hostile (to me) . They have become enemies for fear of the sons of Abdi-Ashirta. When I came to Hammuniri because of the sons of Abdi-Ashirta, when they were stronger than I and there was no encouragement for me from the mouth of the king, I said to the king, my Lord: See, the city of Gubla (is) his. In her (there are) many things of the king, the possessions of our ancestors. If the king holds back, he will not have left any city of Kinahnu [3]. May the king not hold back his action. Now I have sent to the king, my Lord, your servant, my son. May the king send him quickly with troops to take the city. If the king, my Lord, feels compassion for me and returns me to the city, then I will keep it for the king, my Lord, like previously. If the king, my Lord, [ does not return to me ] to her [... ] the city of Buruzilim [... will do] as she sees fit to his servant (?) ... Hammulniri [ I remain with him (?)].
May [the king, my Lord], listen to [the words] of his servant and send immediately troops to take the city. May the king, my Lord, not hold back with regard to this evil deed, that was committed against the countries of the king, [my Lord], and may the king, my Lord, quickly send troops of archers to take the city immediately. When they say in front of the king about the city: "the city is strong", it is not strong before the troops of the king, my Lord.
No help came from Egypt and Rib-Addi disappeared from history. Aziru after several years in Egypt returned to Amurru allying himself to the Hittites.
[1]Byblos [2] Egypt [3]Canaan [4]Nahma (Naharima, Naharin - i.e. the two rivers): Mitanni
Posted by dana marniche (Member # 13149) on :
quote:Originally posted by the lioness:
This Assyrian carving at Lachish shows Jews being led inton exile by Sargon's son Sennacherib after Hezekiah's failed revolot (701 BC). Oxford University Press, 1998
quote:Originally posted by Energy: Why come here and waste hours on discussions on ancient Egypt if one does not feel any connection with Kemet? In fact this whole post is denouncing the countless hours we spend discussing Kemet and not Africa in general.
If like you said focus in not necessarily claiming kemitian descent, then why not discuss other African civilisations in equal measure? Even better, why not discuss the people of the former Slave Coast in Africa who we know were our real ancestors. Why do we pointedly ignore the Slave Coast and discuss Kemet instead?
The people of of the former Slave Coast are our known ancestry. Lets talk about them for a change please.
Why come here and waste hours on discussions on Israel if one does not feel any connection with Israel? In fact your whole post is denouncing the countless hours Energy spends discussing Israel and not Africa in general.
If like you said focus in not necessarily claiming Hebrew descent, then why not discuss other African civilisations in equal measure? Even better, why not discuss the people of the former slave coast in Africa who we know were our real ancestors. Why do we pointedly ignore the West Coast and discuss Israel instead?
The people of the West Coast are our known ancestry. Lets talk about them for a change please.
Apparently West African scholars don't feel you, girl, because they have learned the European colonialists rhetoric was not quite accurate. West Africans were not just confined to one locality, but the product of many peoples of diverse and long heritages coming together. National heritage which is based on limited time period should not be used to suppress history and ancestry.
Catherine Acholonu-Olumba - authored books claiming Ibo dialect and culture has close links to Sumerian, Dravidian and early Mesopotamian culture. This is a claim of other "West African" scholars, too .
Furthermore the people of Ghana and other people u have displayed above always claimed descent from much further east even past Egypt. Because various portions of each of these people have always been linked together. The Negroid people of Mesopotamia and China have been linked with those of Nubia and western Africa long before the Cushitic so called non-Negroid blacks were. That is why u find the Benin haplotype and other sickle cell spread so far east as Oman and India.
It is too bad some on here don't appear to understand that AFrica is indeed just a continent but in any case the geographic landscape of Africans once extended well into Asia.
There is no question the Lachish people, just like the modern Kahin Jewish inhabitants Khaibar Arabia today and the smaller Beja types were the same African grouping that once occupied Egypt so I don't know what u were trying to prove with that photograph.
"This Assyrian carving at Lachish shows Jews being led inton exile by Sargon's son Sennacherib after Hezekiah's failed revolot" (701 BC)
Ababda Beja woman
Do you even know where Lachish is located?!
Lachish men taken by Assyrians
Can't win can u!
What people like yourself are not getting is that between 15,000 years ago and the late Bronze Age most of the known cultured world was comprised of black African affiliated peoples of the same type that now occupy south of the Sahara.
There is a reason why the Sumerians called themselves Sag gigga and why the Dravidian culture and Indonesian culture has hundreds of cultural connections to Africans. Why Akkad was founded by Nimrod son of Cush. Why Greeks Romans and Syrians claimed Arabia and Canaanites were black and said Osiris - who is still a major deity in black Africa - founded colonies from Africa to Nysa or what was then northern India. Why the Chinese texts state their founding culture Shang had black and oily skin. And why the proto-type of Stone Henge is found in the Nubian desert thousands of years EARLIER than in Britain with black skeletons! And why Moors were called black as pitch in early Europe in many documents, and why early Scandinavian records document small black people in their lands. And why Olmecs built 15 ton stone heads wearing cornrows and placed them atop THEIR pyramids with internal dimensions similar to those in Africa! And why Lemba have the closest affiliation to the Kohen.
Fact: Black tropically affiliated Africans were the predominant people of the world until recently.
That in truth is why you find undeniable links between the Dravidians and modern Africans. Why Fijians claim descent from early Africans, why the roots of early Polynesian culture r fnow established to be in Vanuatu-Tonga area and why early Polynesians and Fijians rulers look like they did - AFRICAN.
Most of the people of the ancient civilized world were indeed blacks of various sorts. This is an undeniable if unwelcome truth that even many European scholars are accepting - AGAIN.
Join the crowd. Why the h_ _ _ are u asking sub-Saharan Africans to give up their plainly documented ancient roots when nationalists around the world r claiming blacks contributed nothing to those cultures and did nothing in the world and are fit only for slavery.
If they have the most ancient and widespread civilizations on the earth y should they be asked to forget that or confine themselves to one region.
If u are really black - which I doubt - u need to get over ur Svenskaesque NeoNazified attitude toward ur own people!
Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
quote:Originally posted by Brada-Anansi: But hardly anyone here is claiming direct Kemetian ancestry in the same way as one claim Ashanti,Zulu,Malian,Twa, or any other off course I am saying this as a diasporan Black of general African decent and not Continental African.
Oh but Brada we do. Why come here and waste hours on discussions on ancient Egypt if one does not feel any connection with Kemet? In fact this whole post is denouncing the countless hours we spend discussing Kemet and not Africa in general.
If like you said focus in not necessarily claiming kemitian descent, then why not discuss other African civilisations in equal measure? Even better, why not discuss the people of the former Slave Coast in Africa who we know were our real ancestors. Why do we pointedly ignore the Slave Coast and discuss Kemet instead?
The people of of the former Slave Coast are our known ancestry. Lets talk about them for a change please.
LOL.This is a silly thread. Everyone knows that the people in West Africa formerly lived in Nubia and Egypt. As a result, it is proper to study ancient Egypt as our ancestral home.
.
Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
Inyotef 1
Wm. E. Welmers identified the Niger Congo home land. Welmers in "Niger-Congo Mande", Current trends in Linguistics 7 (1971), pp.113-140,explained that the Niger-Congo homeland was in the vicinity of the upper Nile valley (p.119). He believes that the Westward migration began 5000 years ago.
In support of this theory he discusses the dogs of the Niger-Congo speakers. This is the unique barkless Basenji dogs which live in the Sudan and Uganda today, but were formerly recorded on Egyptian monuments (Wlemers,p.119). According to Welmers the Basanji, is related to the Liberian Basenji breed of the Kpelle and Loma people of Liberia. Welmers believes that the Mande took these dogs with them on their migration westward. The Kpelle and Loma speak Mande languages.
He believes that the region was unoccupied when the Mande migrated westward. In support of this theory Welmers' notes that the Liberian Banji dogs ,show no cross-breeding with dogs kept by other African groups in West Africa, and point to the early introduction of this cannine population after the separation of the Mande from the other Niger-Congo speakers in the original upper Nile homeland for this population. As a result, he claims that the Mande migration occured before these groups entered the region.
Homburger made it clear that the Fula language was related to the Egyptians of the 12th Dynasty. This is interesting because we find that at this time new rulers came to power in Egypt from the South. This period is often called the Middle Kingdom.
Many of these “southerners” probably included many people who later settled West Africa. As noted earlier the marker for the spread of the Niger-Congo speakers is the basanji dog. The hieroglyphic for "dog," in fact, as evidenced on a stele from the Middle Kingdom of Egypt, derives from the basenji. In just a few strokes, the engraver captures the key characteristics: pricked ears, curled tail and graceful carriage. It is probably no coincidence that the Basanji was see as the principal dog it probably represents the coming of power of the Niger-Congo speakers in ancient Egypt.
We know that in African societies great ancestors are made into “gods”. This is interesting because Wally has discovered a number of African ethnonyms among the gods of Egyptian nomes.
quote:
Originally posted by Wally:
Ethnic names in the Mdu Ntr
Tutsi Tutsi "the assembled gods"; "all of them (gods)"
Akan Akan - the name of a god Akaniu - a class of gods like Osiris
Fante Fante - "he of the nose" - a name of Thoth - one of the 42 judges in the Hall of Osiris ("Shante" in modern Egyptian)
Hausa Hosa - a singing god
Yoruba Ourbaiu - great of souls, a title of gods or kings Ouruba - Great God of soul
The permutations of names of such folks as the Wolof or the Fulani are so many, that it requires the effort of those who speak the language, to properly interpret the names -ie, Djoloff, Oulof, etc. and then look for their meanings in Budge's dictionary...
It would be quite interesting if these nomes were formerly prominent southern nomes who gained prominence once the Inyotefs came to power.
Between 2258 2052 BC civil war broke out among the nobles of Egypt. During this period of disunity there was much suffering in the land and many of the fine cultural developments of the Old Kingdoms were discarded or rarely practiced. This period of chaos is called the "First Intermediate Period". A person who lived during this hard time named Iperwer, wrote Great and humble say: "I wish I might die". Little children cry out: "I never should have been born". Also during this time Lower Egypt was invaded by Asian people who ruled there for a long time.
During this period of decline it was the Southerners who made it possible for the raise of Egypt back into a world power. These Southerners were called "Inyotefs", they lived around a city in Upper Egypt called "Thebes". Inyotef I founded the 11th Dynasty and made Thebes his capital.Inyotef declared himself king c 2125-2112 BC.
Inyotef I opposed Ankhtify of Heracleopolitan who he defeated. It was Inyotef who consolidated power in the south. Inyotef II (Wahankh) also fought the Heracleopolitans. He loved dogs especially the basenji.
Egyptian Basenji Dog Hieroglyph
I believe that some of the southern nomes led by the Inyotefs were composed of people who later migrated to West Africa after the Romans came to power. The Thebians were closely united with the Nubians.
Inyotef I was the father Mentuhotep I. Several of the wives of Mentuhotep II were Nubians. Under Mentuhotep, the delta chiefs were defeated and Egypt was united again into one country.
Mentuhotep
Under the Amenemhet I, of the Xllth dynasty the capital was moved form Thebes to Lisht near Memphis. This dynasty and those thereafter are called the Middle Kingdom.
MIDDLE KINGDOM
It took strong leadership for the Egyptians to re establish the greatness of Egypt and the establishment of safe and secure borders.
The rulers during the Middle Kingdom were mostly men from the military. They frequently made raids into foreign lands in search of booty. And for the first time in Egyptian history a permanent army was founded to protect Egypt and keep it strong.
Amon became the major God of the Egyptians during the Middle Period. Amon was recognized at this time as the God of all Gods. This Amon was also called Amma by the Proto Saharans.
It is interesting to note that the Mande and other West African people like the Dogon and Dravidians worshipped the god Amma.
The fact that Mande, Wolof and Fula are related to Egyptian is probably due to the fact that when the Inyotefs took over Egypt the ancestors of these groups live in southern Egypt/Upper Kush. This would explain 1) the relationship between the Fula and Egyptian language of the 12th Dynasty 2) the introduction of the worship of Aman to the Egyptians a god worshipped by many Niger-Congo speakers, 3) the presence of Egyptian gods for selected nomes bearing West African ethnonyms and 4)the love of the basenji dog by the 12th Dynasty Egyptians.
Egypt was indeed a Pan-African civilization
.
Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
Egypt a Pan-African Civilization
Over the years Diop and other researchers have identified linguistic evidence that ancient Egyptian and Black African languages are related. This suggest that speakers of these languages formerly lived together.
It has been pointed out that the ancestors of the Egyptians originally lived in the Sahara.
There are similarities between Egyptian and Saharan motifs (Farid,1985). It was in the Sahara that we find the first evidence of agriculture, animal domestication and weaving (Farid , 1985, p.82). This highland region is the Kemites "Mountain of the Moons " region, the area from which the civilization and goods of Kem, originated.
The rock art of the Saharan Highlands support the Egyptian traditions that in ancient times they lived in the Mountains of the Moon. The Predynastic Egyptian mobiliar art and the Saharan rock art share many common themes including, characteristic boats (Farid 1985,p. 82), men with feathers on their head (Petrie ,1921,pl. xvlll,fig.74; Raphael, 1947, pl.xxiv, fig.10; Vandier , 1952, p.285, fig. 192), false tail hanging from the waist (Vandier, 1952, p.353; Farid, 1985,p.83; Winkler 1938,I, pl.xxlll) and the phallic sheath (Vandier, 1952, p.353; Winkler , 1938,I , pl.xvlll,xx, xxlll).
Due to the appearance of aridity in the Mountains of the Moon the Proto-Saharans migrated first into Nubia and thence into Kem. The Proto-Saharan origin of the Kemites explain the fact that the Kushites were known for maintaining the most ancient traditions of the Kemites as proven when the XXVth Dynasty or Kushite Dynasty ruled ancient Egypt. Farid (1985, p.85) wrote that "To conclude, it seems that among Predynastic foreign relations, the [Proto-]Saharians were the first to have significant contact with the Nile Valley, and even formed a part of the Predynastic population" (emphasis author).
This means that the Nomes probably represent different "states" incorporated into ancient Egypt. It is quite possible that each nome represented a different ethnic group.
If this is true the Egyptian language was probably a lingua franca used to provide a means of communication for the diverse people who lived in ancient Egypt. This would explain why Egyptian was used to write Kushite text until Egyptians migrated into Meroitic lands once Egypt was under the control of the Romans.
Alain Anselin La Question Peule, makes it clear that the Fula originated in Egypt. He supports this theory with the obvious similarity between the words for cattle and milk shared by the Egyptians, Fula and Dravidians (Tamil). He believes that by the 12 Dynasty of Egypt Fula were settled in Egypt.
The Egyptians had many gods. They had these gods because as new ethnicities formed nomes in Egypt they brought their gods with them.
A good example of this amalgamation of various African ethnicities into Egypt is the followers of the god Ra. Some of the first rulers of Egypt saw Ra as the main god.
Later the Egyptians worshipped Aman/Amun which was a Saharan god. ). By the 2nd millennium BC Kushites at kerma were already worshippers of Amon/Amun and they used a distinctive black-and-red ware (Bonnet 1986; Winters 1985b,1991). Amon, later became a major god of the Egyptians during the 18th Dynasty.
A majority of Fula may have remained nomadic, but settled Fula probaly form a major ethnic group in an Egyptian Nome, as did Wolof and Mande speaking people. This is the best way to explain the close genetic linguistic relationship between these groups.
Granted, some Wolof, Mande and Fula made their way to West Africa, but many speakers of these languages remained in Egypt and made up one of the various nomes associated with Egypt.
DNA can tells us little about this period unless they recover DNA from the people living at that time. DNA from living individuals only tell us abou the contemporary group. Not the original people.
Egypt was a cosmopolitan area inhabited by diverse people who move up the Nile from the south to found the First Dynasty. Since the people of Dynastic Egypt originated in the Sahara and moved from south to north . The archaeological evidence makes it clear that no one originated in Egypt.
We know that in African societies great ancestors are made into “gods”. This is interesting because Wally has discovered a number of African ethnonyms among the gods of Egyptian nomes.
[quote]
Originally posted by Wally:
Ethnic names in the Mdu Ntr
Tutsi Tutsi "the assembled gods"; "all of them (gods)"
Akan Akan - the name of a god Akaniu - a class of gods like Osiris
Fante Fante - "he of the nose" - a name of Thoth - one of the 42 judges in the Hall of Osiris ("Shante" in modern Egyptian)
Hausa Hosa - a singing god
Yoruba Ourbaiu - great of souls, a title of gods or kings Ouruba - Great God of soul
The permutations of names of such folks as the Wolof or the Fulani are so many, that it requires the effort of those who speak the language, to properly interpret the names -ie, Djoloff, Oulof, etc. and then look for their meanings in Budge's dictionary...
It would be quite interesting if these nomes were formerly prominent southern nomes who gained prominence once the Inyotefs came to power.
The appearence of these ethnonyms in Egyptian suggest that African tribes now living in West Africans formerly lived in ancient Egypt in the nomes that made up this great empire.
.
Posted by -Just Call Me Jari- (Member # 14451) on :
Thank You!!
quote:Originally posted by Swenet: The Hebrews who wrote the bible were a bunch of liars and considered a fringe of their own society, BY their own society, much like how we look upon groups like Jehova Witnesses and Mormons. Even they (authors of the bible) admit as much in all their tales of how the Hebrews didn't listen to what they, cough cough, I mean Yahweh said; basically the Hebrew people didn't care.
Sorry to burst your bubble, but the exodus never happened, and they lied about their victories over Syrio-Palestinian and African populations. They were no force to be wreckoned with. Thats why everytime they are mentioned in a REAL historical document wherein they're mentioned (ie, outside of the bible), someone is detailing how they just put the smackdown on them.
Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
quote:Originally posted by Wally: Ethnic names in the Mdu Ntr (updated)
Tutsi Tutsi "the assembled gods"; "all of them (gods)"
Akan Akan - the name of a god Akaniu - a class of gods like Osiris
Fante Fante - "he of the nose" - a name of Thoth - one of the 42 judges in the Hall of Osiris ("Shante" in modern Egyptian)
Hausa Hosa - a singing god (The Sahidic Coptic word for 'to sing; song' is Hos. Note: There are also towns in Ethiopia & Angola named 'Hosa'.
Yoruba Ourbaiu - great of souls, a title of gods or kings Ouruba - Great God of soul
Fulani The word for Fulani in Wolof is Pël, from this the French derived Peul Paal - a Kushite god; a form of Ra
Twi (an Akan linguistic group) Twi - the name of a god
Oromo Oromo is derived from 'orma' - person to 'oromo' - people in the Oromo language Orma ; Oromo - the name of a god
Edo Edo - name of a god; also a city in Keme
The Bini, the original people and founders of the Benin empire (aka, Edo empire) Binni - a phallic god ...
With the possible exception of the Tutsi and the Oromo, African Americans are genetically descendants of all these ethnic groups...
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by Clyde Winters:
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
quote:Originally posted by Brada-Anansi: But hardly anyone here is claiming direct Kemetian ancestry in the same way as one claim Ashanti,Zulu,Malian,Twa, or any other off course I am saying this as a diasporan Black of general African decent and not Continental African.
Oh but Brada we do. Why come here and waste hours on discussions on ancient Egypt if one does not feel any connection with Kemet? In fact this whole post is denouncing the countless hours we spend discussing Kemet and not Africa in general.
If like you said focus in not necessarily claiming kemitian descent, then why not discuss other African civilisations in equal measure? Even better, why not discuss the people of the former Slave Coast in Africa who we know were our real ancestors. Why do we pointedly ignore the Slave Coast and discuss Kemet instead?
The people of of the former Slave Coast are our known ancestry. Lets talk about them for a change please.
LOL.This is a silly thread. Everyone knows that the people in West Africa formerly lived in Nubia and Egypt. As a result, it is proper to study ancient Egypt as our ancestral home.
.
Clyde you said EVERYONE knows the people in West Africa lived in Nubia and Egypt. Are you sure about his? Where is the PROOF Clyde?
Don't get me wrong. By showing we are the Hebrews, I am indirectly showing West Africans were part of the ancient Egyptians. Same way as by showing Africans were slaves in America, it is the PROOF that Africans are citizens of America.
However you are making a claim that EVERYONE knows the Egyptian origins of West Africans. I don't! Therefore, apart from the evidence I am presenting, I will like to see the evidence that proves West Africans were in Egypt.
Posted by -Just Call Me Jari- (Member # 14451) on :
Good Find, whats even worse is that the Hebrews were obsessed with Egypt. The "Exodus" event was nothing but a ritual mockery of the Gods of Egypt and of the essence of Egypt.
Also it seems some of the plagues were inspired by the effects of the eruption of Santorini..
quote:Geologists are of the opinion that the eruption of the Santorini volcano at Santorini is the basis of the twelve plagues depicted in the Exodus. Post eruption, a vast neighborhood might have endured sufferings and tribulations like deluge, drought and firestorm etc. Not even cities located on higher platforms could escape the wrath of the devastating earthquakes. Molten magma ash in all likelihood would have completely blackened the atmosphere.
Scientists believe that most of the twelve plagues occurred as a consequence of the volcanic activity. The mention of darkness in the Bible may be without doubt ascribed to the molten ash and pumice on the surface. Even the stormy winds were blowing to the southeasterly direction where Egypt was located.
Furthermore, according to renowned archaeologist Charles Pellegrino, high velocity dust storms were supposed to have rained down in Egypt from the dust clouds, thereby turning days into nights.The Exodus story also mentions about plague and devastating fire upon Egypt. Charles Pellegrino compares the Santorini eruptions with that of Mount St. Hellen in Oregon as a burning example of what the Santorini eruption might have been like.
quote:Originally posted by Swenet:
quote:This treatment of the Patriarchal stories can serve as a model for the reading of Exodus. In this case too, the attempts to locate the events in the thirteenth centure B.C.E. in the time of Pharaoh Ramesses II, have faced insurmountable difficulties. There is no such an event in any New Kingdom Egyptian source, and there is no trace of the early Hebrews in Egypt. The northern coast of Sinai was protected by formidable Egyptian forts that could have easily prevented an escaping people from crossing the desert; there is no trace of Late Bronze remains in the rest of the Sinai peninsula, not even in a place like Kadesh-barnea, where the Israelites are supposed to have camped for a long time; and Canaan of that time was an Egyptian province, administered by Egyptian garrisons where fifty Egyptian soldiers were enough to pacify an area according to the Amarna letters. Finally, many of the placs mentioned in the story of Exodus and the wandering in the desert were not inhabited before the eighth or even seventh century B.C.E.
The quest for the historical Israel, p52 -David Finkelstein
Posted by dana marniche (Member # 13149) on :
"However, the real revelation came when Erik [Trinkhaus] inserted his data on the Cro-Magnons of Europe and the Skhul-Qafzeh skeletons from Israel into the equations. In this case, he got a figure of 85 percent for the shinbone-thighbone ratio. Not only were they unlike the Neanderthals, but these people actually fell at the other extreme in their readings on the limb thermometer. The predicted average temperature of origin for folk with an 85% shin-thigh fraction, indicating much longer extremities relative to trunk length - was about 20 degrees higher than the Neanderthals', suggesting a subtropical- if not tropical- homeland!" (African Exodus By Christopher Stringer, Robin McKie, McMillan: pg 79-83)
Thanks for that piece of new info Zarahan it proves what earlier anthropologistpaleolithic Cro-magnon were in fact "Negroid" related to tropical Africans.
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by Clyde Winters:
quote:Originally posted by Wally: Ethnic names in the Mdu Ntr (updated)
Tutsi Tutsi "the assembled gods"; "all of them (gods)"
Akan Akan - the name of a god Akaniu - a class of gods like Osiris
Fante Fante - "he of the nose" - a name of Thoth - one of the 42 judges in the Hall of Osiris ("Shante" in modern Egyptian)
Hausa Hosa - a singing god (The Sahidic Coptic word for 'to sing; song' is Hos. Note: There are also towns in Ethiopia & Angola named 'Hosa'.
Yoruba Ourbaiu - great of souls, a title of gods or kings Ouruba - Great God of soul
Fulani The word for Fulani in Wolof is Pël, from this the French derived Peul Paal - a Kushite god; a form of Ra
Twi (an Akan linguistic group) Twi - the name of a god
Oromo Oromo is derived from 'orma' - person to 'oromo' - people in the Oromo language Orma ; Oromo - the name of a god
Edo Edo - name of a god; also a city in Keme
The Bini, the original people and founders of the Benin empire (aka, Edo empire) Binni - a phallic god ...
With the possible exception of the Tutsi and the Oromo, African Americans are genetically descendants of all these ethnic groups...
I remember falling out with Wally for this type of Speculative work dressed as History. It is not. In fact words with similar meaning prove absolutely nothing. It does not mean because two people have words that sound the same mean they have similar origins. People travel, trade and interact by speaking each others languages. That is just a simple fact of life and thus can not be used to prove that because a few words sounds the same, the people have the same origins.
Your case would be more plausible if the DIALECT overlaps strongly but one or two words sounding similar is nothing to write home about.
Posted by -Just Call Me Jari- (Member # 14451) on :
BTW we already know the Biblical authors were a bunch of Bigots who in terms of their neighbors were unoriginal Culture thieves and Vultures. Everything significant about the Jews came from either Mesopotamia or Egypt.
Their Laws Circumcision The Inner Sanctum and Holy of Holies The Noah Flood Story
These Bigots talked about Paganism and their Yahweh being against Paganism but 95% of the Hebrew religion derived from Earlier pagan sources..
I could go on. But Im sure we get the picture. And yes the Hebrew nation was not anything to fear they fit the role of "Servant of Servants" they tried to claim the Canaanites were.
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
^^ What is your point Jari?
Posted by -Just Call Me Jari- (Member # 14451) on :
My point is That the Hebrews were Culturally unoriginal and insignificant and that their "Chosen People" Bullcrap is a bunch of fables and myths.
Without Egypt(Which you keep trying to bash) there would be no Judaism or Hebrewism as we know it today.
What would Yaheh us a a covenant with out the custom of Circumcision he stole from Km.t..
No Inner most Sanctum and Holy of Holies...Another Pagan(Ha-Satan) Custom the Bigots of history stole from Km.t
Without Mesopotamia the Hebrews would have died as historically insignifigant and you would be claiming to be a Lost Roman Tribe or a Lost Greek Tribe or something..or a Lost Sumarian..
Sad how the most unoriginal, bigoted, plagerized Religion in history the Abrahamic Faiths have wreaked havoc and destruction on Earth by spreading..
SMH
Remind me again why anyone would want to claim to be a Hebrew??
Posted by dana marniche (Member # 13149) on :
quote:Originally posted by Swenet:
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
quote:Originally posted by Swenet: The Hebrews who wrote the bible were a bunch of liars and considered a fringe of their own society, BY their own society, much like how we look upon groups like Jehova Witnesses and Mormons. Even they admit as much in all their tales of how the Hebrews didn't listen to what they, cough cough, I mean Yahweh said.
Sorry to burst your bubble, but the exodus never happened, and they lied about their victories over Syrio-Palestinian and African populations. They were no force to be wreckoned with. Thats why everytime they are mentioned in a REAL historical document wherein they're mentioned (ie, outside of the bible), someone is detailing how they just put the smackdown on them.
Where is your evidence to the contrary of the eye witness accounts of what the Hebrews wrote?
By saying the Hebrews aka the Erverhs were a bunch of liars you are saying your black ancestors were a bunch of Liars. That is a HUGE claim. I hope you have evidence to back up that statement.
I don't think you understad what I've just said. I said the authors of the bible were a bunch of liars, not that the entire Hebrew nation consisted of liars. I also said that they weren't considered the spiritual leaders they made themselves out to be, so again, my beef is with the authors, not with the Hebrews in general.
Thanks for your posting Swenet. I posted something that like this before from Finkelstein and of course got some backlash. In fact the reason u don't find any evidence of Hebrew Exodus from what is today called Egypt, is because ancient Hebrews of Genesis and Exodus i.e. the Canaanites, were located in southwest Arabia.
They moved into Syria many centuries later.
The hundreds of names of the villages, rivers and clans of the Biblical Israel, Canaan and Kush are found in southwest Arabia and contiguous regions in Ethiopia. That is where the ancestors of the Lemba and other Africans lived before returning to Africa and also heading northward in the 2nd millenium as Meluhha or Amelekites (when "the Canaanites spread abroad"). Mitzra was never the name of what is today called Egypt until after the Hyksos period, it was a region in southern Arabia. Their leaders also didn't call themselves "Pharaohs" (Faraun) which is also the name of an Arabian chief or chiefs.
The story of teh Exodus is very much part of the ancient Yemenite tradition of the flight from Marib (Meriba Exodus 17)and refers to the Sabir African Arabian culture that spanned regions in Tihama and East Africa. Moses there is called Amr Muzaikiyya and his wife Zarifa is Ziphorah.
Kemit and Sinai had nothing to do with the Biblical exodus. It is statistically impossible that 85 - 90% of all the place names mentioned in the Bible should be found in this region from Yemen to Jizan (See The Bible Came from Arabia) and the are around Mecca and u only find a small handful maybe a couple dozen at the most found within the confines of modern Israel/Palestine. Of course Zionists and supporters, i.e. Christian fundamentalists tend to want to discard that evidence.
Even Kush was the area that included Mecca further south into the Yemen and across the Red Sea in Africa. These the Hebrews or Ibarim were one and the same people, and hence the name Baribari or Berber Cushites.
Ibn Mudjawir knew about "a tradition that at least the southern Tihama (from Mecca southwards) was called Kus (Ibn Mugawir, Tarikh 83) by some ..." The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads p. 231 fn 52 by Jan Retso, (2003). Parentheses are the author's, not mine.
Kus, Canaan and Israel were of course contiguous places in the Hebrew Bible
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by -Just Call Me Jari-: That the Hebrews were Culturally unoriginal and insignifigant and that their "Chosen People" Bullcrap is a bunch of fables and myths.
Remind me again why anyone would want to claim to be a Hebrew??
i Still don't get your point.
The way you are carrying on reminds me of a child calling someone names. Say for example, you keep taunting me that my father is a drunk. My response would be; "So what?" It does not change the fact he is still my father.
So I ask you again; WHAT IS YOUR POINT?
Posted by -Just Call Me Jari- (Member # 14451) on :
You are too simple to get my point but let me help you..
1) The Hebrews got their most cherished and signifigant customs from Mesopotamia and Egypt. The Creation story, The Inner Sactum/Holy of Holies, Circumcision, Many of their Laws, etc.
2)Your Hebrew claims are based on False Mythology stolen from Km.t and Mesopotamia. Without Egypt and Mesopotamia the Israelites would have remained an insignificant cultural backwater. Also if Not for the Roman Empire, The Greeks, and the Conversion of NON JEWS to Christianity Judaism would be similar to Hinduism today a religon confined to one place on Earth and based on false ancestry...No one would care about Judaism..No one would be claiming to be a Jew just as no one is claiming to be a Hindu(except Hindus of course)..
3) Your religion stole from Pagans. Its pathetic..
What is worse is you have Christians and Jews running around calling Kmt a "Devil Empire" etc.
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
quote:Originally posted by -Just Call Me Jari-: That the Hebrews were Culturally unoriginal and insignifigant and that their "Chosen People" Bullcrap is a bunch of fables and myths.
Remind me again why anyone would want to claim to be a Hebrew??
i Still don't get your point.
The way you are carrying on reminds me of a child calling someone names. Say for example, you keep taunting me that my father is a drunk. My response would be; "So what?" It does not change the fact he is still my father.
So I ask you again; WHAT IS YOUR POINT?
Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
quote:The Linguistic Methods of Chiekh Anta Diop By Clyde Winters
Chiekh Anta Diop has contributed much to the Afrocentric social sciences. Here we discuss many of Diop's views on using the linguistic sciences to rediscover the ancient history of Blacks. Chiekh Anta Diop has made important contributions to linguistic theory in relation to African historiography. Diop's work illustrates that it is important for scholars to maintain a focus on the historical and linguistic factors which define the "personnalitč culturelle africaine" (Diop 1991, 227). Language is the sanctum sanctorum of Diop's Afrocentric historical method. The Diopian view of historiography combines the research of linguistics, history and psychology to interpret the cultural unity of African people. C. Anta Diop is the founder of modern Afrocentricism . Diop (1974,1991) laid the foundations for the Afrocentric idea in education. He laid these foundations using both the historical and anthropological/linguistic methods of research to explain the role of the Blacks in World History. There are three components in the genetic model: 1) common Physical type, 2) common cultural patterns and 3) genetically related languages. (Winters 1989a) Diop over the years has brought to bear all three of these components in his illumination of Kemetic civilization. (Diop 1974,1977,1978,1991) The opposition of many Eurocentric scholars to Afrocentric -ism results from white hostility to Diop's idea of a Black Egypt, and the view that Egyptians spoke an African ,rather than Afro-Asiatic language. Recently, Eurocentric American scholars have alleged to write reviews of Diop's recent book (Diop 1991). Although these reviewers mention the work of Diop in their articles, they never review his work properly, because they lack the ability to understand the many disciplines that Diop has mastered.(Lefkowitz 1992; Baines 1991) For example Lefkowitz (1992) in The New Republic, summarizes Diop (1974) but never presents any evidence to dispute the findings of Diop. The most popular "review" of Diop (1991) was done by Baines (1991) review in the New York Times Book Review. In this "review" Baines (1991) claims that "...the evidence and reasoning used to support the arguments are often unsound". Instead of addressing the evidence Diop (1991) presents of the African role in the rise of civilization that he alleges is "unsound", he is asking the reader to reject Diop's thesis without refutation of specific evidence presented by Diop of the African contributions to Science and Philosophy. Baines (l991) claims that Diop's Civilization or Barbarism, is not a work of originality, he fails to dispute any factual evidence presented by Diop. Baines (1991) wants the public to accept his general negative comments about Civilization or Barbarism ,based on the fact that he is an Egyptologist. This is not enough, in academia to refute a thesis one must present counter evidence that proves the falseness of a thesis not unsubstantiated rhetoric. We can not accept the negative views of Baines on faith alone. In the recovery of information concerning the African past, Diop promotes semantic anthropology, comparative linguistics and the study of Onomastics. The main thesis of Diop is that typonymy and ethnonymy of Africa point to a common cradle for Paleo-Africans in the Nile Valley (Diop 1978, 67). Onomastics is the science of names. Diop has studied legends, placenames and religious cult terms to discover the unity of African civilization. Diop (1981, 86) observed that: "An undisputed linguistic relationship between two geographically remote groups of languages can be relevant for the study of migrations. A grammatical (or genetic) relationship if clear enough is never an accident". As a result, Diop has used toponyms (place-names), anthroponyms (personal names) and ehthnonyms (names of ethnic groups/tribes) to explain the evidence of analogous ethnic (clan) names in West Africa and the Upper Nile (Diop 1991). In Precolonial Black Africa, Diop used ethnonyms to chart the migrations of African people in West Africa. And in The African Origin of Civilization, Diop used analyses acculturaliste or typological analysis to study the origin and spread of African cultural features from the Nile Valley to West Africa through his examination of toponyms (Diop 1974, 182-183). In the Cultural Unity of Black Africa, Diop discussed the common totems and religious terms many African ethnic groups share (Diop 1978, 124). LINGUISTIC TAXONOMY This linguistic research has been based on linguistic classification or taxonomy. Linguistic taxonomy is the foundation upon which comparative and historical linguistic methods are based (Ruhlen 1994). Linguistic taxonomy is necessary for the identification of language families. The determination of language families give us the material to reconstruct the proto-language of a people and discover regular sound correspondences. There are three major kinds of language classifications: genealogical, typological, and areal. A genealogical classifica-tion groups languages together into language families based on the shared features retained by languages since divergence from the common ancestor or proto-language. An areal classification groups languages into linguistic areas based on shared features acquired by a process of convergence arising from spatial proximity. A typological classification groups languages together into language types by the similarity in the appearance of the structure of languages without consideration of their historical origin and present, or past geographical distribution.
COMPARATIVE METHOD Diop has used comparative and historical linguistics to illuminate the Unity of African civilization. Diop (1977, xxv) has noted that "The process for the evolution of African languages is clearly apparent; from a far we (have) the idea that Wolof is descendant by direct filiation to ancient Egyptian, but the Wolof, Egyptian and other African languages (are) derived from a common mother language that one can call Paleo-African, the common mother language that one can call Paleo-African, the common African or the Negro- African of L. Homburger or of Th. Obenga." The comparative method is used by linguists to determine the relatedness of languages, and to reconstruct earlier language states. The comparative linguist has two major goals (1) trace the history of language families and reconstruct the mother language of each family, and (2) determine the forces which affect language. In general, comparative linguists are interested in determining phonetic laws, analogy/ correspondence and loan words. Diop is a strong supporter of the comparative method in the rediscovery of Paleo-African. The reconstruction of Paleo-African involves both reconstruction and recognition of regular sound correspondence. The goal of reconstruction is the discovery of the proto-language of African people is the recovery of Paleo-African: (1) vowels and consonants (2) specific Paleo-African words (3) common grammatical elements; and (4) common syntactic elements. The comparative method is useful in the reconstruction of Proto-languages or Diop's Paleo-African. To reconstruct a proto-language the linguist must look for patterns of correspondences. Patterns of correspondence is the examination of terms which show uniformity. This uniformity leads to the inference that languages are related since uniformity of terms leads to the inference that languages are related since conformity of terms in two or more languages indicate they came from a common ancestor.
HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS A person's language provides us with evidence of the elements of a group's culture. Diop has noted that reconstruction of Paleo-African terms can help us make inferences about a group's culture going backwards in time to an impenetrable past undocumented by written records. This is semantic anthropology, a linguistic approach which seeks to discover aspects of man's culture from his language. Thusly, linguistic resemblances can help the anthropologist make precise inferences about a groups culture elements. Linguistic resemblances denote a historical relationship. This suggest that resemblances in fundamental vocabulary and culture terms can help one reconstruct the culture of the speakers of genetically related languages. LINGUISTIC CONSTANCY The rate at which languages change is variable. It appears that linguistic change is culture specific. Consequently, the social organization and political culture of a particular speech community can influence the speed at which languages change. Based on the history of language change in Europe most linguists believe that the rate of change for all languages is both rapid and constant.(Diagne, 1981,p.238) The idea that all languages change rapidly is not valid for all the World's languages. African languages change much slower than European languages. (Armstrong, 1962) For example, African vocabulary items collected by Arab explorers over a thousand years ago are analogous to contemporary lexical items.(Diagne,1981, p.239) In addition there are striking resemblances between the ancient Egyptian language and Coptic, and Pharonic Egyptian and African languages.(Diagne, 1981; Diop, 1977; Obenga, 1993) The political stability of African political institutions has caused languages to change very slowly in Africa. Pawley and Ross (1993) argue that a sedentary life style may account for the conservative nature of a language. African oral traditions and the eye witness accounts of travelers to Africa, make it clear that African empires although made up of diverse nationalities illustrated continuity. To accomodate the plural nature of African empires Africans developed a Federal system of government. (Niane , 1984) In fact we can not really describe ancient African state systems as empires, since this implies absolute rule or authority in a single individual. This political state of affairs rarely existed in ancient Africa, because in each African speech community local leadership was elected by the people within the community. (Diop, 1987) For example the Egyptians often appointed administrators over the conquered territories from among the conquered people. (Diop ,1991) The continuity of many African languages may result from the steady state nature of African political systems, and long standing cultural stability since neolithic times. (Diop, 1991 ; Winters 1985) This cultural stability has affected the speed at which African languages change. In Africa due to the relative stability of socio-political structures and settled life, there has not been enough pressure exerted on African societies as a whole and African speech communities in particular, to cause radical internal linguistic changes within most African languages. Permanent settlements led to a clearly defined system of inheritance and royal succession. These traits led to stability on both the social and political levels. This leads to the hypothesis that linguistic continuity exist in Africa due to the stability of African socio-political structures and cultural systems. This relative cultural stability has led African languages to change more slowly then European and Asian languages. Diop (1974) observed that: First the evolution of languages, instead of moving everywhere at the same rate of speed seems linked to other factors; such as , the stability of social organizations or the opposite, social upheavals. Understandably in relatively stable societies man's language has changed less with the passage of time.(pp.153-154) There is considerable evidence which supports the African continuity concept. Dr. Armstrong (1962) noted the linguistic continuity of African languages when he used glottochronology to test the rate of change in Yoruba. Comparing modern Yoruba words with a list of identical terms collected 130 years ago by Koelle , Dr. Armstrong found little if any internal or external changes in the terms. He concluded that: I would have said that on this evidence African languages are changing with glacial slowness, but it seems to me that in a century a glacier would have changed a lot more than that. Perhaps it would be more in order to say that these languages are changing with geological slowness. (Armstrong, 1962, p.285). Diop's theory of linguistic constancy recognizes the social role language plays in African language change. Language being a variable phenomena has as much to do with a speaker's society as with the language itself. Thus social organization can influence the rate of change within languages. Meillet (1926, 17) wrote that: Since language is a social institution it follows that linguistics is a social science, and the only variable element to which one may appeal in order to account for a linguistic change is social change, of which language variations are but the consequences. THE BLACK AFRICAN ORIGIN OF EGYPT Diop has contributed much to African linguistics. He was a major proponent of the Dravidian-African relationship (Diop 1974, 116), and the African substratum in Indo-European languages in relationship to cacuminal sounds and terms for social organiza-tion and culture (1974, 115). Diop (1978, 113) also recognized that in relation to Arabic words, after the suppression of the first consonant, there is often an African root. Diop's major linguistic effort has been the classification of Black African and Egyptian languages . Up until 1977 Diop'smajor area of interest were morphological and phonological similarities between Egyptian and Black African languages. Diop (1977, 77-84) explains many of his sound laws for the Egyptian-Black African connection. In Parčnte Génétique de l'Egyptien pharraonique et des Langues Négro Africaines (PGEPLNA), Diop explains in some detail his linguistic views in the introduction of this book. In PGEPLNA , Diop demonstrates the genetic relationship between ancient Egyptian and the languages of Black Africa. Diop provides thousands of cognate Wolof and Egyptian terms in support of his Black African-Egyptian linguistic relationship. PALEO-AFRICAN African languages are divided into Supersets (i.e., a family of genetically related languages, e.g., Niger-Congo) sets, and subsets. In the sets of African languages there are many parallels between phonological terms, eventhough there may be an arbitrary use of consonants which may have a similar sound. The reason for these changes is that when the speakers of Paleo-African languages separated, the various sets of languages underwent separate developments. As a result a /b/ sound in one language may be /p/ or /f/ in a sister language. For example, in African languages the word for father may be baba , pa or fa, while in the Dravidian languages we have appan to denote father. Diop has noted that reconstruction of Paleo-African terms can help us make inferences about an ethnic group's culture going backwards in time to an impenetrable past undocumented by written records. This is semantic anthropology, a linguistic approach which seeks to discover aspects of man's culture from his language. Thusly, linguistic resemblances can help the anthropologists make precise inferences about a linguistic group's cultural elements. BLACKS IN WEST ASIA In PGEPLNA Diop makes clear his views on the role of African languages in the rise of other languages. Using archaeological evidence Diop makes it clear that the original West Asians: Elamites and Sumerians were of Black origin (1974, 1977, xxix-xxxvii). Diop (1974, 1991) advocates the unity of Black Africans and Blacks in West Asia. Winters (1985,1989,1994) has elaborated on the linguistic affinity of African and West Asian languages. This view is supported by linguistic evidence. For example these languages share demonstrative bases: Proximate Distant Finite Dravidian i a u Manding i a u Sumerian bi a Wolof i a u The speakers of West Asian and Black African languages also share basic culture items: Chief city,village black,burnt Dravidian cira, ca uru kam Elamite Salu Sumerian Sar ur Manding Sa furu kami,"charcoal' Nubia sirgi mar Egyptian Sr mer kemit Paleo-African *sar *uru *kam
OBENGA Obenga (1978) gives a phonetic analysis of Black African and Egyptian. He illustrates the genetic affinity of consonants within the Black African (BA) and Egyptian languages especially the occlusive bilateral sonorous, the occlusive nasal apico-dental /n/ and /m/ , the apico-alveolar /r/ and the radical proto-form sa: 'man, female, posterity' in Black Africa. Language Agaw asau, aso 'masculine Sidama asu 'man' Oromo asa id. Caffino aso id. Yoruba so 'produce' Meroitic s' man Fonge sunu id. Bini eso 'someone' Kikongo sa,se,si 'father' Swahili (m)zee 'old person' Egyptian sa 'man' Manding si,se 'descendant,posterity,family' Azer se 'individual, person'
Obenga (1978) also illustrated the unity between the verbs 'to come, to be, to arrive': Language Egyptian ii, ey Samo, Loma dye Mbosi yaa Bisa gye Sidama/Omo wa Wolof nyeu Caffino wa Peul yah, yade Yoruba wa Fonge wa Bini ya Mpongwe bya Manding ya,dya Swahili (Ku)ya between t =/= d, highlight the alternation patterns of many Paleo-African consonants including b =/= p, l =/= r ,and g =/= k. The Egyptian term for grain is 0 sa #. This corresponds to many African terms for seed,grain: Galla senyi Malinke se , si Sumerian se Egyptian sen 'granary' Kannanda cigur Bozo sii Bambara sii Daba sisin Somali sinni Loma sii Susu sansi Oromo sanyi Dime siimu Egyptian ssr 'corn' id. ssn 'lotus plant' id. sm 'herb, plant' id. isw 'weeds' In conclusion, Diop has done much to encourage the African recovery of their history. His theories on linguistics has inspired many African scholars to explain and elaborate the African role in the history of Africa and the world. This has made his work important to our understanding of the role of Black people in History. Here we have shown the methods Anta Diop has used to rediscover the long and great history of Africans in Africa and the world. This methods allow us to reconstruct the Paleo-African culture formerly practiced by Africans in Africa, Asia and the Americas.
Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
quote:Originally posted by xyyman: Another strange character. What about that website or blog you were building . . .bro?
BTW - MOST of us are NOT claiming we are direct descendants of the AEians. At least not me. Most likely my immediate forefathers were slaves from the Western part of Africa. Maybe even Mozambique, since I carry L2a1a.
But that doesn't negate the fact that AEians were indigenous Black Africans. And we are related through genetics,PN2, culture and more distant origin.
We have a lot more in common with AEians than the people who came from the Asian Steppes.
Think about this. NOWHERE, I repeat NOWHERE on this planet will you find people set up discussion boards or forums and discuss other peoples' history. They discuss their own.
Even in Africa you will not find the indigenous people discussing each others history. For example, you will never find Yoruba set up a forum to discuss Fulani history, or vice versa. It just wouldn't happen and no people in Africa carry on like that. It is just ridiculous behaviour.
Lets not pretend otherwise, there is a reason we dwell on Kemet. We talk about Kemet because we feel a connection. A connection we can't prove. Thus, dwelling on something we can't prove is just stupid. Until an African people come up and show conclusively they are descendants of the ancient kemetians, it is pointless dwelling on them.
On the other hand, can we prove our Hebrews roots? Yes we can! So why ignore what we can prove and dwell on what we cant?
quote:Originally posted by Swenet: The Hebrews who wrote the bible were a bunch of liars and considered a fringe of their own society, BY their own society, much like how we look upon groups like Jehova Witnesses and Mormons. Even they admit as much in all their tales of how the Hebrews didn't listen to what they, cough cough, I mean Yahweh said.
Sorry to burst your bubble, but the exodus never happened, and they lied about their victories over Syrio-Palestinian and African populations. They were no force to be wreckoned with. Thats why everytime they are mentioned in a REAL historical document wherein they're mentioned (ie, outside of the bible), someone is detailing how they just put the smackdown on them.
Where is your evidence to the contrary of the eye witness accounts of what the Hebrews wrote?
By saying the Hebrews aka the Erverhs were a bunch of liars you are saying your black ancestors were a bunch of Liars. That is a HUGE claim. I hope you have evidence to back up that statement.
I don't think you understad what I've just said. I said the authors of the bible were a bunch of liars, not that the entire Hebrew nation consisted of liars. I also said that they weren't considered the spiritual leaders they made themselves out to be, so again, my beef is with the authors, not with the Hebrews in general.
Thanks for your posting Swenet. I posted something that like this before from Finkelstein and of course got some backlash. In fact the reason u don't find any evidence of Hebrew Exodus from Egypt, is because ancient Hebrews of Genesis and Exodus i.e. the Canaanites, were located in southwest Arabia.
They moved into Syria many centuries later.
The hundreds of names of the villages, rivers and clans of the Biblical Israel, Canaan and Kush are found in southwest Arabia and contiguous regions in Ethiopia. That is where the ancestors of the Lemba and other Africans lived before returning to Africa and also heading northward in the 2nd millenium as Meluhha or Amelekites (when "the Canaanites spread abroad"). Mitzra was never the name of what is today called Egypt until after the Hyksos period, it was a region in southern Arabia. Their leaders also didn't call themselves "Pharaohs" (Faraun) which is also the name of an Arabian chief or chiefs.
Kemit and Sinai had nothing to do with the Biblical exodus. It is statistically impossible that 85 - 90% of all the place names mentioned in the Bible should be found in this region from Yemen to Jizan (See The Bible Came from Arabia) and the are around Mecca and u only find a small handful maybe a couple dozen at the most found within the confines of modern Israel/Palestine.
Even Kush was the area that included Mecca further south into the Yemen and across the Red Sea in Africa. These the Hebrews or Ibarim were one and the same people, and hence the name Baribari or Berber Cushites.
Ibn Mudjawir knew about "a tradition that at least the southern Tihama (from Mecca southwards) was called Kus (Ibn Mugawir, Tarikh 83) by some ..." The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads p. 231 fn 52 by Jan Retso, (2003). Parentheses are the author's, not mine.
Kus, Canaan and Israel were of course contiguous places in the Hebrew Bible
In fact the reason you don't find any evidence of Hebrew Exodus from Egypt, is because ancient Hebrews were slaves to the Egyptians and masters do not have a habit of recording information about their slaves. It is that simple.
Let me ask you this. If we go back and look at the history of America during the Slave Trade, do you think white people would have any writings to say all those grand buildings they live in were built by the black slaves from Africa? Of course not!
My point is; oppressors don't bother with those they oppressed let alone write about them. They see these are beneath them. Thus you will find all those like the Babylonians and the Assyrians who also enslaved the Hebrews did not write anything about them either. What we have from their records of the Hebrews were written when the Hebrews were a powerful nation in their own right. However, after conquering the Hebrews and they became their slaves, both the Assyrians and the Babylonians never mentioned Hebrews again in their records. They simply forgot about them. That is the lot of the slave. No one mentions them in History.
The Hebrews for the most part of their time in ancient Egypt were slaves to the Egyptians thus it is not surprising the Egyptians failed to mentions them in their records.
The Hebrews on the other hand mentioned what they went through. Same way as Caribbean and African-Americans are those who tell the world of the atrocities of the Slave trade. Left to the White enslavers, much of what we know of the brutalities of slavery will never be known because the oppressor does not write about their slaves.
Going by your logic, then we can say, because the Slave owners did not leave any records about the African slaves. We have to take every everything Caribbean and African-Americans say about slavery with a pinch of salt. You catch my drift?
Masters do not write about their servants in their history books. That is a fact. It is very simple logic and when you study world history you find this is the case across the board. Thus for the ancient Egyptians not having much to say about their Hebrew slaves does not mean the slave did not exist in Egypt. The Egyptians simply did not bother to mention their slaves because that is simply how the cookie crumbles.
Posted by -Just Call Me Jari- (Member # 14451) on :
Clyde stop spamming the damn thread...Seriously can you edit your photos geez.
Posted by dana marniche (Member # 13149) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
quote:Originally posted by dana marniche:
quote:Originally posted by Swenet:
quote:Originally posted by Energy: [qb] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Swenet: [qb] The Hebrews who wrote the bible were a bunch of liars and considered a fringe of their own society, BY their own society, much like how we look upon groups like Jehova Witnesses and Mormons. Even they admit as much in all their tales of how the Hebrews didn't listen to what they, cough cough, I mean Yahweh said.
Sorry to burst your bubble, but the exodus never happened, and they lied about their victories over Syrio-Palestinian and African populations. They were no force to be wreckoned with. Thats why everytime they are mentioned in a REAL historical document wherein they're mentioned (ie, outside of the bible), someone is detailing how they just put the smackdown on them.
Where is your evidence to the contrary of the eye witness accounts of what the Hebrews wrote?
By saying the Hebrews aka the Erverhs were a bunch of liars you are saying your black ancestors were a bunch of Liars. That is a HUGE claim. I hope you have evidence to back up that statement.
I don't think you understad what I've just said. I said the authors of the bible were a bunch of liars, not that the entire Hebrew nation consisted of liars. I also said that they weren't considered the spiritual leaders they made themselves out to be, so again, my beef is with the authors, not with the Hebrews in general.Thanks for your posting Swenet. I posted something that like this before from Finkelstein and of course got some backlash. In fact the reason u don't find any evidence of Hebrew Exodus from Egypt, is because ancient Hebrews of Genesis and Exodus i.e. the Canaanites, were located in southwest Arabia.
They moved into Syria many centuries later.
The hundreds of names of the villages, rivers and clans of the Biblical Israel, Canaan and Kush are found in southwest Arabia and contiguous regions in Ethiopia. That is where the ancestors of the Lemba and other Africans lived before returning to Africa and also heading northward in the 2nd millenium as Meluhha or Amelekites (when "the Canaanites spread abroad"). Mitzra was never the name of what is today called Egypt until after the Hyksos period, it was a region in southern Arabia. Their leaders also didn't call themselves "Pharaohs" (Faraun) which is also the name of an Arabian chief or chiefs.
Kemit and Sinai had nothing to do with the Biblical exodus. It is statistically impossible that 85 - 90% of all the place names mentioned in the Bible should be found in this region from Yemen to Jizan (See The Bible Came from Arabia) and the are around Mecca and u only find a small handful maybe a couple dozen at the most found within the confines of modern Israel/Palestine.
Even Kush was the area that included Mecca further south into the Yemen and across the Red Sea in Africa. These the Hebrews or Ibarim were one and the same people, and hence the name Baribari or Berber Cushites.
Ibn Mudjawir knew about "a tradition that at least the southern Tihama (from Mecca southwards) was called Kus (Ibn Mugawir, Tarikh 83) by some ..." The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads p. 231 fn 52 by Jan Retso, (2003). Parentheses are the author's, not mine.
Kus, Canaan and Israel were of course contiguous places in the Hebrew Bible
In fact the reason you don't find any evidence of Hebrew Exodus from Egypt, is because ancient Hebrews were slaves to the Egyptians and masters do not have a habit of recording information about their slaves. It is that simple.
Let me ask you this. If we go back and look at the history of America during the Slave Trade, do you think white people would have any writings to say all those grand buildings they live in were built by the black slaves from Africa? Of course not!
My point is; oppressors don't bother with those they oppressed let alone write about them. They see these are beneath them. Thus you will find all those like the Babylonians and the Assyrians who also enslaved the Hebrews did not write anything about them either. What we have from their records of the Hebrews were written when the Hebrews were a powerful nation in their own right. However, after conquering the Hebrews and they became their slaves, both the Assyrians and the Babylonians never mentioned Hebrews again in their records. They simply forgot about them. That is the lot of the slave. No one mentions them in History.
The Hebrews for the most part of their time in ancient Egypt were slaves to the Egyptians thus it is not surprising the Egyptians failed to mentions them in their records.
The Hebrews on the other hand mentioned what they went through. Same way as Caribbean and African-Americans are those who tell the world of the atrocities of the Slave trade. Left to the White enslavers, much of what we know of the brutalities of slavery will never be known because the oppressor does not write about their slaves.
Going by your logic, then we can say, because the Slave owners did not leave any records about the African slaves. We have to take every everything Caribbean and African-Americans say about slavery with a pinch of salt. You catch my drift?
Masters do not write about their servants in their history books. That is a fact. It is very simple logic and when you study world history you find this is the case across the board. Thus for the ancient Egyptians not having much to say about their Hebrew slaves does not mean the slave did not exist in Egypt. The Egyptians simply did not bother to mention their slaves because that is simply how the cookie crumbles.
The Hebrews were slaves to the Mitzraim/Muzir in Mitzrah (better known as (Mudar in later Arabic writings)this refers to an Afro-Arabian people and region not to the later Egypt in Africa which was in fact not called Egypt in the time of Muzaikiyya a man of Canaanite i.e. South Arabian/Ethiopic stock who married Midianite (YoKshan/Kushan) south Arabian stock later called Ghassan.
Egypt is not the word used in the original Torah texts. The word was Mizrah/Musri. The Greek Septuagint distorted a lot of the original name locations. There is also little proof of the place Israel found through archeological evidence in Syria at that time, either. It refers to a place south of Mecca where several peoples and places still known as Yasir'il are still found, and where the names of the majority of Israelite and Canaanite villages are also retained.
Philistine of Medinet Habu -
In the Bible Philistim are in the Bible said to be remnant of the Anakim of Canaan and at the same time the Caluhim who are Mitzraim. Canaanites are still in their original land (western Yemen) but left for Syria and the Aegean in the middle of the 2nd millenium B.C. Their later remnants were called Phoenicians named probably named after the still extant village of Fenikha in the Yemen. Thus Herodotus brings the Canaanites from the Eritraean Sea.
Amlukh (Meluhha or Amalekites) are apparently still located there in Hadramaut as well. The Philistim, Amalekites, Anakim, Emim, Nephilim, Rephaim were all related very tall people. In post-Islamic texts the Emim are called Banu Umayma or Umama and the Nephilim are undoubtedly the Banu Nifal all closely connected to the peoples of the Wadi Dawasir and Wadi Beisha where are still the "tallest and blackest of the Arabs".
If u want to understand more about your ancestral past I would suggest u look into the writings of Bernard Leeman and Kamal Salibi who have discovered what most Europeans both Jewish and otherwise - don't want to hear.
Posted by Sahel (Siptah) (Member # 17601) on :
@Energy It has not been proven historically by anything outside mythological references that the Ancient Egyptians enslaved Hebrews whereas there is definite evidence of chattel enslavement of the peoples of the African diaspora. One thing i can say is despite what the Hebrews supposedly went through the Hebrews remained Hebrews by keeping their faith, knowledge and heritage. When giving the chance they chose to flee from their oppressors and formulate their own land. When it comes to (some) Africans they lost their faith, knowledge and heritage. When giving the chance they chose to integrate with their oppressor, stay in his land and become him. There is no comparison.
Furthermore this forum is labeled Egyptsearch.com so primary focus and knowledge exchange on Egypt is to be expected. Surely you knew this when you signed up on to this forum? Another important thing to mention is the legacy of Ancient Egypt / Kmt belongs to black people. You asking black people to simply dissociate themselves from parts of their heritage is equivalent to you asking the Chinese to dissociate themselves from parts of their heritage. We as black people are the manifestation of our heritage. Our identity bears our mark. If people view the Ancient Egyptians and do not see our mark then thats their problem and not ours. Its natural to develop a close kin-relationship with those or things you have the most common with. Its basic human nature. We are the following of those who came before us as black people this alone means we can't simply throw away or forget parts of our heritage for the sake of others. Doing so will only cause us more problems in the long run of our existence.
Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
quote:Originally posted by Sahel (Siptah): @Energy It has not been proven historically by anything outside mythological references that the Ancient Egyptians enslaved Hebrews whereas there is definite evidence of chattel enslavement of the peoples of the African diaspora. One thing i can say is despite what the Hebrews supposedly went through the Hebrews remained Hebrews by keeping their faith, knowledge and heritage. When giving the chance they chose to flee from their oppressors and formulate their own land. When it comes to (some) Africans they lost their faith, knowledge and heritage. When giving the chance they chose to integrate with their oppressor, stay in his land and become him. There is no comparison.
Furthermore this forum is labeled EGYPTsearch.com so primary focus and knowledge exchange on EGYPT is to be expected. Surely you knew this when you signed up on to this forum? Another important thing to mention is the legacy of Ancient Egypt / Kmt belongs to black people. You asking black people to simply dissociate themselves from parts of their heritage is equivalent to you asking the Chinese to dissociate themselves from parts of their heritage. We as black people are the manifestation of our heritage. Our identity bears our mark. If people view the Ancient Egyptians and do not see our mark then thats their problem and not ours. Its natural to develop a close kin-relationship with those or things you have the most common with. Its basic human nature. We are the following of those who came before us as black people this alone means we can't simply throw away or forget parts of our heritage for the sake of others.
This forum is called ancient Egypt--but you can discuss anything relating to Black people here--as opposed to the Egypt forum.
.
Posted by dana marniche (Member # 13149) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
quote:Originally posted by dana marniche: [QUOTE]Originally posted by Swenet: [qb] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Energy: [qb]
In fact the reason you don't find any evidence of Hebrew Exodus from Egypt, is because ancient Hebrews were slaves to the Egyptians and masters do not have a habit of recording information about their slaves. It is that simple.
Let me ask you this. If we go back and look at the history of America during the Slave Trade, do you think white people would have any writings to say all those grand buildings they live in were built by the black slaves from Africa? Of course not!
My point is; oppressors don't bother with those they oppressed let alone write about them. They see these are beneath them. Thus you will find all those like the Babylonians and the Assyrians who also enslaved the Hebrews did not write anything about them either. What we have from their records of the Hebrews were written when the Hebrews were a powerful nation in their own right. However, after conquering the Hebrews and they became their slaves, both the Assyrians and the Babylonians never mentioned Hebrews again in their records. They simply forgot about them. That is the lot of the slave. No one mentions them in History.
The Hebrews for the most part of their time in ancient Egypt were slaves to the Egyptians thus it is not surprising the Egyptians failed to mentions them in their records.
The Hebrews on the other hand mentioned what they went through. Same way as Caribbean and African-Americans are those who tell the world of the atrocities of the Slave trade. Left to the White enslavers, much of what we know of the brutalities of slavery will never be known because the oppressor does not write about their slaves.
Going by your logic, then we can say, because the Slave owners did not leave any records about the African slaves. We have to take every everything Caribbean and African-Americans say about slavery with a pinch of salt. You catch my drift?
Masters do not write about their servants in their history books. That is a fact. It is very simple logic and when you study world history you find this is the case across the board. Thus for the ancient Egyptians not having much to say about their Hebrew slaves does not mean the slave did not exist in Egypt. The Egyptians simply did not bother to mention their slaves because that is simply how the cookie crumbles.
Bernard Leeman also believes the Hebrews came back into Africa and were known as the Berbers. Hence the Baribari or Zaghawa or Gara/Jarawa peoples, Agau or Zaghwe and other related groups spread across Africa and the Sudan claiming descent from Habesh and the Hebrews. Many peoples across Africa are of partial descent from these Wangara traders. The tradition of early rulers of Ghana, Songhai and the Sudan being Hebrew is due to them.
Posted by dana marniche (Member # 13149) on :
As for these taller groups such as Philistines and Amalek (Melukhha in Assyrian), colonial documenters like Robert Gordon Latham p. 83 in Descriptive Ethnology Vol. II London mention the Amalek in the 1859 century still living with the tribe of 'Ad in the environs of the Mahra (the latter were otherwise called Rhamanitae by Greeks - Biblical Ra'ama. Mahra one of many of the early "Hebrew" descendants or descendants of Eber/Abir groups occupy Hadramaut, Oman and Somalia today.
Abir is an ancient Yemenite tradition is the father of Thamud or Samud from which comes the name of the Mahra tribe of Samudayt.
In the Hebrew Bible Amalek is a descendant of Eliphaz (El Afsah) a Canaanite while Ad, in Arabian tradition ancestor of the Amalekites takes his name from Adah who in Hebrew tradition is mother of Eliphaz.
George Bury recounts this Afro-Arabian tradition in 1915, “The first concrete fact in the history of the Yaman is the birth of Joktan son of Eber, B.C., 2246. I identify Eber with Heber the pophet, or Hud as the Arabs call him, who preached to the Adites and warned them of the Divine vengeance...This is said to have overtaken them in the form of a raging simoom along the western margin of what is now called the Rub al Khali or the Empty Quarter…But to return to Joktan or Kahtan as the Arabs call him. He was a native of Hadramaut valley but settled in Yemen and introduced architecture and agriculture among the pastoral and tent dwelling tribes."
"Kramer supposes that Meluhha was identical with Ethiopia, Bibby that it was identical with India, Weidner that it has to be sought in southern Arabia..." The peoples named Meluhha were undoubtedly occupants of each of these areas. (See Foreign Trade in the Babylonian Period 1960 p. 159.)
Furthermore each of those regions were at one time called Ethiopia.
This thus is all Afro-Arabian tall pastoral Ethiopian historical tradition of the ancient "Ethiopians" of Herodotus that also needs to be recognized for what it is - True history of "Canaanite/Hebrews/Kushites" in Meroe in north and south Arabia and the Indus Valley. They were already both African and Arabian in chalcolithic or neolithic times as shown by the rock art of Rub al Khali in which these elongated pastoral "Negroids" are represented.
Posted by cassiterides (Member # 18409) on :
We have many depictions of the Jews/Israelites left by the Assyrians.
They don't look Negroid.
Here is Jehu (King of Israel) from the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III -
Jehu is the one kneeling. He's got straight-wavy hair -
close up:
Good luck finding a negro with hair like that.
Israelites -
Thin prominent noses, straight hair...
Statues of woman from Judah -
What exactly is negroid about these?
Posted by cassiterides (Member # 18409) on :
quote:Originally posted by dana marniche: Thanks for that piece of new info Zarahan it proves what earlier anthropologistpaleolithic Cro-magnon were in fact "Negroid" related to tropical Africans. [/QB]
quote:Originally posted by dana marniche:
Thanks for that piece of new info Zarahan it proves what earlier anthropologistpaleolithic Cro-magnon were in fact "Negroid" related to tropical Africans. [/QB]
Cro-Magnons were orthognathic, thin nosed and wavy-straight haired. They were proto-Caucasoid.
What do the experts say?
Jantz and Owsley (2003) -
''Upper Paleolithic crania are, for the most part, larger and more generalized versions of recent Europeans.''
Howells (1997) -
''And the Cro-Magnons were already racially European, i.e., Caucasoid. This has always been accepted because of the general appearance of the skulls: straight faces, narrow noses, and so forth.''
=
Zaharan is a self-hating negro who hates Negroid racial traits and is *obsessed* with claiming black africans can have thin noses and straight hair. So although Cro-Magnons were thin nosed, straight-wavy haired with no prognathism - like White Europeans, Zaharan continues to spam Cro-Magnon were black/tropical african despite the fact all their racial traits were white.
Posted by kenndo (Member # 4846) on :
The Wangara (also known as Wakore) were Soninke clans specialized in trade, Islamic scholarship and law (as lawyers and cadis). Particularly active in the gold trade, they were a group of Mande traders, loosely associated to the medieval West African Empires of Ghana and Mali.
Posted by the lioness (Member # 17353) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
quote:Originally posted by the lioness: [qb]
quote:Originally posted by Energy: You got it wrong there Lioness, I talk about the HEBREWS, which is who I am. I don't spend even a second discussing Israel.
Jerusalem appears in the Bible 641 times with its Hebrew name and 26 times in its Aramaic name, "Yerushalem" What modern day country is the location of ancient Jerusalem in?
Lioness I know Hebrew is synonymous with ancient Israel. Unfortunately the Hebrews are not in their homeland. European impostors live in their land now and claim to be Israel. However, these Jews in Israel do not claim to be Hebrews. Thus, we have to be careful not to confuse the present occupants of Israel with the real Hebrews. The Hebrews were a race of people who are currently spread all over Africa and the Americas. Hence, the reason I don't waste time discussing Israel but focus on the Hebrews. By discussing the Hebrews and not Israel, I separate the two and show they are not one and the same. Hope you understand.
questions:
1) Is it right to assume that Israel is your spiritual homeland and origin regardless of who's there now?
2) what about Ben Ammi Ben-Israel? (spiritual leader of the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem, a group that developed in Chicago, Illinois among the African-American community. Claiming to be a lost tribe of Israel, most of its members have lived in Dimona, Israel since the late 1960s.) Is he and his followers real Hebrews?
3) what kind of approximate proportion of Africans who live in Africa do you believe are of the Hebrew race? Most, some or a small amount ?
4) what kind of approximate proportion of Africans who live in America do you believe are of the Hebrew race? Most, some or a small amount ?
5) do you believe some native Americans are of the Hebrew race?
thanks, lioness
(-please let Energy answer first, thanks)
Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
quote:Originally posted by cassiterides:
quote:Originally posted by dana marniche: Thanks for that piece of new info Zarahan it proves what earlier anthropologistpaleolithic Cro-magnon were in fact "Negroid" related to tropical Africans.
quote:Originally posted by dana marniche:
Thanks for that piece of new info Zarahan it proves what earlier anthropologistpaleolithic Cro-magnon were in fact "Negroid" related to tropical Africans. [/QB]
Cro-Magnons were orthognathic, thin nosed and wavy-straight haired. They were proto-Caucasoid.
What do the experts say?
Jantz and Owsley (2003) -
''Upper Paleolithic crania are, for the most part, larger and more generalized versions of recent Europeans.''
Howells (1997) -
''And the Cro-Magnons were already racially European, i.e., Caucasoid. This has always been accepted because of the general appearance of the skulls: straight faces, narrow noses, and so forth.''
=
Zaharan is a self-hating negro who hates Negroid racial traits and is *obsessed* with claiming black africans can have thin noses and straight hair. So although Cro-Magnons were thin nosed, straight-wavy haired with no prognathism - like White Europeans, Zaharan continues to spam Cro-Magnon were black/tropical african despite the fact all their racial traits were white. [/QB]
LOL. Here is Cro-Magnon man he does not look caucasoid.
Posted by the lioness (Member # 17353) on :
quote:Originally posted by Clyde Winters:
Cylde, would it be correct to say that the woman on the left is a descendant of albino Cushites that were trapped in caves? What accounts for her features? Of which African tribe is she an albino version of?
Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
quote:Originally posted by the lioness:
quote:Originally posted by Clyde Winters:
Cylde, would it be correct to say that the woman on the left is a descendant of albino Cushites that were trapped in caves? What accounts for her features? Of which African tribe is she an albino version of?
Kushites were not trapped in the caves.
.
Posted by the lioness (Member # 17353) on :
quote:Originally posted by Clyde Winters: Kushites were not trapped in the caves.
If not Kushites, who are the African ancestors of the woman in the above photo?
Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
quote:Originally posted by the lioness:
quote:Originally posted by Clyde Winters: Kushites were not trapped in the caves.
If not Kushites, who are the African ancestors of the woman in the above photo?
Khoisan.
.
Posted by the lioness (Member # 17353) on :
Interesting, thanks
Posted by cassiterides (Member # 18409) on :
Clyde as usual is lying.
Scientific reconstructions of Cro-Magnon -
They are proto-Caucasoid/White.
Posted by Brada-Anansi (Member # 16371) on :
"Sigh" there you guyz go again!! an interesting conversation started by Energy only to be side tracked by irrelevancies from a Troll with folks who know better, now while playing kickatroll in the balls is good fun lets keep it in his own threads but try to discard him in ours.
Back on topic we can all agree that Some of the Hebrews came out of the African house their language suggest this and at-least some of their remains do.
The remains found at Lakish:The excavacation uncovered a mass of human bones,which was estamated to from the remains of fifteen hundred individuals..remains of 695 skulls were brought to London by the British expedition...curiously,the crania indicate a close resemblance to the population of Egypt at this time...the relationships found suggest that the population of the town in 700 B.C was entirely of Egyptian origin..they show further,that the population of lakish was probably derived from upper Egypt.James e Brunson:
Pliny The Elder-Roman Naturalist....
That Syria was once the domain of Cepheus, an Ethiopian king,Tacitus wrote that the Romans believed that the Jews originated in Ethiopia but fled the persecutions of the King. Strabo,even earlier,stressed that that people of Western Judea was Africiod:
But although the inhibatance are mixed up thus,the most accerdited reports in regards to the people of Jerusalem reperesents the ancestors of the present Judeans as they are called Egyptians.
So how dark or lite, narrow featured or broad is not the issue, the issue is does it make sense to choose one over the other especially for a multi ethnic multi regional black person of African decent who ancestors may vary from Ashanti to Madagascans.
Posted by kenndo (Member # 4846) on :
I agree with you -Just Call Me Jari- and i have another point about the hebrew myths.I get my african history info from history books that have proven info,not blogs,but sometimes you have to know what else it out there but i am do not waste my time on that stuff anymore,but when i saw this thread i said to myself should i open it?i did,but next time i will try to avoid a thread like this in future,but since i am here let me say this.
I ONCE saw a youtube video that said the meroe was created by arabs and it's of arab origin,the culture etc what non-sense.
One thing i am clear on,the early ghana,songhay rulers were not not hebrews.They were mande and songhai.The Zaghawa are not not hebrews. Sudanese rulers were not hebrew in origin either and meroe was just a kushite city. I used to have long debates about this on the richard poe forum before it was locked .
The Zaghawa (also spelled Zakhawa) are an ethnic group of eastern Chad and western Sudan, including Darfur. The Saharan languages are a small family of languages spoken across parts of the eastern Sahara, extending from northwestern Darfur to southern Libya, north and central Chad, eastern Niger and northeastern Nigeria. Noted Saharan languages include Kanuri, Tedaga, Dazaga, and Zaghawa. They are a part of the proposed Nilo-Saharan family.
There seems to be another origin story,but of course it's non-sense.
Theories about Origins There are two views concerning the foundation of Kanem. The majority view based on previous scholarship is that the state was founded by local Zaghawa. According to recent research by historian Dierk Lange, the Kanem state was founded by immigrants from the Near East, however, due to its novelty this view is not yet widely accepted.
State founding by immigrants from the collapsed Assyrian Empire: c. 600 BCE
The information contained in the prologue and the first section of the Girgam provides evidence for the founding of Kanem by refugees from the collapsing Assyrian Empire: the names of biblical patriarchs point to Israelites, the names of ancient Mesopotamian kings indicate Babylonian contributions and the names of the last Assyrian kings bear witness of immigration in consequence of the fall of Assyria.[3] The royal titles offered by the Girgam and the origin-chronicles support the idea of mass immigration of various people formerly dominated by the Assyrians in consequence of the destruction of the Assyrian Empire by the invading Babylonian and Median armies in 612 BCE. The theory is further strengthened by linguistic and archeological evidence. Writing in the ninth century, the celebrated Arab historian al-Ya'qubi seems to refer to this migration on the basis of Central Sudanic oral traditions when he describes the dispersion of people from Babylon which led to the foundation of Kanem and other states in West Africa. Another theory proposes that the lost state of Agisymba (mentioned by Ptolemy in the middle of the 2nd century CE) was the antecedent of the Kanem Empire.
State founding by local Zaghawa: c. 700 CE According to the majority scholarly opinion, the empire of Kanem began forming around 700 CE under the nomadic Tebu-speaking Zaghawa. Comparison of the information provided by the Dīwān and by Arab geographers shows that the Zaghawa were forced southwest towards the fertile lands around Lake Chad by political pressure and desiccation in their former range. The area already possessed independent, walled city-states belonging to the Sao culture. Under the leadership of the Duguwa dynasty, the Zaghawa would eventually dominate the Sao, but not before adopting many of their customs. War between the ruling establishment and the Sao continued in Bornu up to the late 16th century.
Agau, also spelled Agaw, an ancient people that settled in the northern and central Ethiopian Plateau; they are associated with the development of agriculture and animal husbandry in the area. The term Agau also refers to any of several contemporaneous groups that are either culturally similar or linked by a Cushitic language base. The Jewish Falasha (or “Black Jews”) are believed to have descended from the Agau, and they retain some of the old Agau words in their religious vocabulary. Agau dialects are spoken in the mountainous region of Simen northeast of the City of Gonder and in the area southeast of Gonder. Awiya, a dialect spoken south of Lake Tana, is believed to contain the strongest similarities of any of the dialects to the ancient Agau language. Amharic also has many Agau elements and influences.
___________________________
Baribari is a place with a very small population in the state/region of Upper East, Ghana which is located in the continent/region of Africa.
These folks are not hebrews but i can't find what ethnic group/s they come from when i type the name.
_____________________________________ The Jarawa or Jrāwa were a Berber Zenata tribal confederacy that flourished in northwest Africa during the seventh century CE. Under l-Kahna, they led the Berber resistance to Arab invasion in the late 600s. Kahina
al-Kāhina (Classical Arabic for "female seer"; modern Maghreb Arabic: L-Kahna, Berber: Dihya or Kahya, Romanized name: Kahina) was a 7th century female Berber religious and military leader, who led indigenous resistance to Arab expansion in Northwest Africa, the region then known as Numidia, known as the Maghreb today. She was born in the early 7th century and died around the end of the 7th century probably in modern day Algeria.
Kahina's disputed origins and religion
Over four centuries after her death, Tunisian hagiographer al-Mālikī seems to have been among the first to state she resided in the Aurčs Mountains. Just on seven centuries after her death, the pilgrim at-Tijani was told she belonged to the Lūwāta tribe.When the later historian Ibn Khaldun came to write his account, he placed her with the Jrāwa tribe.
According to various sources, al-Kāhinat was the daughter of Tabat, or some say Mātiya[3]. These sources depend on tribal genealogies, which were generally concocted for political reasons during the 9th century.
Accounts from the nineteenth century on claim she was a Jew or that her tribe were Judaized Berbers, though scholars dispute this[5]. According to al-Mālikī she was said to have been accompanied in her travels by what the Arabs called an "idol", possibly an icon of the Virgin or one of the Christian saints,[6] but certainly not something associated with Jewish religious customs.
The idea that the Jrāwa were Judaized comes from the medieval historian Ibn Khaldun, who named them among a number of such tribes. Hirschberg and Talbi note that Ibn Khaldun seems to have been referring to a time before the advent of the late Roman and Byzantine empires, and a little later in the same paragraph seems to say that by Roman times "the tribes" (presumably those he had listed before) had become Christianized.[7] In the words of H. Z. Hirschberg, "of all the known movements of conversion to Judaism and incidents of Judaizing, those connected with the Berbers and Sudanese in Africa are the least authenticated. Whatever has been written on them is extremely questionable."[8] Hirschberg further points out that in the oral legends of Algerian Jews, "Kahya" was depicted as an ogre and persecutor of Jews.
al-Kāhinat may have been of mixed descent: Berber and Byzantine Christian, since one of her sons is described as a 'yunani' or Greek.
Ibn Khaldun records many legends about al-Kāhinat. A number of them refer to her long hair or great size, both legendary characteristics of sorcerers. She is also supposed to have had the gift of prophecy and she had three sons, which is characteristic of witches in legends. Even the fact that two were her own and one was adopted (an Arab officer she had captured), was an alleged trait of sorcerers in tales. Another legend claims that in her youth, she had supposedly freed her people from a tyrant by agreeing to marry him and then murdering him on their wedding night. Virtually nothing else of her personal life is known.
Posted by Brada-Anansi (Member # 16371) on :
Kenndo one must be careful of having knee jerk reaction to the fact that Jews/Hebrews were in any part of Africa,after all we accept that Christians, Muslims and perhaps even Buddhist in this case Meroe were present,however that does not mean that every Tom,Dick and Harry were Jews or connected to them in any meaningful way,everyone of the large civilizations in Africa attracted folks from near and far we have to keep reminding ourselves that South of the Desert civilizations were not isolated the Songhai Jews are an example Askia Mohammed forced them to convert,and it doesn't mean they looked like most Western Jews but were Blacks like their non Jewish neighbors.
Larabanga Mosque dates from the 13th cenury in present day Ghana now if Muslims were doing business that far south at that time why is it so difficult to believe Jews were not present given the fact they had no beef with Muslims or the people who control the area at that time,Christians would have been different that bad taste in every ones mouth called the Crusades plus Muslims invading Christian lands in Europe would have been problematic.
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
Come on Brada, why bother responding? Didn't you notice the guy did not say anything of substance worth responding to? You should simply have IGNORED him. This is an intellectual debate where people deal with facts, not opinions. Did you see kendo offering any intellectual argument as to why people who are called Erverh in Africa can not be Erverh? He did not because he can't. Read his post again, all he has said is express his EMOTIONS. Peoples' history are not based on FEELINGS. They are based on cold hard FACTS. And that is completely missing in whatever Kendo had to say. To take him seriously, he has to come up with arguments to refute how the Erverh people of the Slave Coast can not be who I say they are. So far, I haven't see anything remotely close to that line of approach in his post.
As for Jari or whatever his name is; the less said about him the better. The fact that there are Black people called Erverh seem to drive him out of his mind with anger. Again read his posts. All he has resorted to are personal insults on myself and shout about what terrible people the Hebrews were. Which led me to ask him; "And so what? Does the fact that my father being a certain way stop him being my father?" I doubt if he even understood the question I put to him. The guy is a DUNCE.
Remember we are discussing millions of real people in West Africa and no amount of emotional drivel is going to change the fact of who they are.
These people Kendo and Jari are simply wearing their emotions on their sleeves and spewing pure drivel. Nothing anyone says will convince them, because they have already made up their minds before looking at the evidence. So why bother? The thought of black people being the REAL Hebrews whose writings created civilization as we know it today, drives them mad with anger.
Those two don't belong to this debate. IGNORE them and hopefully they will get the message and move on.
The following is who we are in West Africa. Our EXODUS festivals celebrate our history. Similar festivals are celebrated by our people annually all over West Africa. Thus no amount of huffing and puffing from Jari and co will change an IOTA of our history and culture
ANLO CELEBRATING HOGBETSOTSO (EXODUS) FESTIVAL IN SOUTH EASTERN GHANA
Posted by Swenet (Member # 17303) on :
quote:Originally posted by dana marniche:
quote:Originally posted by Swenet:
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
quote:Originally posted by Swenet: The Hebrews who wrote the bible were a bunch of liars and considered a fringe of their own society, BY their own society, much like how we look upon groups like Jehova Witnesses and Mormons. Even they admit as much in all their tales of how the Hebrews didn't listen to what they, cough cough, I mean Yahweh said.
Sorry to burst your bubble, but the exodus never happened, and they lied about their victories over Syrio-Palestinian and African populations. They were no force to be wreckoned with. Thats why everytime they are mentioned in a REAL historical document wherein they're mentioned (ie, outside of the bible), someone is detailing how they just put the smackdown on them.
Where is your evidence to the contrary of the eye witness accounts of what the Hebrews wrote?
By saying the Hebrews aka the Erverhs were a bunch of liars you are saying your black ancestors were a bunch of Liars. That is a HUGE claim. I hope you have evidence to back up that statement.
I don't think you understad what I've just said. I said the authors of the bible were a bunch of liars, not that the entire Hebrew nation consisted of liars. I also said that they weren't considered the spiritual leaders they made themselves out to be, so again, my beef is with the authors, not with the Hebrews in general.
Thanks for your posting Swenet. I posted something that like this before from Finkelstein and of course got some backlash. In fact the reason u don't find any evidence of Hebrew Exodus from what is today called Egypt, is because ancient Hebrews of Genesis and Exodus i.e. the Canaanites, were located in southwest Arabia. They moved into Syria many centuries later.
Yes, I know you got some backlash when you quoted Finkelstein in the past, because I was the one you were debating with (I’m Kalonji).
Using out-of-context Finkelstein quotes for support for an Arabian Mizraim and Israel is like using out-of-context Keita quotes as support for the Hametic hypothesis; it can only be understood as deliberately misleading and quot-mining.
I don’t know if you’re still doing it these days, but now that I’m more familiar with Finkelsteins work I can tell you that you would do good to stop construing Finkelsteins work as supportive of/agreeing with Salibi’s work, when it comes to both authors’ beliefs regarding the ethnic/geographic origin of the Hebrews and the Mizraimites.
Posted by -Just Call Me Jari- (Member # 14451) on :
quote:As for Jari or whatever his name is; the less said about him the better. The fact that there are Black people called Erverh seem to drive him out of his mind with anger. Again read his posts. All he has resorted to are personal insults on myself and shout about what terrible people the Hebrews were. Which led me to ask him; "And so what? Does the fact that my father being a certain way stop him being my father?" I doubt if he even understood the question I put to him. The guy is a DUNCE.
You are delusional If you think I have not studied the evidence. As I used to subscribe to the Black Hebrewism ideology myself fool.I probably know more than you do on this subject.
This is why Im the #1 thorn is your side, I know what you are about. You want to play the victim and think you are owed something because of a "birthright", deep down you hate African culture and want to be from a people the white man respects and a religion his people worships.
As to Brada, were their any African Hebrews, OF COURSE I never denied that...
A past comment by me..
quote:Originally posted by -Just Call Me Jari-: And if you were really interested in Authentic Ancient Jewish presence in Africa, you would be all over the the Nile Valley and Kush. There was a Jewish community as far south as Elephantine and also in Modern Ethiopia. So its plausible many of the Egyptians and Ethiopians you love to bash are more authentic Hebrews than you are and further there is a Text that says Kush and Pathros explicitly as harboring Hebrews in the last days..
10 “ And in that day there shall be a Root of Jesse, Who shall stand as a banner to the people; For the Gentiles shall seek Him, And His resting place shall be glorious.” 11 It shall come to pass in that day That the Lord shall set His hand again the second time To recover the remnant of His people who are left, From Assyria and Mizriam, From Pathros and Cush, From Elam and Shinar, From Hamath and the islands of the sea. 12 He will set up a banner for the nations, And will assemble the outcasts of Israel, And gather together the dispersed of Judah From the four corners of the earth. Zephaniah... 1 The word of the LORD that came to Zephaniah son of Cushi, the son of Gedaliah, the son of Amariah, the son of Hezekiah, during the reign of Josiah son of Amon king of Judah: 8 Therefore wait for me," declares the LORD, "for the day I will stand up to testify. [a] I have decided to assemble the nations, to gather the kingdoms and to pour out my wrath on them— all my fierce anger. The whole world will be consumed by the fire of my jealous anger.
9 "Then will I purify the lips of the peoples, that all of them may call on the name of the LORD and serve him shoulder to shoulder.
10 From beyond the rivers of Cush my worshipers, my scattered people, will bring me offerings.
But "Energy" does'nt consider the Ethiopian Jews or Egyptians worthy enough to be part of his cult. Even though they have suffered like all Africans. It goes against his Victim mentality.
Posted by Swenet (Member # 17303) on :
quote:Originally posted by -Just Call Me Jari-: Good Find, whats even worse is that the Hebrews were obsessed with Egypt. The "Exodus" event was nothing but a ritual mockery of the Gods of Egypt and of the essence of Egypt.
Also it seems some of the plagues were inspired by the effects of the eruption of Santorini..
quote:Geologists are of the opinion that the eruption of the Santorini volcano at Santorini is the basis of the twelve plagues depicted in the Exodus. Post eruption, a vast neighborhood might have endured sufferings and tribulations like deluge, drought and firestorm etc. Not even cities located on higher platforms could escape the wrath of the devastating earthquakes. Molten magma ash in all likelihood would have completely blackened the atmosphere.
Scientists believe that most of the twelve plagues occurred as a consequence of the volcanic activity. The mention of darkness in the Bible may be without doubt ascribed to the molten ash and pumice on the surface. Even the stormy winds were blowing to the southeasterly direction where Egypt was located.
Furthermore, according to renowned archaeologist Charles Pellegrino, high velocity dust storms were supposed to have rained down in Egypt from the dust clouds, thereby turning days into nights.The Exodus story also mentions about plague and devastating fire upon Egypt. Charles Pellegrino compares the Santorini eruptions with that of Mount St. Hellen in Oregon as a burning example of what the Santorini eruption might have been like.
quote:Originally posted by Swenet:
quote:This treatment of the Patriarchal stories can serve as a model for the reading of Exodus. In this case too, the attempts to locate the events in the thirteenth centure B.C.E. in the time of Pharaoh Ramesses II, have faced insurmountable difficulties. There is no such an event in any New Kingdom Egyptian source, and there is no trace of the early Hebrews in Egypt. The northern coast of Sinai was protected by formidable Egyptian forts that could have easily prevented an escaping people from crossing the desert; there is no trace of Late Bronze remains in the rest of the Sinai peninsula, not even in a place like Kadesh-barnea, where the Israelites are supposed to have camped for a long time; and Canaan of that time was an Egyptian province, administered by Egyptian garrisons where fifty Egyptian soldiers were enough to pacify an area according to the Amarna letters. Finally, many of the placs mentioned in the story of Exodus and the wandering in the desert were not inhabited before the eighth or even seventh century B.C.E.
The quest for the historical Israel, p52 -David Finkelstein
The authors of the bible were liars and they lied about alot of the populations that crossed them. Instead of doing it like men, and battling it out, the authors of the bible, being a relatively powerless fringe sect of their society, took revenge by taking to their pens and fabricating lies about the populations they hated, or even their own hated rulers. They fabricated the story of Esau to get back at the Edomites, they fabricated the story of the curse of Cham to get back at the Canaanites, they fabricated the story of Lot's incestous relationship with his daughters to get back at the Moabites and the Ammonites.
They took lying to a whole nother level.
Posted by kenndo (Member # 4846) on :
Brada-Anansi i agree with you but this Energy guy from the stuff i read from him just goes to far.
I found something about jews in western sudan. because i was looking at this info a few weeks ago before this thread started.
In the 8th century, the Radanites, a group of multi-lingual Jewish traders who traversed the known world by land and sea, including crossing the Sahara, settled in Timbuktu and its environs. [Note: This previous statement provides no accurate reference.] Further, Manuscript C of the Tarikh al-fattash describes a community called the Bani Israeel that in 1402 CE existed in Tirdirma, possessed 333 wells, and had seven princes:
It is also stated that they had an army of 1500 men. Other sources say that other Jewish communities in the region were formed by migrations from Morocco, Egypt, and Portugal. When the Scottish explorer Mungo Park traveled through West Africa in the late 18th century he was informed by an Arab he met near Walata of there being many Arabic speaking Jews in Timbuktu whose prayers were similar to the Moors. Some communities are said to have been populated by certain Berber Jews like a group of Kal Tamasheq known as Iddao Ishaak that traveled from North Africa into West Africa for trade, as well as those escaping the Islamic invasions into North Africa.
Islamic era In the 14th century many Moors and Jews, fleeing persecution in Spain, migrated south to the Timbuktu area, at that time part of the Songhai Empire. Among them was the Kehath (Ka'ti) family, descended from Ismael Jan Kot Al-yahudi of Scheida, Morocco. Sons of this prominent family founded three villages that still exist near Timbuktu -- Kirshamba, Haybomo, and Kongougara. In 1492, Askia Mohammad I came to power in the previously tolerant region of Timbuktu and decreed that Jews must convert to Islam or leave; Judaism became illegal in Mali, as it did in Catholic Spain that same year. This was based on the advice of Muhammad al-Maghili. As the historian Leo Africanus wrote in 1526: "In Garura there were some very rich Jews. The intervention of the preacher (Muhammid al-Maghili) of Tlemcen set up the pillage of their goods, and most of them have been killed by the population. This event took place during the same year when the Jews had been expelled from Spain and Sicily by the Catholic King." Leo Africanus further wrote: "The king (Askia) is a declared enemy of the Jews. He will not allow any to live in the city. If he hears it said that a Berber merchant frequents them or does business with them, he confiscates his goods."
Rabbi Mordechai Abi Serour, with his brother Yitzhaq, came from Morocco in 1859 to be a trader in Timbuktu. At the time of Rabbi Serour's bold enterprise, direct trade relations with the interior of west Africa (then known to them as Sudan) were monopolized by Muslim merchants. Non-Muslims were precluded from this trade because Arab merchants were determined to forestall encroachments upon their lucrative business.
Rabbi Mordechai Aby Serour circa 1870s - 1880s. Last Rabbi of Timbuktu.
Former Timbuktu house and synagogue of Rabbi Mordechai Aby Serour used circa 1870's - 1880's.
__________________________________
Energy i was making a point,SO I WAS NOT REALLY TALKING TO YOU ABOUT THIS.I do not believe the the early rulers of the songhay,ghana kingdom or early sudanese rulers were hebrew or jewish or arab. Has for Wangara they are mande.I JUST WANT TO MAKE THAT POINT CLEAR.
Yes there were jews in africa,but were most hebrew? and i do believe a large number were not OR MOST WERE NOT,plus they were not large in number.
quote-
Judaism shares some of the characteristics of a nation, an ethnicity, a religion, and a culture, making the definition of who is a Jew vary slightly depending on whether a religious or national approach to identity is used. Generally, in modern secular usage, Jews include three groups: people who were born to a Jewish family regardless of whether or not they follow the religion; those who have some Jewish ancestral background or lineage (sometimes including those who do not have strictly matrilineal descent); and people without any Jewish ancestral background or lineage who have formally converted to Judaism and therefore are followers of the religion.
I know this is a senstive topic that's why i was going to ignore this topic.
My last point on this.
Energy another thing there is a difference,you could be a jew,but are you really hebrew?hebrew is a ethnic group.There are hebrews that are not jewish or do not believe in their own faith just like they are arabs that are not muslim.
ANOTHER thing telling blacks to forget about egypt,mande,akan or OTHER african cultures/groups is just non-sense and it's not going to work,that's my other point Energy.
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by Swenet: The authors of the bible were liars and they lied about alot of the populations that crossed them. Instead of doing it like men, and battling it out, the authors of the bible, being a relatively powerless fringe sect of their society, took revenge by taking to their pens and fabricating lies about the populations they hated, or even their own hated rulers. They fabricated the story of Esau to get back at the Edomites, they fabricated the story of the curse of Cham to get back at the Canaanites, they fabricated the story of Lot's incestous relationship with his daughters to get back at the Moabites and the Ammonites.
They took lying to a whole nother level.
I don't know you IQ level but so far you are not doing very well. I am beginning to wonder whether you even understand the topic under discussion. FYI this debate is not about the authenticity of the information in the Bible. Heck this debate is not about the Bible at all. The conversation is about the Hebrews as an ethnic group. Do you understand the difference?
We are talking about the Hebrew people and the fact that the people of the former Slave Coast carry the name Hebrew as well as their oral history and traditions support the fact they are the direct descendants of the Hebrews in The Bible. This means most Caribbean and African-Americans are Hebrews since most of the slaves to the Americas came from the Slave Coast. Have you got anything to add to that and leave your hatred of the Bible outside where it belongs?
Posted by Brada-Anansi (Member # 16371) on :
Understood Kenndo, and I was making reference to the possibility of Buddhist present in Meroe not Islamist as reported by a certain Greek named Philostratus.
Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
quote:Originally posted by Swenet: The authors of the bible were liars and they lied about alot of the populations that crossed them. Instead of doing it like men, and battling it out, the authors of the bible, being a relatively powerless fringe sect of their society, took revenge by taking to their pens and fabricating lies about the populations they hated, or even their own hated rulers. They fabricated the story of Esau to get back at the Edomites, they fabricated the story of the curse of Cham to get back at the Canaanites, they fabricated the story of Lot's incestous relationship with his daughters to get back at the Moabites and the Ammonites.
They took lying to a whole nother level.
I don't know you IQ level but so far you are not doing very well. I am beginning to wonder whether you even understand the topic under discussion. FYI this debate is not about the authenticity of the information in the Bible. Heck this debate is not about the Bible at all. The conversation is about the Hebrews as an ethnic group. Do you understand the difference?
We are talking about the Hebrew people and the fact that the people of the former Slave Coast carry the name Hebrew as well as their oral history and traditions support the fact they are the direct descendants of the Hebrews in The Bible. This means most Caribbean and African-Americans are Hebrews since most of the slaves to the Americas came from the Slave Coast. Have you got anything to add to that and leave your hatred of the Bible outside where it belongs?
The Slave Coast is the name of the coastal areas of present Togo, Benin and western Nigeria, a fertile region of coastal Western Africa along the Bight of Benin. Most slaves in the United States came from the Senegambian region --not slave coast. These slaves were mainly Yoruba, Akan and etc..
.
Posted by kenndo (Member # 4846) on :
quote:Originally posted by Brada-Anansi: Understood Kenndo, and I was making reference to the possibility of Buddhist present in Meroe not Islamist as reported by a certain Greek named Philostratus.
Understood.
That was my mistake,i edited my reply.
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by Clyde Winters: The Slave Coast is the name of the coastal areas of present Togo, Benin and western Nigeria, a fertile region of coastal Western Africa along the Bight of Benin. Most slaves in the United States came from the Senegambian region --not slave coast. These slaves were mainly Yoruba, Akan and etc..
Very few Akans were slaves Clyde. The Akans ruled their neighbours and sold them into slavery. For example the Akwamu a branch of the Akans ruled a large sway of Eweland (pronounced Erverhland) and the people were their slaves and subjects.
One undeniable fact with slaves is they end up adopting the names and language of their masters. In time it is difficult to differentiate between master and slave if they look the same. What separates them for anyone to know who-is-who is their history. Thus you may have slaves in the Americas with Akan names but that does not mean they are Akans. And the history shows that Akans enslaved the Ewes (Erverhs) and everybody else. Thus to say Akans were slaves you have to show who enslaved them. Certainly not the Erverhs. And that is a fact.
We even have Portuguese records that testify Akans BOUGHT slaves from the Slave Coast from the Portuguese to use as farm hands. Thus, to claim Caribbean and African-American are Akan slaves would need PROVING and you will find very few Akan history books would support your supposition.
It is amusing to hear Caribbean and African-Americans claim Ashanti ancestry. The Ashantis are Akans. Ashantis were the main Slave traders in West Africa. They went to war simply to capture their fellow blacks and sell them into slavery. For African-Americans and Caribbean to say they are Ashanti, they have to explain who sold the Ashanti into slavery. You will find no such history exist. One or two Ashanti prisoners of war would have ended up in slavery, but to claim blacks in the Americas came from Akans means millions of Akans would have been captured and sold into slavery. That simply did not happen.
With regard to the Yoruba. They are part of the Ewe (Everhs). The name Ewe and Yoruba are names coined by Europeans. Thus, they are new or recent names. Before the advent of the Europeans in West Africans affairs, the people of the former Slaves Coast (which Yoruba is part of) were simply known as ERVERH.
With regard to the slaves from SeneGambian region. You need to understand how far the Ewe (Erverhs) were spread across West Africa. Our oral history says we were the masters of the Songhai empire. This claim is corroborated by ancient Arab writing of Mohammed Bello and other Arab scholars. In fact the whole Fulani Jihad that fed the slave trade was the Fulanis wars to free their lands of the Ewe (Erverh). Thus, Mohammed Bello and others testify the people they the Fulani sold into slavery were their enemies which were mainly Ewe (Erverh).
Posted by Brada-Anansi (Member # 16371) on :
Nyam to eat koo to look as in koo-deh look there
Male Female Sunday Kwesi Quashie Quasheba Monday Kwadwo/Kojo Cudjoe/Kujo Juba Tuesday Kwabena Bene Cobena Wednesday Kweku Quaco Cooba Thursday Kwau Quaw Aba Friday Kofi Cuffe Fiba Saturday Kwame Quamin Mimba http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nkFhFADkIY8 Names common to both Jamaican and Akans
Anansi my avater name was choosing because of the stories I heard of him as a kid growing up in Jamaica.
Posted by asante (Member # 18532) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
quote:Originally posted by Clyde Winters: The Slave Coast is the name of the coastal areas of present Togo, Benin and western Nigeria, a fertile region of coastal Western Africa along the Bight of Benin. Most slaves in the United States came from the Senegambian region --not slave coast. These slaves were mainly Yoruba, Akan and etc..
Very few Akans were slaves Clyde. The Akans ruled their neighbours and sold them into slavery. For example the Akwamu a branch of the Akans ruled a large sway of Eweland (pronounced Erverhland) and the people were their slaves and subjects.
One undeniable fact with slaves is they end up adopting the names and language of their masters. In time it is difficult to differentiate between master and slave if they look the same. What separates them for anyone to know who-is-who is their history. Thus you may have slaves in the Americas with Akan names but that does not mean they are Akans. And the history shows that Akans enslaved the Ewes (Erverhs) and everybody else. Thus to say Akans were slaves you have to show who enslaved them. Certainly not the Erverhs. And that is a fact.
We even have Portuguese records that testify Akans BOUGHT slaves from the Slave Coast from the Portuguese to use as farm hands. Thus, to claim Caribbean and African-American are Akan slaves would need PROVING and you will find very few Akan history books would support your supposition.
It is amusing to hear Caribbean and African-Americans claim Ashanti ancestry. The Ashantis are Akans. Ashantis were the main Slave traders in West Africa. They went to war simply to capture their fellow blacks and sell them into slavery. For African-Americans and Caribbean to say they are Ashanti, they have to explain who sold the Ashanti into slavery. You will find no such history exist. One or two Ashanti prisoners of war would have ended up in slavery, but to claim blacks in the Americas came from Akans means millions of Akans would have been captured and sold into slavery. That simply did not happen.
With regard to the Yoruba. They are part of the Ewe (Everhs). The name Ewe and Yoruba are names coined by Europeans. Thus, they are new or recent names. Before the advent of the Europeans in West Africans affairs, the people of the former Slaves Coast (which Yoruba is part of) were simply known as ERVERH.
With regard to the slaves from SeneGambian region. You need to understand how far the Ewe (Erverhs) were spread across West Africa. Our oral history says we were the masters of the Songhai empire. This claim is corroborated by ancient Arab writing of Mohammed Bello and other Arab scholars. In fact the whole Fulani Jihad that fed the slave trade was the Fulanis wars to free their lands of the Ewe (Erverh). Thus, Mohammed Bello and others testify the people they the Fulani sold into slavery were their enemies which were mainly Ewe (Erverh).
How are you gonna say that there were very few akan slaves that went to Jamaica and America? Most of all the slave revolts in the Americas were done by the akan, the maroons still speak and practice the akan language and culture.
Posted by Swenet (Member # 17303) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
quote:Originally posted by Swenet: The authors of the bible were liars and they lied about alot of the populations that crossed them. Instead of doing it like men, and battling it out, the authors of the bible, being a relatively powerless fringe sect of their society, took revenge by taking to their pens and fabricating lies about the populations they hated, or even their own hated rulers. They fabricated the story of Esau to get back at the Edomites, they fabricated the story of the curse of Cham to get back at the Canaanites, they fabricated the story of Lot's incestous relationship with his daughters to get back at the Moabites and the Ammonites.
They took lying to a whole nother level.
I don't know you IQ level but so far you are not doing very well. I am beginning to wonder whether you even understand the topic under discussion. FYI this debate is not about the authenticity of the information in the Bible. Heck this debate is not about the Bible at all. The conversation is about the Hebrews as an ethnic group. Do you understand the difference?
We are talking about the Hebrew people and the fact that the people of the former Slave Coast carry the name Hebrew as well as their oral history and traditions support the fact they are the direct descendants of the Hebrews in The Bible. This means most Caribbean and African-Americans are Hebrews since most of the slaves to the Americas came from the Slave Coast. Have you got anything to add to that and leave your hatred of the Bible outside where it belongs?
LOL, how do you go from desperately wanting to see evidence of the biblical authors being liars, to angrily accusing me of having low IQ, and not sticking to the topic?
Must've hit a sensitive chord there.
Also, your topic was a cry baby call to all ES members to stop discussing Egypt related matters, and to embrace the their Hebrew ancestry. How that fits with my initial post?
Since a lot of the bible is stolen, fabricated and based on lies, there is no Hebrew ancestry to acknowledge, and there is no Egypt to get mad at, for a slavery that never occurred.
My posts are perfectly on topic, stop crying.
Posted by the lioness (Member # 17353) on :
questions for Energy:
1) Is it right to assume that Israel is your spiritual homeland and origin regardless of who's there now?
2) what about Ben Ammi Ben-Israel? (spiritual leader of the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem, a group that developed in Chicago, Illinois among the African-American community. Claiming to be a lost tribe of Israel, most of its members have lived in Dimona, Israel since the late 1960s.) Is he and his followers real Hebrews?
3) what kind of approximate proportion of Africans who live in Africa do you believe are of the Hebrew race? Most, some or a small amount ?
4) what kind of approximate proportion of Africans who live in America do you believe are of the Hebrew race? Most, some or a small amount ?
5) do you believe some native Americans are of the Hebrew race?
thanks, lioness
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by Brada-Anansi: Nyam to eat koo to look as in koo-deh look there
Male Female Sunday Kwesi Quashie Quasheba Monday Kwadwo/Kojo Cudjoe/Kujo Juba Tuesday Kwabena Bene Cobena Wednesday Kweku Quaco Cooba Thursday Kwau Quaw Aba Friday Kofi Cuffe Fiba Saturday Kwame Quamin Mimba http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nkFhFADkIY8 Names common to both Jamaican and Akans
Brada did you understand what I wrote? Go back and read it again. FYI because you speak English does not mean you are English. It simply means your ancestors were slaves to the English.
Akans enslaved everybody else. Those slaves ended up with Akans names and language which they passed on to their descendants. Same way as you speak English and have Europeans names because of slavery. For you to say you are from Akans you have to show us this history that says Akans were slaves and who they were slaves to.
Posted by asante (Member # 18532) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy: Come on Brada, why bother responding? Didn't you notice the guy did not say anything of substance worth responding to? You should simply have IGNORED him. This is an intellectual debate where people deal with facts, not opinions. Did you see kendo offering any intellectual argument as to why people who are called Erverh in Africa can not be Erverh? He did not because he can't. Read his post again, all he has said is express his EMOTIONS. Peoples' history are not based on FEELINGS. They are based on cold hard FACTS. And that is completely missing in whatever Kendo had to say. To take him seriously, he has to come up with arguments to refute how the Erverh people of the Slave Coast can not be who I say they are. So far, I haven't see anything remotely close to that line of approach in his post.
As for Jari or whatever his name is; the less said about him the better. The fact that there are Black people called Erverh seem to drive him out of his mind with anger. Again read his posts. All he has resorted to are personal insults on myself and shout about what terrible people the Hebrews were. Which led me to ask him; "And so what? Does the fact that my father being a certain way stop him being my father?" I doubt if he even understood the question I put to him. The guy is a DUNCE.
Remember we are discussing millions of real people in West Africa and no amount of emotional drivel is going to change the fact of who they are.
These people Kendo and Jari are simply wearing their emotions on their sleeves and spewing pure drivel. Nothing anyone says will convince them, because they have already made up their minds before looking at the evidence. So why bother? The thought of black people being the REAL Hebrews whose writings created civilization as we know it today, drives them mad with anger.
Those two don't belong to this debate. IGNORE them and hopefully they will get the message and move on.
The following is who we are in West Africa. Our EXODUS festivals celebrate our history. Similar festivals are celebrated by our people annually all over West Africa. Thus no amount of huffing and puffing from Jari and co will change an IOTA of our history and culture
ANLO CELEBRATING HOGBETSOTSO (EXODUS) FESTIVAL IN SOUTH EASTERN GHANA
but the ewe people claim to be from the imaginary land of mu
quote:Originally posted by asante: How are you gonna say that there were very few akan slaves that went to Jamaica and America? Most of all the slave revolts in the Americas were done by the akan, the maroons still speak and practice the akan language and culture.
Asante this is an open discussion therefore, we are are here to learn from each other. If you have any evidence that Akans were slaves I will dearly love to hear it. Heck it will give me some ammunition to rub my Akan friends faces in the mud anytime this topic comes up in our local discussions.
All I am asking for is this history that says so and so Africans were masters of the Akans and sold them into slavery. That is not too much to ask; is it? If you say the Akans were slaves, just tell me who enslaved them. That is all I am asking.
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by asante: but the ewe people claim to be from the imaginary land of mu
Mu huh? Never heard of it. Neither have any Erverh.
LOL! C'mon Asante, the guy clearly said what he had to say was for ENTERTAINMENT. There is not a single shred of truth in what followed.
Posted by Brada-Anansi (Member # 16371) on :
They were slaves to each other,for there was constant civil wars amongst the clans why was there an Ashanti vs Fanti federation war? P.O.Ws or captives got sent to the coast there were also wars between the Ga and Ashanti, and so on.
Posted by the lioness (Member # 17353) on :
Energy I have been asking reasonable questions about our Hebrew origins, not saying you're wrong or a liar people like the other people I assume you're not certain about some of my questions, or that it's secret?
Posted by asante (Member # 18532) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
quote:Originally posted by asante: How are you gonna say that there were very few akan slaves that went to Jamaica and America? Most of all the slave revolts in the Americas were done by the akan, the maroons still speak and practice the akan language and culture.
Asante this is an open discussion therefore, we are are here to learn from each other. If you have any evidence that Akans were slaves I will dearly love to hear it. Heck it will give me some ammunition to rub my Akan friends faces in the mud anytime this topic comes up in our local discussions.
All I am asking for is this history that says so and so Africans were masters of the Akans and sold them into slavery. That is not too much to ask; is it? If you say the Akans were slaves, just tell me who enslaved them. That is all I am asking.
The authors of the bible were liars and they lied about alot of the populations that crossed them. Instead of doing it like men, and battling it out, the authors of the bible, being a relatively powerless fringe sect of their society, took revenge by taking to their pens and fabricating lies about the populations they hated, or even their own hated rulers. They fabricated the story of Esau to get back at the Edomites, they fabricated the story of the curse of Cham to get back at the Canaanites, they fabricated the story of Lot's incestous relationship with his daughters to get back at the Moabites and the Ammonites.
Negro please, people ain't impressed with your hot air. You talk big but have nothing to back it up. Les' see, exaactly how are these bible authors 'lying' as you say? show us some proofs as to these 'lies'.
If the authors were a 'fringe sect' how come Moses is the most honored prophet in Jewish history, and is revered by most of today's Jewish people, and is honored even in Christianity and Islam? How then exactly is Moses 'fringe'? you are so full of crap.
'Instead of doing it like men, and battling it out,' ] listen to you negro. What would a punk ass like you know about 'battling it out'? You supposed to be gangsta? So you are saying thing then than the hebrews didnt 'battle it out' or moses didn't 'battle it out' with various enemies? On what basis do you come up with this crap claim?
'fabricating lies about the populations they hated, or even their own hated rulers.'] Again my 'gangsta', all we hear is your crapulent hot air. where is your evidence? who were these hated rulers they 'fabricated' against, and show proofs of these 'fabrications'
hey fabricated the story of Esau to get back at the Edomites' ] How so my 'gangsta', where is your proof? what parts are fabricated and what true? show the fabrications by biblical text, rabinnical text and archaeology
' they fabricated the story of the curse of Cham' ] Puhleeze. can you demonstrate where moses made this curse on 'cham?' show moses saying this curse.
'they fabricated the story of Lot's incestous relationship with his daughters to get back at the Moabites and the Ammonites.'] damn you are dumb. you keep talking about these fabrications, but let's see your evidence, not opinion. opinion don't count. Put up or shut up.
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by Brada-Anansi: They were slaves to each other,for there was constant civil wars amongst the clans why was there an Ashanti and Fanti federation war. P.O.Ws or captives got sent to the coast there were also wars between the Ga and Ashanti, and so on.
Think about what you are saying Brada.The Ashantis were in the interior. Hundreds of miles from the Coast. The Fantis and other Akans dominated the Coast. So how were the Ashantis going to capture the coastal Akans and sell to Europeans who were the GUESTS of these coastal Akans? Furthermore you have to understand, a man's strength in those days was his family. So people did everything to free relatives who had been captured and sold into slavery. That being the case, any slaves in European hands that spoke Akan will quickly be known by the host that these were their relatives, and thus promptly ask for their release.
I don't doubt that few Akan prisoners of war ended up as slaves. I already said they did. But very FEW. Those prisoners of war would have ended in Senegambia far away from the protection of their relatives in the south on the Coast of the Gold Coast which was the stronghold of the Southern Akan and their allies.
Posted by the lioness (Member # 17353) on :
Jari,what do you know about Ben Ammi Ben-Israel? Energy is tight lipped on the subject
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by the lioness: Energy I have been asking reasonable questions about our Hebrew origins, not syaing you're wrong or a liar people like the other people I assume you're not certain about some of my questions, or that it's secret?
I know dearest. Please don't be offended, I am not ignoring you. Your question take the conversation somewhere else. I will find time to look at what you are asking and address it adequately I promise.
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by the lioness: questions for Energy:
1) Is it right to assume that Israel is your spiritual homeland and origin regardless of who's there now?
Yes! That belief is in line with the Prophesies in Isaiah 11. In fact, I am on a mission to alert the Hebrews around the world about their identity. Knowing who we are (IDENTITY) is what is going to bind and unite us. Once the unity starts we can work together to bring our suffering to an end.
Also the Bible prophesies the great tribulation. A time of terrible suffering that will engulf the whole earth. Dan 12:1 says Daniel's peoples, which are the Hebrews will escape the great tribulation. But the question is how do they escape if they don't even know they are the Hebrews? Those of us in Africa already have an idea of who we are so there is not much to do with these. Thus, the first and real task is to alert our relatives in America and the Caribbean as to their true identity. After that we can start to unite and be in the situation that will end our suffering and enable us escape the great tribulation that is about to hit planet Earth.
quote: 2) what about Ben Ammi Ben-Israel? (spiritual leader of the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem, a group that developed in Chicago, Illinois among the African-American community. Claiming to be a lost tribe of Israel, most of its members have lived in Dimona, Israel since the late 1960s.) Is he and his followers real Hebrews?
I don't doubt they are Hebrews for a second. I believe because of their ancestry from West Africa and the Slave Coast, they are Hebrews. However, these don't look to their relatives in West Africa for answers. They simply match straight to Israel and wish to be part of people who are impostors. That action on their part is quite puzzling, given the fact, they are surely aware the majority of the people in Israel are Europeans pretending to be Jews. I really don't know what their game plan is, but I don't think their approach is helpful.
quote: 3) what kind of approximate proportion of Africans who live in Africa do you believe are of the Hebrew race? Most, some or a small amount ?
Most! According to the Fulani the Erverh aka Hebrews are spread all over Africa. The Fulani records states the Erverh upon entering Africa 3000 years ago started building colonies all over Africa. In fact the language similarity across Africa testifies this is exactly what happened. For example languages spoken in Rwanda, Cameron and the Congo are all very similar to the Erverh language of West Africa. In addition, the Lemba in South Africa claim they are originally from SENA. Sena in our language means; "fate has provided." Thus, thanks to the language similarity backed up by the history of the people, we know for a fact the Lemba are our brothers all the way in South Africa.
quote: 4) what kind of approximate proportion of Africans who live in America do you believe are of the Hebrew race? Most, some or a small amount ?
Most. The Bible prophecy is the Hebrews will be spread around the world. Thus, I believe anyone whose ancestors went through suffering and slavery are my relatives and I want to connect with them.
quote: 5) do you believe some native Americans are of the Hebrew race?
I can't answer that because I don't know the ancestral history of native Americans. I know about their struggles for survival after the Europeans moved in but as to who they were before the Europeans arrived, I know very little.
Posted by cassiterides (Member # 18409) on :
Physical Descriptions of King David of Israel:
''So he sent and made him come in. Now he had red hair and beautiful eyes and pleasing looks. And the Lord said, Come, put the oil on him, for this is he.'' - 1 Samuel 16:12
And when the Philistine, taking note, saw David, he had a poor opinion of him: for he was only a boy, red-haired and good-looking
- 1 Samuel 14:42
Negroids don't have red hair, only white people do. The Israelites were not black.
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by cassiterides: Physical Descriptions of King David of Israel:
''So he sent and made him come in. Now he had red hair and beautiful eyes and pleasing looks. And the Lord said, Come, put the oil on him, for this is he.'' - 1 Samuel 16:12
And when the Philistine, taking note, saw David, he had a poor opinion of him: for he was only a boy, red-haired and good-looking
- 1 Samuel 14:42
Negroids don't have red hair, only white people do. The Israelites were not black.
So how do you explain the fact we are called Hebrews. How do you explain how our history is the same as the exodus story in the Bible? How do you explain our culture and traditions are the same as that of the Hebrews in the Bible? How do you explain our suffering wherever you find us on this planet? A phenomena that is in line with Deuteronomy 28 and Leviticus 26?. How do you explain that we are spread around the world as the Bible prophecy predicted? And how do you explain the fact the EVIDENCE says we are the walking talking Hebrews but WE ARE BLACK?
Posted by the lioness (Member # 17353) on :
quote:Originally posted by cassiterides: Physical Descriptions of King David of Israel:
''So he sent and made him come in. Now he had red hair and beautiful eyes and pleasing looks. And the Lord said, Come, put the oil on him, for this is he.'' - 1 Samuel 16:12 (BBE)
(KJV) King James Bible:
And he sent, and brought him in. Now he was ruddy, and withal of a beautiful countenance, and goodly to look to. And the LORD said, Arise, anoint him: for this is he. - 1 Samuel 16:12
quote:Originally posted by cassiterides:
And when the Philistine, taking note, saw David, he had a poor opinion of him: for he was only a boy, red-haired and good-looking
- 1 Samuel 14:42 (BBE)
wrong, 1 Samuel 17:42 not 14:42
(KJV) King James Bible: And when the Philistine looked about, and saw David, he disdained him: for he was but a youth, and ruddy, and of a fair countenance. 1 Samuel 17:42
_____________________________________
( 1 Samuel 14:42: Saul said, Cast lots between me and Jonathan my son. And Jonathan was taken.)
note: in the quotes is" he was ruddy", not "his hair was ruddy"
_____________________________________
*(BBE)
The Bible In Basic English (also known as BBE) is a translation of the Bible into Basic English. The BBE was translated by Professor S. H. Hooke using the standard 850 Basic English words. 100 words that were helpful to understand poetry were added along with 50 "Bible" words for a total of 1,000 words total. This version is effective in communicating the Bible to those with limited education or where English is a second language. The New Testament was released in 1941 and the Old Testament was released in 1949.
Posted by cassiterides (Member # 18409) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy: So how do you explain the fact we are called Hebrews. How do you explain how our history is the same as the exodus story in the Bible? How do you explain our culture and traditions are the same as that of the Hebrews in the Bible? How do you explain our suffering wherever you find us on this planet? A phenomena that is in line with Deuteronomy 28 and Leviticus 26?. How do you explain that we are spread around the world as the Bible prophecy predicted? And how do you explain the fact the EVIDENCE says we are the walking talking Hebrews but WE ARE BLACK? [/QB]
Black people do not fufill any of the prophecies.
Shall we go through them?
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by cassiterides: Black people do not fufill any of the prophecies.
Shall we go through them?
By all means. SHOOT!
Posted by cassiterides (Member # 18409) on :
The throne of David to be perpetuated forever ( II Sam. 7:13; I Chron. 22:10; Psa. 89:36; Jer. 33:17,20) -
''David will have a descendant sitting on the throne of Israel forever''
''his line will continue forever and his throne endure before me like the sun''
''I will establish the throne of his kingdom forever.''
All countries not shaded blue cannot be Israel as they don't have a monarchy.
A key marker of Israel and fufillment of Biblical prophecy is a monarchy - ''David will have a descendant sitting on the throne of Israel forever''.
Black Sub-Saharan Africans as you can see by the map don't have monarchies left.
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
LOL! You said you wanted to go through the prophesies. So stop clowning.
Read again my post, which you challenged. I clearly mentioned Deuteronomy 28 and Leviticus 26. Those are the scriptures that spell out the condition the Hebrews will find themselves in if they turned their back on God. What has what you are posted got to do with it? Where EXACTLY does the Bible say an identifier of the Hebrews is royalty? The Bible says very clearly they will be in a state of DEGRADATION.
Consider the following from Deuteronomy 28 and tell me if the slaves in America did not suffer these atrocities.
25 The LORD will cause you to be defeated before your enemies. You will come at them from one direction but flee from them in seven, and you will become a thing of horror to all the kingdoms on earth. 26 Your carcasses will be food for all the birds and the wild animals, and there will be no one to frighten them away. 27 The LORD will afflict you with the boils of Egypt and with tumors, festering sores and the itch, from which you cannot be cured. 28 The LORD will afflict you with madness, blindness and confusion of mind. 29 At midday you will grope about like a blind person in the dark. You will be unsuccessful in everything you do; day after day you will be oppressed and robbed, with no one to rescue you.
30 You will be pledged to be married to a woman, but another will take her and rape her. You will build a house, but you will not live in it. You will plant a vineyard, but you will not even begin to enjoy its fruit. 31 Your ox will be slaughtered before your eyes, but you will eat none of it. Your donkey will be forcibly taken from you and will not be returned. Your sheep will be given to your enemies, and no one will rescue them. 32 Your sons and daughters will be given to another nation, and you will wear out your eyes watching for them day after day, powerless to lift a hand. 33 A people that you do not know will eat what your land and labor produce, and you will have nothing but cruel oppression all your days. 34 The sights you see will drive you mad. 35 The LORD will afflict your knees and legs with painful boils that cannot be cured, spreading from the soles of your feet to the top of your head.
Do you know any people that have all of the above continuously happening to them apart from black people?
Anyway with regard to David's line being on the throne forever. The Royal family still exists in West Africa. I know because I am part of it.
WHAT NEXT HAVE YOU GOT? BRING IT ON! Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
quote:Originally posted by asante:
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
quote:Originally posted by Clyde Winters: The Slave Coast is the name of the coastal areas of present Togo, Benin and western Nigeria, a fertile region of coastal Western Africa along the Bight of Benin. Most slaves in the United States came from the Senegambian region --not slave coast. These slaves were mainly Yoruba, Akan and etc..
Very few Akans were slaves Clyde. The Akans ruled their neighbours and sold them into slavery. For example the Akwamu a branch of the Akans ruled a large sway of Eweland (pronounced Erverhland) and the people were their slaves and subjects.
One undeniable fact with slaves is they end up adopting the names and language of their masters. In time it is difficult to differentiate between master and slave if they look the same. What separates them for anyone to know who-is-who is their history. Thus you may have slaves in the Americas with Akan names but that does not mean they are Akans. And the history shows that Akans enslaved the Ewes (Erverhs) and everybody else. Thus to say Akans were slaves you have to show who enslaved them. Certainly not the Erverhs. And that is a fact.
We even have Portuguese records that testify Akans BOUGHT slaves from the Slave Coast from the Portuguese to use as farm hands. Thus, to claim Caribbean and African-American are Akan slaves would need PROVING and you will find very few Akan history books would support your supposition.
It is amusing to hear Caribbean and African-Americans claim Ashanti ancestry. The Ashantis are Akans. Ashantis were the main Slave traders in West Africa. They went to war simply to capture their fellow blacks and sell them into slavery. For African-Americans and Caribbean to say they are Ashanti, they have to explain who sold the Ashanti into slavery. You will find no such history exist. One or two Ashanti prisoners of war would have ended up in slavery, but to claim blacks in the Americas came from Akans means millions of Akans would have been captured and sold into slavery. That simply did not happen.
With regard to the Yoruba. They are part of the Ewe (Everhs). The name Ewe and Yoruba are names coined by Europeans. Thus, they are new or recent names. Before the advent of the Europeans in West Africans affairs, the people of the former Slaves Coast (which Yoruba is part of) were simply known as ERVERH.
With regard to the slaves from SeneGambian region. You need to understand how far the Ewe (Erverhs) were spread across West Africa. Our oral history says we were the masters of the Songhai empire. This claim is corroborated by ancient Arab writing of Mohammed Bello and other Arab scholars. In fact the whole Fulani Jihad that fed the slave trade was the Fulanis wars to free their lands of the Ewe (Erverh). Thus, Mohammed Bello and others testify the people they the Fulani sold into slavery were their enemies which were mainly Ewe (Erverh).
How are you gonna say that there were very few akan slaves that went to Jamaica and America? Most of all the slave revolts in the Americas were done by the akan, the maroons still speak and practice the akan language and culture.
.
You are talking about South America.
.
Posted by cassiterides (Member # 18409) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy: WHAT NEXT HAVE YOU GOT? BRING IT ON! [/QB]
From Edward Hine's (1878) Identifications -
Lost Israel’s Location Must Be The Isles
The Isles shall wait for His law”, (Isaiah 42:4). “Sing unto Yahweh a new song, the Isles and the inhabitants thereof”, (Isaiah 42:10). “Listen, O Isles, unto me” (Isaiah 49:1). “Hear the word of Yahweh, O ye nations, and declare it in the Isles afar off, and say, He that scattered Israel will gather him, and keep him”, (Jeremiah 31:10). “Let them give glory unto Yahweh, and declare His praise in the Islands”, (Isaiah 42:12). “To the Islands will he repay recompense”, (Isaiah 59:18).
Israel’s Isles Must Be North-West From Palestine
Israel must be an island people, but also most literally the very point of the compass where these isles would be situated. Israel in her lost estate is most plainly directed to glorify the “name of the Mighty One of Israel in the isles of the Western Seas”, (Isaiah 24:15). “To the islands will he repay recompense, so shall they fear the name of Yahweh from the West”, Isaiah (59:18,19). Then we learn that these islands would not only be in the West, but in the North-West, because the very word sent after Israel when she returns, is sent to the North, “Go and proclaim these words towards the North, and say, Return, thou backsliding Israel”, (Jeremiah 3:12). So that the islands must constitute a north country, because the Almighty, speaking of the time of the return of Israel and Judah (the one cannot return without the other), says, “They shall come together out of the land of the north”, (Jeremiah 3:18), when they shall forget the song of Egypt, and henceforth sing, “Yahweh liveth which brought up and which led the seed of the house of Israel out of the North country”, (Jeremiah 23:8). As this has never yet been sung, it follows, the Bible being true, that the time is yet future; so that Israel must be now in a North-West locality from Palestine, the Seat of Prophecy, Yahweh declaring that when He assembles them together, prior to their return, “I will gather thee from the West”, (Isaiah 43:5).
Israel Must Have Jacob’s Stone With Them
It is impossible to suppose that Jacob’s Stone can be actually lost, because it must exist as a signet ring to the Almighty, i.e., as a seal of witness that the promises He made to Israel through Jacob should be verified; therefore, wherever Israel may be, at the present time, they must have this Stone in their possession. Jacob was out late at night; too late to enter the city of Luz, the gates of the city, like our Temple Bar, and other gates found in nearly every town, being shut. He had to stay outside, took a stone, laid his head upon it, and slept. Yahweh met him here, told him about the future of his seed, that they should be ejected from the land, become for numbers “as the dust of the earth”; should “spread abroad”, or beget Colonies, in “the west”, “the east”, “the north” and “the south”; and that while occupying these positions, in his seed should “all the [Israel] families of the earth be blessed”; a clear proof that this could not apply to the “Jews”, because though they are dispersed everywhere, they are not known to be the means of blessing of the [Israel] nations, neither are they as “the dust” for multitude, but the reverse in each case (Jeremiah 11:12; 15:7). It can only refer to Israel, the ten tribes, Yahweh telling Jacob that after his seed having gone through this work, should be brought back to their land again, saying through him of Israel:
Behold I am with thee, and will keep thee in all places whither thou goest, and will bring thee again into this land; for I will not leave thee until I have done that which I have spoken to thee of (Genesis 28:15).
And the stone was afterwards converted into a pillar of witness, that the pledges Yahweh had given should all be fulfilled; therefore, as Israel has not yet returned — as the work has not yet been accomplished — and as the stone is to be a seal of witness when all has been completed — it follows that the stone must be in existence, otherwise it could not give its witness. This stone was known to be in the Temple at the time of the Babylonish Captivity; it was “The Eben Schethia”, or Chief Corner Stone of the Temple in the sense of testifying to the presence of Yahweh. Jeremiah the Prophet knew its value. He was a royal high priest — must have valued every article he knew Yahweh to be interested in — he did not go to Babylon — he was allowed to do as he pleased — enjoyed free access to the Temple — and was afforded ample time to secure everything in his judgment that was required to be preserved. Hence it is most reasonable to suppose that he secured the stone when he had ample means to do so.
The Identity is really an important one. We have a stone, which, long before our identity with Israel was thought of, has been known for, years and years as “Jacob’s Stone.” It is an object of interest to thousands who visit Westminster Abbey, as seen under the Seat of the Coronation Chair, the Chief Seat of the Empire, and ever since its introduction to this country it has been used in the Coronation Services. Its account is historical, giving us another of the very many historical proofs we possess in support of our identity. Jeremiah and Baruch took it to Ireland at the time they took Tephi there, and replanted the kingdom of David. It was received into Ireland under the name of the “Lia Phail”, signifying a “precious stone”, or, as the word “Phail”, which in Hebrew, implies, “The Stone Wonderful.” Tephi, herself, who became the queen of Eochaid, was crowned upon it; so were all the monarchs to Fergus the First of Scotland, who had the stone taken there, and so were all the monarchs from Fergus to James the First, and from James the First to Victoria; and should there ever be another coronation with us, this “wonderful” stone will inevitably be used. Dean Stanley, who may be accepted as an authority upon this point, says of the stone in his “Memorials of Westminster Abbey”:
“The chief object of attraction, to this day, to the innumerable visitors of the Abbey is, probably, that ancient Irish monument of the Empire, known as the Coronation Stone.” — P. 66.
So that, as Israel must have with them a precious stone, it is interesting to know that we have such a stone; hence an identity.
==
10 Markers of Israel
1. Israel's home to be north-west of Palestine. Jer. 3:18; Isa. 49:12.
2. Israel to live in islands and coasts of the earth. Isa. 41:1; 49:1-3; 51:5; Jer. 31:7-10.
3. Israel to become a company of nations. Gen. 17:4-6, 15,16; 35:11; 48:19; Eph. 2:12.
4. Israel to have a Davidic King (a perpetual monarchy within Israel). 2nd Sam. 7:13,19; 1st Chron. 22:10; 2nd Chron. 13:5; Psa. 89:20, 37; Eze. 37:24; Jer. 33:17, 21, 26.
5. Israel to colonize and spread abroad. Gen. 28:14; 49:22; Deut. 32:8; 33:17; Psa. 2:8; Isa. 26:15; 27:6; 54:2; Zech. 10:8,9.
6. Israel to colonize the desolate place of the earth. Isa. 35:1; 43:19, 20; 49:8; 54:3; 58:11, 12.
7. Israel to have a new name. Isa. 62:2; 65:15; Hos. 2:17.
8. Israel to have a new language. Isa. 28:11
9. Israel to find the aborigines of colonized lands diminishing before them. Deut. 33:17; Isa. 60:12.
10. Israel to have control of the seas. Deut. 33:19; Num. 24:7; Psa. 89:25; Isa. 60:5 (F. Fenton translates this last, "when rolls up to you all the wealth of the sea". That could not be unless Israel controlled it).
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
cassiterides quick reply.
Leviticus 26 and Deuteronomy 28 clearly tells of Israel's condition if they fall away from God's grace. They will be scattered around the world and suffer many tribulations.
Just as the prophesy stated the Israelites fell away from true worship and God visited upon them the Assyrians and the Babylonians who drove them from their homes and the Hebrews lost their lands and are scattered around the world. The prophecies continue as we speak because the scriptures tell us the suffering will continue until they are gathered back as God's people.
Are you going to address that and stop fooling around?
Posted by Bettyboo (Member # 12987) on :
This message board is Egypt search. My grandmother is Ukrainian Jew. Black people aren't derived from Hebrews. The only black people who are of Hebrew ancestry are some black groups from Asia and some tribes from Ethiopia. Those same people went into the caucus, southeastern europe, and eastern europe and that's why many Ukrainians are Jews. Their ancestry intermarried with the Jews from the caucus and those people weren't African.
Posted by Bettyboo (Member # 12987) on :
quote:Originally posted by cassiterides: Physical Descriptions of King David of Israel:
''So he sent and made him come in. Now he had red hair and beautiful eyes and pleasing looks. And the Lord said, Come, put the oil on him, for this is he.'' - 1 Samuel 16:12
And when the Philistine, taking note, saw David, he had a poor opinion of him: for he was only a boy, red-haired and good-looking
- 1 Samuel 14:42
Negroids don't have red hair, only white people do. The Israelites were not black.
^The scriptures doesn't say that.
Posted by Swenet (Member # 17303) on :
quote:Negro please, people ain't impressed with your hot air. You talk big but have nothing to back it up. Les' see, exaactly how are these bible authors 'lying' as you say? show us some proofs as to these 'lies'.
Go take a history class. They had to be lying about those fairly tales, because those groups (Edomites, Moabites, Ammonites) didn’t exist as polities until after 1000bc. That means Moses(~1450bc), just to give an example, couldn't have interacted with Edomite kings to ask them permission to cross their lands .
quote:If the authors were a 'fringe sect' how come Moses is the most honored prophet in Jewish history, and is revered by most of today's Jewish people, and is honored even in Christianity and Islam? How then exactly is Moses 'fringe'? you are so full of crap.
This is circular reasoning. You can’t use the fact that the world has adapted the fringe views of a fringe sect, to prove that the authors of the bible weren’t a part of that fringe sect, dummy. The inhabitants of Ancient Israel have produced many documents, many of which contradict eachother on fundamental points, hell, even the bible contradicts itself on fundamental points. The bible authors themselves document the trouble their sect was having throughout Israelite history, durinng their attempts to make the ''evil'' and ''sinful'' Jewish people conform to their ideological views. How are you going to explain those numerous texts away, was the bible wrong? LOL, now he’s telling people the bible is wrong.
quote:What would a punk ass like you know about 'battling it out'? You supposed to be gangsta?
Definitely not. But what I DO know, is that no ancient people who were a factor in terms of warfare, ever took passive agresssive revenge on other populations by lying in their writings how they exterminated them or that there was something wrong with their ancestors. Like I said, (most of) the historical documents that talk about Israel outside of the bible, are documents of other nations that are detailing how they put the smackdown on the Israelites (eg, Mesha stela, tell dan stela, Merneptah stele, Assyrian documents etc).
The military prowess the biblical authors boast about, and the so-called fear the whole world was supposed to have for them, were a bunch of fabricated lies. No historical document suggests the following was ever the case:
quote:This very day I will begin to put the terror and fear of you on all the nations under heaven. They will hear reports of you and will tremble and be in anguish because of you." -Deuteronomy 2:25
^But of course, such scriptures wouldn't constitute propagandic fabrications/lies, used inflate the ego's of the members of this sect, would they? Of course not.
quote:So you are saying thing then than the hebrews didnt 'battle it out' or moses didn't 'battle it out' with various enemies? On what basis do you come up with this crap claim?
Dumbass, like I’ve said earlier on the 1st page of this thread, many of the locations mentioned in the bible as contemporary with the Exodus and Conquest of Canaan were either small settlements, or not inhabited. Do any of those conditions strike your uneducated brain cells as favorable for grand biblical scenes wherein powerful enemy kings, along with tens of thousands of men were defeated, and wherein women were enslaved and raped, cough cough, I mean taken as wives, under the watchful and winking eye or Yahweh? Indeed, funny how Energy nags on and on about biblical fairytales wherein the Hebrews were slaves, yet he ignores how they did it to others as well.
quote:Again my 'gangsta', all we hear is your crapulent hot air. where is your evidence? who were these hated rulers they 'fabricated' against, and show proofs of these 'fabrications'
Again, Morbid, there is no sense in debating you about this. You have done no research, and have no business addressing the research put forth, as you don’t even know your own bible, nor do you know about biblical archaeology. Go read a book, son.
quote:hey fabricated the story of Esau to get back at the Edomites' ] How so my 'gangsta', where is your proof? what parts are fabricated and what true? show the fabrications by biblical text, rabinnical text and archaeology
Morbidschi, why do the biblical authors always claim to have ancestors that were around to witness the ethnic origin of populations around them and/or hang out with them? No historical text ever talk about their own patriarchs hanging out with the patriarchs of other populations; this is only seen in mythical texts, eg, Greek heroes being the ancestors of so and so population. Go read a book Morbidschi.
quote:they fabricated the story of the curse of Cham' ] Puhleeze. can you demonstrate where moses made this curse on 'cham?' show moses saying this curse.
Can you demonstrate that Genesis was written in Moses’ time? To be able to answer your question, the illiterate assumptions lurking in it need to be addressed first. Provide evidence that (parts of) Genesis were written ~1440bc.
quote:'they fabricated the story of Lot's incestous relationship with his daughters to get back at the Moabites and the Ammonites.'] damn you are dumb. you keep talking about these fabrications, but let's see your evidence, not opinion. opinion don't count. Put up or shut up.
Moreshit, I don’t need to prove that the people West (Israelites), East (Ammonites and Moabites), and South (Edomites) of the Jordan river, Southwest of Judah (Midianites) and Southeast of Judah (Ishmaelites) didn’t originate from a single Mesopotamian man who lived ~2000bc (Terah). The people of those regions don’t have a common ancestor that lived 4000 years ago. Common sense is a healthy exercise, you should try it sometime.
Posted by Moreschi (Member # 16008) on :
you are still ducking the question raised punk ass. You keep claiming all this lying and fabrication yet when called on your BS you punk out. Where are the textual criticisms andhistorians that can back up what you believe? All you have done so far is your hot air opinions, which you dance around putting up or shutting up. lookee here.
[[[[They had to be lying about those fairly tales, because those groups (Edomites, Moabites, Ammonites) didn’t exist as polities until after 1000bc. ]]]
This is one of the stupidest explanations. Edomintes, Moabites etc don;t have to exist as anything 'official' for them to be recognized by the Hebrews as tribal enemies. Rome was not an 'official' polity in the very beginning. before that it was tribes, who fought against other tribes. Who would have gone about establishing these 'polities' back in the day? If one tribe fights with another then the other tribe 'really' doesnt exist because they are not an official 'polity'? Puhleeze..
[[[You can’t use the fact that the world has adapted the fringe views of a fringe sect, to prove that the authors of the bible weren’t a part of that fringe sect]]]
Your reasoning is circular, and you are ducking my question, which is about par for the course for you. Again, if it were such a 'fringe' sect how come Moses is the most honored prophet in Jewish history, and is revered by most of today's Jewish people, and is honored even in Christianity and Islam? How then exactly is Moses 'fringe'? you are so full of crap. what makes your opinion anything special?
[[[This very day I will begin to put the terror and fear of you on all the nations under heaven. They will hear reports of you and will tremble and be in anguish because of you." -Deuteronomy 2:25]]]
Every national leader exhorts the troops, whether it is by religion or by charisma. Before the Greeks or Romans went into battle commanders invoked the gods and gave pep talks to the ranks. This is history 101. So what? The leaders of a fighting force are not supposed to say anything to the troops? They just supposed to send them out singing kum bah yah? Negro puhleeze..
[[[The bible authors themselves document the trouble their sect was having throughout Israelite history, durinng their attempts to make the ''evil'' and ''sinful'']]
So what? this is nothing unusual with other people. In Socrates time a bunch of the leading philosophers complained about how they were disregarded, and the waywardness of the youth, etc. in Roman time, the priests of various temples blamed impiety for defeats, not paying due homage to the gods etc. None of that is anything unusual. you are just creating drama to fill your little mind, as if complaints by religious leaders about impiety are anything special in human history. Come off it.
[[[ ancient people who were a factor in terms of warfare, ever took passive agresssive revenge on other populations by lying in their writings how they exterminated them or that there was something wrong with their ancestors.]]
ha ha nice try.... are you serious? Read the history of Assyria, where enemies were cursed, the gods invoked against them etc, how opponents were condemned as weak or treacherous and deserved to be wiped ut etc.. Read the history of Rome and see what they said against Carthage. Then read what happened to the opponents of Assyria and Rome. You are trying to create all this big drama against the bible, like one of louie farrakhan bean pie sellers. You are no better than them, with your loud mouthed drama.
[[hy do the biblical authors always claim to have ancestors that were around to witness the ethnic origin of populations around them and/or hang out with them?]]
You simply have let the self generated drama blind you. Dig it. THe bible authors did not have to be physically around. They reported on persons and groups in the past. Can't you grasp this simple, basic fact? Everyone knows Moses wrote his books after events that had long taken place, reporting on what had gone before. If Abraham encountered the king of Sodom, then that was what moses wrote about. He did not have a tine machine to be 'around' at that time. You cannot even grasp such basics in your self-generated fury ar judaism and christianity.
[[[Can you demonstrate that Genesis was written in Moses’ time?]]]
Such works as the well know MacArthur's Quick Reference Guide to the Bible, and Battle for the Beginning by John Macarthur offers several historical and textual proofs. What I don't see is you providing anything but hot air to back up your claims.
[[[ don’t need to prove that the people West (Israelites), East (Ammonites and Moabites), and South (Edomites) of the Jordan river, Southwest of Judah (Midianites) and Southeast of Judah (Ishmaelites) didn’t originate from a single Mesopotamian man who lived ~2000bc (Terah).]]]
You do not even know what you are talking about, nor are you familiar with routine bible texts. Moab and Ammon are not direct descendants of Terah, nor is Israel, nor are the Midianites. . Nor are Ishmaelites. Aside from this elementary error you make, there is no rule saying that other groups did not take up the tribal names above as part of an extended clan system. Several groups could call themselves "Ishmaelites" for example though having only distant links. And conquered clans absorbed into a larger grouping often call themselves after the larger grouping in time, much as Etruscans ceased calling themselves that and began calling themselves Romans. routine occurrence worldwide. So a wide expansion of peoples with these names ins entirely possible.
You still aint made the grade my gangsta. all you have is childish fury at christianity, and loud mouthed opinion. That isnt worth anything, and the same Christianity you condemn now will stand as a judgment against you in a day to come. It is only a matter of time.
Posted by Swenet (Member # 17303) on :
quote:You keep claiming all this lying and fabrication yet when called on your BS you punk out. Where are the textual criticisms andhistorians that can back up what you believe?
Now you’re just lying like your beloved biblical authors. On the first page, I posted a quote from Finkelstein, who pretty much offers multiple lines of evidence that show that the Exodus and the Conquest couldn’t have happened. Where are your responses to that, Morbid?
quote:This is one of the stupidest explanations. Edomintes, Moabites etc don;t have to exist as anything 'official' for them to be recognized by the Hebrews as tribal enemies.
That’s where your beloved biblical authors messed up. See, their claims wouldn’t be as questionable if they left it at ‘’Edomite tribes’’. Instead they’re talking about Kings, controlling ’’THE land of the Edomites, Moabites and Ammonites’’ (Judges 11:17,18). Additionally, those populations are just examples, of where the biblical authors messed up. They talked about domesticated camels in Josef’s story when they weren’t even domesticated yet; they talked about Philistines when the archaeological/textual presence of such groups is absent. This all shows that the anachronisms pertaining to the Edomites, Ammonites and Moabites are part of a larger pattern of anachronistic phuckups needed to add juice to a fabricated story. Hence, your cry baby attempt to patch it up by bagatalizing the problem falls flat. Nice try, Morbid.
quote:you are ducking my question, which is about par for the course for you. Again, if it were such a 'fringe' sect how come Moses is the most honored prophet in Jewish history, and is revered by most of today's Jewish people, and is honored even in Christianity and Islam?
LOL. I’m just telling this Morebitch that his question is worthless, because it lacks valid reasoning, and then he says I didn’t answer his question. Damn right I didn’t answer it, because: You can’t use the fact that the world has adapted the fringe views of a fringe sect, to prove that the authors of the bible weren’t a part of that fringe sect, dummy.
quote:How then exactly is Moses 'fringe'?
Where did I claim moses was fringe? Produce a citation Morbid.
quote:Every national leader exhorts the troops, whether it is by religion or by charisma.
If your lazy ass would’ve taken the time to look up the passage, you would’ve known that passage wasn’t said in the context of boosting military morale. It was part of a conversation between Yahweh and Moses. Conclusion: the biblical authors made Yahweh say something to Moses that was never factual and will never BE factual. There hasn’t been a moment on this earth when this was the case:
quote:This very day I will begin to put the terror and fear of you on all the nations under heaven. They will hear reports of you and will tremble and be in anguish because of you." -Deuteronomy 2:25
quote:So what? this is nothing unusual with other people. In Socrates time a bunch of the leading philosophers complained about how they were disregarded, and the waywardness of the youth, etc. in Roman time, the priests of various temples blamed impiety for defeats, not paying due homage to the gods etc. None of that is anything unusual.
Morebitch, the issue is not whether being ignored by your own people is usual or unusual, that’s just a red herring you keep throwing up, Morbid. You requested evidence for my position that the authors were considered a fringe by their society, and, apparently, your beloved biblical authors tacitly admitted it throughout the bible by their tales of how the Israelites kept going astray, and revering pagan idols. You wanted evidence, well, you got it, Now eat it up b!tch.
quote:ha ha nice try.... are you serious? Read the history of Assyria, where enemies were cursed, the gods invoked against them etc, how opponents were condemned as weak or treacherous and deserved to be wiped ut etc.. Read the history of Rome and see what they said against Carthage. Then read what happened to the opponents of Assyria and Rome. You are trying to create all this big drama against the bible,
Morebitch keeps acting like those counter examples are analogous to my pointing out that the Hebrews were systematic liars. You aint fooling nobody. Produce textual evidence documenting that Assyrians or Romans repeatedly and systematically lied about their victories. When the biblical authors say they won battles, there is no one to vouch for them. When the Egyptians/Assyrians/Romans won battles, news of it traveled over the entire world and contemporary scholars discussed such events. Israel’s claim to fame is being mentioned in other people’s lists of smitten enemies.
quote:You simply have let the self generated drama blind you. Dig it. THe bible authors did not have to be physically around. They reported on persons and groups in the past. Can't you grasp this simple, basic fact? Everyone knows Moses wrote his books after events that had long taken place, reporting on what had gone before. If Abraham encountered the king of Sodom, then that was what moses wrote about. He did not have a tine machine to be 'around' at that time. You cannot even grasp such basics in your self-generated fury ar judaism and christianity.
That is not the issue, you dumb piece of ****. Can you stay on topic for once? The question is why the bible is the only so-called historical document that has patriarchs of various populations hanging out together as if it’s possible that the patriarchs of different populations were contemporary, and knew each other.
quote:Such works as the well know MacArthur's Quick Reference Guide to the Bible, and Battle for the Beginning by John Macarthur offers several historical and textual proofs. What I don't see is you providing anything but hot air to back up your claims.
Again, only morbid brain dead idiots like you would find it logically sound that snippets of a disputed text are used to argue the validity of that text. Morebitch circular reasoning: that the bible authors in various places write their fabrications from the perspective of Moses, is evidence that Moses really wrote it. Another example of Morebitch reasoning: the fact that various modern people have accepted Tenach and its characters, is proof that all the ancient Hebrews accepted such writings and characters. Then the Morbitch character wonders why I’m not answering his morbid questions .
quote:You do not even know what you are talking about, nor are you familiar with routine bible texts. Moab and Ammon are not direct descendants of Terah, nor is Israel, nor are the Midianites. . Nor are Ishmaelites. Aside from this elementary error you make,
This is another example of your brain not working properly. There is nothing in the following sentence that allows for the reading that the mentioned populations were directly descended from Terah:
quote:Originally posted by Swenet: I don’t need to prove that the people West (Israelites), East (Ammonites and Moabites), and South (Edomites) of the Jordan river, Southwest of Judah (Midianites) and Southeast of Judah (Ishmaelites) didn’t originate from a single Mesopotamian man who lived ~2000bc (Terah).
quote:there is no rule saying that other groups did not take up the tribal names above as part of an extended clan system. Several groups could call themselves "Ishmaelites" for example though having only distant links.
Of course there is a rule saying that other groups did not take up such tribal names. That rule is the biblical authors’ own explicit admission that the world was repopulated anew from ~2500bc. In the view of the biblical authors, in the time of Abraham, there were no populations other than those mentioned in table of nations, dummy. When the biblical authors discussed nearby populations in Abrahams time, such incipient groups are listed as ’’descendants of Esau’’, ’’descendants of Lot’’, which further refutes your silly notion of ’’there is no rule saying other groups didn’t assimilate’’.
Back to the point of all of this; since the Edomites, Moabites, Ammonites and Israelites were not recent offshoots of a Mesopotamian man that lived ~4000 years ago, the patriarchs of each of those populations couldn’t have been one big family, and hence, the Hebrews couldn’t have been aware of intimate Ammonite/Moabite/Edomite patriarchic history, unless they fabricated it.
The curse of Canaan is another example of history that magically made its way to the memory of biblical authors, but not to the memory of other, surrounding populations, with much more ancient and elaborate traditions of ethnography/writing. Of course, the fact that they hated those populations, and thus, had motives for fabricating such events, has nothing to do with it, right?
quote:and the same Christianity you condemn now will stand as a judgment against you in a day to come. It is only a matter of time.
Isn’t that an eye for an eye? That’s a very Christian thing to say.
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
One question Swenet, if the exodus story is a hoax as you claim, where did our ancestors get it to pass down to us? Look at the image below. Those people are celebrating their EXODUS history passed down the generations. Are all those millions lying and your Finkelstein (who was not even an eye-witness and just expressing an opinion) the only one telling the truth?
ANLO CELEBRATING HOGBETSOTSO (EXODUS) FESTIVAL IN SOUTH EASTERN GHANA [/qb][/QUOTE]
Posted by Fruity Reed (Member # 15917) on :
.
Posted by the lioness (Member # 17353) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
ANLO CELEBRATING HOGBETSOTSO (EXODUS) FESTIVAL IN SOUTH EASTERN GHANA [/qb]
[/QB][/QUOTE]
Background information: Ewe migration stories and the Hogbetsotso celebration
Ewe migration stories “The story is told in oral tradition of the Ewes in Ghana that in their migratory journeys to their present homes, probably the most important single step they took into the future had to be done walking backward. It is said again and again that to escape from tyranny of king Agokoli and the walled city of Notsie (in present-day Togo), the Dogbos, as they were then called, had to break out at night through a secret opening in the great wall and then proceed toward freedom by walking backward for a considerable distance from Agokoli” (Anyidoho, 2003:3).
In the above text, renowned scholar, poet and writer Kofi Anyidoho summarized one of the most famous versions of Ewe oral narratives of migration (usually defined as xotutu) in a very lively manner. He recounts how the Ewe escaped from Notsie and from the sufferings endured under the reign of King Agokoli I. The King assigned difficult tasks to the Ewe people; they had to build houses and the city wall with mud and pieces of glass, rock and thorns, and were severely punished if they did not obey him. Another impossible task assigned to the people was to produce a rope out of clay. The Ewe were finally able to escape thanks to a cunning plan suggested by one of the last elders still alive (since Agokoli had previously demanded the Ewe to kill their elders). The women —while washing— would throw water against one single spot of the city wall so that the wall would become softer and it would be possible to cut a hole in it. Women, children and older people escaped through the hole, while the younger men and drummers followed later on walking backwards so that nobody could see from their footsteps that they were leaving. Oral sources and archaeological remains suggest that a series of migrations started in the 11th century and that the present Ewe settled in Ghana in the early 17th century; the Ewe exodus was probably caused by the progressive expansion of other populations, probably the Yoruba (Amenumey 1997: 15-16; Gayibor and Aguigah 2005: 6-7). Lawrence (2005) gives a map of contemporary Ewe settlements spanning from the banks of the Mono River on the Togo-Benin borders to Ghana, where large Ewe communities live along the eastern side of Lake Volta and in the area around Keta Lagoon on the sea-coast (see also the map included in the present volume). Several xotutu versions agree that the Ewe moved westward from northern areas in present-day Benin and settled, following successive displacements and subdivisions, in what is nowadays Togo and eastern Ghana. Through genealogies of royal characters, narratives of migrations collected at Tado (along the Mono River) relate that Adja and Ewe peoples came from Ketu in Yoruba country, while narratives collected at Notsie (central Togo) recount another flow of migration from Tado to Notsie. The most frequently narrated story includes the episode with the King Agokoli and locates the Ewe ancestral home in Notsie. Some versions collected in Anlo-Ewe include the episode of the conflict between Agokoli and Sri, chief of the Dogbos in Notsie, what fuelled Agokoli’s harsh behaviour towards the Dogbos/Ewes. Other stories narrate incidents that took place after the Ewe departed from Notsie, such as the episode relating how the right to alternate succession to the Anlo stool (symbol of ritual and political authority) was established between the Bate clan and the Adzovia clan (Aduamah 1965: 5-6, 18-20). The theme of the conflict between generations, whether between king and elders or between father and son, is widely diffused in West African oral narratives (Paulme 1976, Görög-Karady 1995). Similarly, the motif of the ‘rope of clay’ is common in West African and Arabic narratives (Gayibor 1984: 31, Pazzi 1973: 24). In the Notsie narrative such themes are specified and localized: the episode when King Agokoli orders the elders to be killed highlights the political conflict between kingship and amega (council of elders) in a system in which the spiritual and political leader was usually secluded from public view and the council was the political power that communicated with the people. “A young foolish Agokoli seeks to rid himself of the confining advice of his elders by ordering all to be executed. His Ewe subjects, however, are successful in saving a few from death […] And it is the elders who successfully lead them [the Ewe] out of Notsie when they make their escape” (Greene 2002: 1035). If the solution offered in the Notsie narrative re-states the authority of the elders, other stories offer a more ambiguous discourse on seniority. For example, a version collected by Gayibor (1984: 27) recounts that one of the elders became drunk during a celebration and revealed the trick played by Ewe people to induce Agokoli to kill his own son. According to Sandra Greeve, the theme of elderly authority took up particular importance when social, political and economic changes during colonialism jeopardized the social system based on seniority. “Resistance to this change in the authority culture of the area took a number of forms, but perhaps the most interesting was the popularity of narratives that reinforced elderly authority” (Greene 2002: 1034). An intense interaction between oral and written xotutu versions has taken place since the colonial period. According to researchers Gayibor (1989), Sandra Greene, and Birgit Meyer (Greene 2002), the German missionaries who were active in the area since 1847 promoted not only linguistic standardization based on Anlo-Ewe language, but also the idea of a common origin of all Ewes from the city of Notsie. The xotutu versions identifying Notsie as the ‘original home’ were known in the Anlo area (present south-eastern Ghana) and became generally accepted since they were used for the reconstruction of Ewe migratory displacements in the missionary school readers. One of the first collected versions of the migration was offered in French translation by the Ghanaian priest Henry Kwakume (1951).
The belief that Notsie was the ‘original home’ of the Ewe was further strengthened by both political and religious movements (Gayibor 1989: 212; Greene 2002: 1035). The Ewe (pre-independence) nationalist movements referred to their common origin when they sought to include all Ewe-speaking peoples into one of the nations to be created after the end of European colonization. An important moment for the diffusion of such views was the rally organized at Notsie in 1956, on the occasion of the first Agbogbo (referring to Notsie’s wall) Festival, when the authorities reunited from all the Ewe-speaking areas decided to harmonize their historical narratives. On the other hand, following Greene (2002: 1035-36), “the Notsie narrative’s popularity was further enhanced during the colonial period among the ordinary and the average in the religion as a result of local efforts to make sense of their own traditions in light of the Biblical narratives introduced by the Bremen Mission. Instead of embracing the notion that they were the children of Ham who had diverted from the path of God and who needed the guiding hand of the missionaries to lead them back onto the road of righteousness, many among the Ewe associated their exodus from Notsie with the Jews’ escape from Egypt. The Ewes were not heathens but had been one with the Israelites”. Greene mentions a number of authors who favoured this interpretation, such as Mamattah 1979 and Fianu 1986. All these narratives of migration, whether orally transmitted or written down, give form to and convey knowledge of the Ewe land and community, crystallizing historical processes of identification through migrations, settlements, interactions with, and interpretations by different groups. The power of the Ewe migration narratives as a means to negotiate and create identity is still perceptible in the present times. An example is the re-enactment of the migration journey in the Hogbetsotso (see below). The interview with Dr. Datey-Kumodzie illustrates new ways in which the xotutu are activated and negotiated in the present globalized (and globalizing) world.
Daniela Merolla
Posted by cassiterides (Member # 18409) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy: cassiterides quick reply.
Leviticus 26 and Deuteronomy 28 clearly tells of Israel's condition if they fall away from God's grace. They will be scattered around the world and suffer many tribulations.
Just as the prophesy stated the Israelites fell away from true worship and God visited upon them the Assyrians and the Babylonians who drove them from their homes and the Hebrews lost their lands and are scattered around the world. The prophecies continue as we speak because the scriptures tell us the suffering will continue until they are gathered back as God's people.
Are you going to address that and stop fooling around?
LOL. Your entire 'identity' is based on the fallacious idea somehow black people suffer (when they never have)...
same old race card...
Can you explain how black people suffer, or ever have?
Posted by -Just Call Me Jari- (Member # 14451) on :
Energy is a Fring liar and propagandist who plays the victim mentality n order to claim to be a Hebrew, his whole argument rests on Deut 28:68..
quote:28:68 Into Egypt - Which was literally fulfilled under Titus, when multitudes of them were carried thither in ships, and sold for slaves. And this expression seems to mind them of that time when they went over the sea without ships, God miraculously drying up the sea before them, which now they would have occasion sadly to remember. By the way - Or, to the way. And the way seems not to be meant here of the usual road - way from Canaan to Egypt, which was wholly by land, but to be put for the end of the way or journey, even the land of Egypt, for to this, and not to the road - way between Canaan and Egypt, agree the words here following, whereof I speak unto thee, thou shalt see it, (that is, Egypt) no more again. No man shall buy you - Either because the number of your captives shall be so great, that the market shall be glutted with you; or because you shall be so loathsome and contemptible that men shall not be willing to have you for slaves. And this was the condition of the Jews after the destruction of Jerusalem, as Josephus the Jew hath left upon record. Let us all learn hence, to stand in awe and not to sin. I have heard of a wicked man (says Mr. Henry) who on reading these threatenings, was so enraged, that he tore the leaf out of his bible. But to what purpose is it, to deface a copy, while the original remains unchangeable? By which it is determined, that the wages of sin is death: yea, a death more dreadful than all that is here spoken!
quote:There were several movings of them into Egypt after that time; an Heathen historian F23 tells us, that not a few thousands of Jews went into Egypt and Phoenicia, because of the sedition in Syria after the death of Alexander; and where, it seems, in process of time, they became slaves: for we are told by Josephus F24, that 120,000 slaves were set free by Ptolemy Philadelphus; but what is chiefly respected here is their case in the times of the Romans, and by their means. Now when Jerusalem was taken by Titus, those above seventeen years of age were sent by him to the works, or mines, in Egypt, as the same historian relates F25; and after their last overthrow by Adrian many thousands were sold, and what could not be sold were transported into Egypt, and perished by "shipwreck", or famine, or were slaughtered by the people F26 whereby this prophecy was literally and exactly fulfilled, and which is owned by the Jews themselves. Manasseh Ben Israel F1 observes, that though Vespasian banished the Jews into various countries, Egypt is only mentioned by way of reproach, as if it had been said, ye shall go captives into the land from which ye went out triumphant:
here are the references...
F23 Hecataeus apud Joseph. contr. Apion, l. 1. sect. 22. F24 Antiqu. l. 12. c. 2. sect. 1. F25 De Bello Jud. l. 6. c. 9. sect. 2. F26 Hieron. in Zech. ii. fol. 120. I. F1 De Termino Vitae, l. 3. sect. 3. p. 131, 132. F2 De excidio Urb. Hieros. l. 5. c. 47. p. 645. F3 Ib. p. 680.
Posted by -Just Call Me Jari- (Member # 14451) on :
This Fringe cult which sprung from the equally fringe British Israelism cult depends on its followers to be unlearned and Ignorant of history.
Energy want to parrot the modern notion that Slavery was a Black Enterpise with white Slavers and Black Victims, unfortunately for Energy history tell a different story.
Scottish and Irish Slaves in America Fulfill Deut 28:68
"They refrain from drawing links to today, except to remind readers that there are probably tens of millions of Americans who are descended from white slaves without even knowing it."
The Irish were Sold like Cattle and POW in the Carribean...
The Proclamation of 1625 ordered that Irish political prisoners be transported overseas and sold as laborers to English planters, who were settling the islands of the West Indies, officially establishing a policy that was to continue for two centuries. In 1629 a large group of Irish men and women were sent to Guiana, and by 1632, Irish were the main slaves sold to Antigua and Montserrat in the West Indies. By 1637 a census showed that 69% of the total population of Montserrat were Irish slaves, which records show was a cause of concern to the English planters. But there were not enough political prisoners to supply the demand, so every petty infraction carried a sentence of transporting, and slaver gangs combed the country sides to kidnap enough people to fill out their quotas.
Although African Negroes were better suited to work in the semi-tropical climates of the Caribbean, they had to be purchased, while the Irish were free for the catching, so to speak. It is not surprising that Ireland became the biggest source of livestock for the English slave trade.
White Slaves in North Africa fulfill Deut. 28(They were taken in Slave ships)
White Slavery in North Africa...
quote:Most previously estimated slave counts have thus tended to be in the thousands, or at most in the tens of thousands. Davis, by contrast, has calculated that between 1 million and 1.25 million European Christians were captured and forced to work in North Africa from the 16th to 18th centuries.
....
quote:“Enslavement was a very real possibility for anyone who traveled in the Mediterranean, or who lived along the shores in places like Italy, France, Spain and Portugal, and even as far north as England and Iceland,” he said.
......
quote:France, England, and Spain each lost thousands of ships, and long stretches of the Spanish and Italian coasts were almost completely abandoned by their inhabitants. At its peak, the destruction and depopulation of some areas probably exceeded what European slavers would later inflict on the African interior.
So the question one has to consider is why "Energy" cherry picks his arguments and evidence and ignores anything that is a threat to his false anti-African cult.
quote:Originally posted by Energy: I clearly mentioned Deuteronomy 28 and Leviticus 26.
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
Leviticus 26 and Deuteronomy 28 clearly tells of Israel's condition if they fall away from God's grace. They will be scattered around the world and suffer many tribulations.
Posted by cassiterides (Member # 18409) on :
quote:Originally posted by -Just Call Me Jari-: [QB] Energy is a Fring liar and propagandist who plays the victim mentality n order to claim to be a Hebrew, his whole argument rests on Deut 28:68..
He doesn't seem to understand that virtually every race, ethnic group etc has traditions of being Hebrews/Israelites. So his picture spams of some west african tribe doing an exodus dance doesn't amount to anything.
You can read the list of groups claiming descent here -
This one of the few times I agree with you. If the truth be told Energy would admit that he cligs to this Hebrew lie for simple Racial Pride and to feel better about himself because African people are not represented and respected by the European establishment like the Hebrews are.(The same can be said about other Hebrewism Cults)
If Energy actually READ Torah he would know that anyone who follows the Laws of Torah and loves God can take part in the blessings of Abraham, but this is not enough for folks like Energy, What they want is the bogus "Prophecy" that Israel will rule the world in the new Kingdom...lol.
Its sad that such an ass backward, Bigoted people and their unoriginal plagerized cult is worshiped and idolized the world over. We should be studying Sumaria, Assyria, The Aztec, The Ghana, The Celts etc, You know people who actually set trends and changed history than trying to glamorize a bunch of Goat herding Bigots for 2000 yrs.
quote:Originally posted by cassiterides:
quote:Originally posted by -Just Call Me Jari-: [QB] Energy is a Fring liar and propagandist who plays the victim mentality n order to claim to be a Hebrew, his whole argument rests on Deut 28:68..
He doesn't seem to understand that virtually every race, ethnic group etc has traditions of being Hebrews/Israelites. So his picture spams of some west african tribe doing an exodus dance doesn't amount to anything.
You can read the list of groups claiming descent here -
Posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova (Member # 15718) on :
THINK about it people! What good is ancient Egypt to us? Forget about ancient Egypt. Let us focus on our Hebrew origins instead. So how do you explain the fact we are called Hebrews. How do you explain how our history is the same as the exodus story in the Bible? How do you explain our culture and traditions are the same as that of the Hebrews in the Bible? How do you explain our suffering wherever you find us on this planet? A phenomena that is in line with Deuteronomy 28 and Leviticus 26?. How do you explain that we are spread around the world as the Bible prophecy predicted? And how do you explain the fact the EVIDENCE says we are the walking talking Hebrews but WE ARE BLACK?
Your whole thread premise is bogus. People can see you are playing it for parody but at least try to make it more believable. You still have not yet explained how West Africans became Hebrews "enslaved" 400 years in Egypt. What's taking you so long?
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by cassiterides:
quote:Originally posted by Energy: cassiterides quick reply.
Leviticus 26 and Deuteronomy 28 clearly tells of Israel's condition if they fall away from God's grace. They will be scattered around the world and suffer many tribulations.
Just as the prophesy stated the Israelites fell away from true worship and God visited upon them the Assyrians and the Babylonians who drove them from their homes and the Hebrews lost their lands and are scattered around the world. The prophecies continue as we speak because the scriptures tell us the suffering will continue until they are gathered back as God's people.
Are you going to address that and stop fooling around?
LOL. Your entire 'identity' is based on the fallacious idea somehow black people suffer (when they never have)...
same old race card...
Can you explain how black people suffer, or ever have?
Oh I see! You want blacks to pretend the following is all fallacious huh? It never happened, it's all in our head.
Tell me is this image fallacious?
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
What about the following:
and this
and this
and this
YOU WANNA SEE MORE?
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
My bad! The following is you having a bonfire Fun Nightout huh?
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
This is your ilk having a picnic huh?
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
Tell me cassiterides! Were your ilk giving my brother in this image a massage?
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
Say cassiterides! Wanna see more of this fallacious suffering as you put it? What do you think of the following?
Posted by cassiterides (Member # 18409) on :
^ Those Negroes hung were criminals (rapists, thieves etc). It was not only black people who were hung for their crimes. The Klan also punished many white people.
Also, there were far more white slaves in America than Black Africans. Check this work out-
Millions of white slaves (mostly Irish) were taken to America and forced to work in factories and so forth in terrible conditions.
Do these children look black to you?
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
Posted by -Just Call Me Jari- (Member # 14451) on :
Irish Potatoe Famine..
Red Legs, descendants of slaves in Barbados..
Today, most Red Legs have bad or no teeth due to poor diet and lack of dental care. Illnesses and premature deaths due to haemophilia and diabetes have left men blind and without limbs. Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by cassiterides: ^ Those Negroes hung were criminals (rapists, thieves etc). It was not only black people who were hung for their crimes. The Klan also punished many white people.
Oh my bad! In the eyes of evil bastards like you all black people are criminals. But tell me cassiterides. what about white criminals? How come they did not get the same treatment you gave my brothers and sisters?
Posted by -Just Call Me Jari- (Member # 14451) on :
Bitch shut the **** up....
HOW DARE YOU use the plight of my Forefathers and Foremothers to generate sympathy for your cult. You think Im scared of you, please.
You made a mistake thinking you can come here and insult African people and push your Jew-centric agenda and have the nerve to post images of my forefathers at the same time.
You made a mistake trying to parrot the tired Bullshit White Supremist Eurocentric lie that Africans were the only slaves in History and in America. You are a fraud with slave mentality kissing the feet of your white master.
quote:Originally posted by Energy: Hey Jari, you evil KU KLUX CLAN FUCKER.. I haven't forgotten you, so don't get comfortable. I will be coming for your sorry ass next.
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by -Just Call Me Jari-: Irish Potatoe Famine..
Today, most Red Legs have bad or no teeth due to poor diet and lack of dental care. Illnesses and premature deaths due to haemophilia and diabetes have left men blind and without limbs.
Hey Jari, you evil KU KLUX CLAN FUCKER.. I haven't forgotten you, so don't get comfortable. I will be coming for your sorry ass next.
Posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova (Member # 15718) on :
You bogus troll...
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by -Just Call Me Jari-: Bitch shut the **** up....
HOW DARE YOU use the plight of my Forefathers and Foremothers to generate sympathy for your cult. You think Im scared of you, please.
You made a mistake thinking you can come here and insult African people and push your Jew-centric agenda and have the nerve to post images of my forefathers at the same time.
You made a mistake trying to parrot the tired Bullshit White Supremist Eurocentric lie that Africans were the only slaves in History and in America. You are a fraud with slave mentality kissing the feet of your white master.
Listen BONEHEAD! I knew you were a DUNCE but it did not occur to me you were a fuckin RETARD as well.
How many times do I have to tell a LAME-BRAIN like you I have no idea or knowledge of this Black Hebrew Israelites nonsense you keep spewing?
Did you see anything about Black Hebrew Israelites in any post I make about the Hebrews? Last time I checked this Black Hebrew Israelites are a religious cult. I am talking about a race of people. Not some religious stuff. Listen up you mentally ill fool, there is an ocean of difference between the two. Race of people and religious cult ain't one and the same you BLOCKHEAD. Talk to me about stuff I am talking about not your fuckin agenda. You got that you freakin IDIOT .
Posted by -Just Call Me Jari- (Member # 14451) on :
^^^^ You're simple minded ranting wont change the fact that what you uphold(Biblical Curses and Duet 28:68 Slave Ships to identify yourself as a Hebrew) is the same crap parroted by BHI. Further you can call yourself Elvis if you want it wont change the vast amount of evidence that proves your wrong.
Me, Kalonji, Lioness etc have debunked majority of your "Evidence" and Cassiterdes provided evidence of people the world over claiming Hebrew heritage. What makes you and your claims any different....OH THATS RIGHT YOUR WHOLE CURSES/SLAVE SHIPS B.S...the same B.S argument created by BHI.
You are not fooling anyone. Take your loss like a man, grow up and stop thinking like an inferior slave.
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
^Lynchings never really had anything to do with crimes or rule of law. The courts were always functional. Rather Lynchings had to do with the Albino psyche.
American Albinos have always lived in fear of a general Black uprising. To counter this perceived threat, they turned to "Terror tactics" like Lynchings, to show Blacks that they were powerless, and that Whites were in charge, and would remain so.
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by -Just Call Me Jari-: ^^^^ You're simple minded ranting wont change the fact that what you uphold(Biblical Curses and Duet 28:68 Slave Ships to identify yourself as a Hebrew) is the same crap parroted by BHI. Further you can call yourself Elvis if you want it wont change the vast amount of evidence that proves your wrong.
Me, Kalonji, Lioness etc have debunked majority of your "Evidence" and Cassiterdes provided evidence of people the world over claiming Hebrew heritage. What makes you and your claims any different....OH THATS RIGHT YOUR WHOLE CURSES/SLAVE SHIPS B.S...the same B.S argument created by BHI.
You are not fooling anyone. Take your loss like a man, grow up and stop thinking like an inferior slave.
Care to list blow by blow how any names, traditions you have stated refuting what I have stated about my people not being who they are?
Are you also called Erverh?
Do you have a history that matches anything stated in the Bible?
All I hear from you is twisting scripture and SPECULATIONS. So far I haven't read anything worth jack coming from you.
Oh about the rant. Its just to give you fair warning that you don't have a monopoly in that department. I have been civil and you take that to be a weakness. DON'T! Because when it comes to insults, you may start it but I assure you, I can give as good as I can take.
Posted by asante (Member # 18532) on :
Energy we are not Hebrews we are Africans give it up your starting to embarrass yourself
Posted by -Just Call Me Jari- (Member # 14451) on :
quote:Care to list blow by blow how any names, traditions you have refuted about my people not being who they are?
Look at the past posts in this Tread. Lioness provided evidence explaining your "Passover" tradition and Kalonji has provided plenty other evidence.
quote:Are you also called Erverh?
Do you have a history that matches anything stated in the Bible?
All I hear from you is twisting scripture and SPECULATIONS. So far I haven't read anything worth jack coming from you.
LMAO, at the Irony of you saying someone is "Twisting Scriptures" you are a joke if you think what I provided is "Twisting Scriptures".
quote:Oh about the rant. Its just to give you fair warnin that you don't have a monopoly in that department. I have been civil and you take that to be a weakness. DON'T! Because when it comes to insults, you may start it but I assure you, I can give as good as I can take.
Bitch you threw slugs first...
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
Hey Jari, you evil KU KLUX CLAN FUCKER.. [/QUOTE]Im a man, you throw slugs at me Im gonna send 20 back your way.
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by asante: Energy we are not Hebrews we are Africans give it up your starting to embarrass yourself
Asante, when you state "WE" who exactly are you speaking for? The last time I checked your name tells me you are Akan. When does an Akan and an Ewe(pronounced Erverh) constitute a "WE." The two have been bitter rivals from time immemorial so stop pretending otherwise.
Posted by asante (Member # 18532) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
quote:Originally posted by asante: Energy we are not Hebrews we are Africans give it up your starting to embarrass yourself
Asante, when you state "WE" who exactly are you speaking for? The last time I checked your name tells me you are Akan. When does an Akan and an Ewe(pronounced Erverh) constitute a "WE." The two have been bitter rivals from time immemorial so stop pretending otherwise.
Because WE are both indigenous to africa and are dna is probably the same. The Irish and English have been enemies for 100's of years yet you would not consider them not to be Europeans would you.
Posted by cassiterides (Member # 18409) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy: Oh my bad! In the eyes of evil bastards like you all black people are criminals. But tell me cassiterides. what about white criminals? How come they did not get the same treatment you gave my brothers and sisters?
There are documentated cases of this time period where white people as well were punished for serious crimes. However there were far fewer of them for the simple reason Black people statistically commit far more.
You only have to look at the race & crime statistics online to see blacks commit the most crimes even today.
Lifetime chances of a person going to prison:
blacks (16.2%) and Hispanics (9.4%) than for whites (2.5%)
Based on current rates of first incarceration, an estimated 28% of black males will enter State or Federal prison during their lifetime, compared to 16% of Hispanic males and 4.4% of white males
Sixty-five percent of state prison inmates are black, yet the black population of america is only around 13%.
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by the lioness:
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
ANLO CELEBRATING HOGBETSOTSO (EXODUS) FESTIVAL IN SOUTH EASTERN GHANA
[/QB]
quote:Background information: Ewe migration stories and the Hogbetsotso celebration
Ewe migration stories “The story is told in oral tradition of the Ewes in Ghana that in their migratory journeys to their present homes, probably the most important single step they took into the future had to be done walking backward. It is said again and again that to escape from tyranny of king Agokoli and the walled city of Notsie (in present-day Togo), the Dogbos, as they were then called, had to break out at night through a secret opening in the great wall and then proceed toward freedom by walking backward for a considerable distance from Agokoli” (Anyidoho, 2003:3).
In the above text, renowned scholar, poet and writer Kofi Anyidoho summarized one of the most famous versions of Ewe oral narratives of migration (usually defined as xotutu) in a very lively manner. He recounts how the Ewe escaped from Notsie and from the sufferings endured under the reign of King Agokoli I. The King assigned difficult tasks to the Ewe people; they had to build houses and the city wall with mud and pieces of glass, rock and thorns, and were severely punished if they did not obey him. Another impossible task assigned to the people was to produce a rope out of clay. The Ewe were finally able to escape thanks to a cunning plan suggested by one of the last elders still alive (since Agokoli had previously demanded the Ewe to kill their elders). The women —while washing— would throw water against one single spot of the city wall so that the wall would become softer and it would be possible to cut a hole in it. Women, children and older people escaped through the hole, while the younger men and drummers followed later on walking backwards so that nobody could see from their footsteps that they were leaving. Oral sources and archaeological remains suggest that a series of migrations started in the 11th century and that the present Ewe settled in Ghana in the early 17th century; the Ewe exodus was probably caused by the progressive expansion of other populations, probably the Yoruba (Amenumey 1997: 15-16; Gayibor and Aguigah 2005: 6-7). Lawrence (2005) gives a map of contemporary Ewe settlements spanning from the banks of the Mono River on the Togo-Benin borders to Ghana, where large Ewe communities live along the eastern side of Lake Volta and in the area around Keta Lagoon on the sea-coast (see also the map included in the present volume). Several xotutu versions agree that the Ewe moved westward from northern areas in present-day Benin and settled, following successive displacements and subdivisions, in what is nowadays Togo and eastern Ghana. Through genealogies of royal characters, narratives of migrations collected at Tado (along the Mono River) relate that Adja and Ewe peoples came from Ketu in Yoruba country, while narratives collected at Notsie (central Togo) recount another flow of migration from Tado to Notsie. The most frequently narrated story includes the episode with the King Agokoli and locates the Ewe ancestral home in Notsie. Some versions collected in Anlo-Ewe include the episode of the conflict between Agokoli and Sri, chief of the Dogbos in Notsie, what fuelled Agokoli’s harsh behaviour towards the Dogbos/Ewes. Other stories narrate incidents that took place after the Ewe departed from Notsie, such as the episode relating how the right to alternate succession to the Anlo stool (symbol of ritual and political authority) was established between the Bate clan and the Adzovia clan (Aduamah 1965: 5-6, 18-20). The theme of the conflict between generations, whether between king and elders or between father and son, is widely diffused in West African oral narratives (Paulme 1976, Görög-Karady 1995). Similarly, the motif of the ‘rope of clay’ is common in West African and Arabic narratives (Gayibor 1984: 31, Pazzi 1973: 24). In the Notsie narrative such themes are specified and localized: the episode when King Agokoli orders the elders to be killed highlights the political conflict between kingship and amega (council of elders) in a system in which the spiritual and political leader was usually secluded from public view and the council was the political power that communicated with the people. “A young foolish Agokoli seeks to rid himself of the confining advice of his elders by ordering all to be executed. His Ewe subjects, however, are successful in saving a few from death […] And it is the elders who successfully lead them [the Ewe] out of Notsie when they make their escape” (Greene 2002: 1035). If the solution offered in the Notsie narrative re-states the authority of the elders, other stories offer a more ambiguous discourse on seniority. For example, a version collected by Gayibor (1984: 27) recounts that one of the elders became drunk during a celebration and revealed the trick played by Ewe people to induce Agokoli to kill his own son. According to Sandra Greeve, the theme of elderly authority took up particular importance when social, political and economic changes during colonialism jeopardized the social system based on seniority. “Resistance to this change in the authority culture of the area took a number of forms, but perhaps the most interesting was the popularity of narratives that reinforced elderly authority” (Greene 2002: 1034). An intense interaction between oral and written xotutu versions has taken place since the colonial period. According to researchers Gayibor (1989), Sandra Greene, and Birgit Meyer (Greene 2002), the German missionaries who were active in the area since 1847 promoted not only linguistic standardization based on Anlo-Ewe language, but also the idea of a common origin of all Ewes from the city of Notsie. The xotutu versions identifying Notsie as the ‘original home’ were known in the Anlo area (present south-eastern Ghana) and became generally accepted since they were used for the reconstruction of Ewe migratory displacements in the missionary school readers. One of the first collected versions of the migration was offered in French translation by the Ghanaian priest Henry Kwakume (1951).
The belief that Notsie was the ‘original home’ of the Ewe was further strengthened by both political and religious movements (Gayibor 1989: 212; Greene 2002: 1035). The Ewe (pre-independence) nationalist movements referred to their common origin when they sought to include all Ewe-speaking peoples into one of the nations to be created after the end of European colonization. An important moment for the diffusion of such views was the rally organized at Notsie in 1956, on the occasion of the first Agbogbo (referring to Notsie’s wall) Festival, when the authorities reunited from all the Ewe-speaking areas decided to harmonize their historical narratives. On the other hand, following Greene (2002: 1035-36), “the Notsie narrative’s popularity was further enhanced during the colonial period among the ordinary and the average in the religion as a result of local efforts to make sense of their own traditions in light of the Biblical narratives introduced by the Bremen Mission. Instead of embracing the notion that they were the children of Ham who had diverted from the path of God and who needed the guiding hand of the missionaries to lead them back onto the road of righteousness, many among the Ewe associated their exodus from Notsie with the Jews’ escape from Egypt. The Ewes were not heathens but had been one with the Israelites”. Greene mentions a number of authors who favoured this interpretation, such as Mamattah 1979 and Fianu 1986. All these narratives of migration, whether orally transmitted or written down, give form to and convey knowledge of the Ewe land and community, crystallizing historical processes of identification through migrations, settlements, interactions with, and interpretations by different groups. The power of the Ewe migration narratives as a means to negotiate and create identity is still perceptible in the present times. An example is the re-enactment of the migration journey in the Hogbetsotso (see below). The interview with Dr. Datey-Kumodzie illustrates new ways in which the xotutu are activated and negotiated in the present globalized (and globalizing) world.
Daniela Merolla
Lioness I already addressed this in my earlier conversation with Brada Ananse.
Just in case you missed that discussion I am reposting it below.
quote:Originally posted by Energy: [QUOTE]Originally posted by Brada-Anansi: Now I don't know if the local elders and folks agree with the above or not, but what if both type of exodus became merged in local tradition.
Btw this also gave lie to those who claimed no connections happened between the river valleys.
Brada I can answer that question for you right now. I am a HIGH PRINCE of my people and I speak for my family members and cousins that make up the Royal family and say YES WE DO. Most of them will agree with what I am saying.
The story of Notsi is coded. Not everyone knows the full story. Our peoples' exodus history did not happen in Notsi in Togo. It happened in Notsi elsewhere. That is a FACT.
Because of information not being recorded and passed down orally our people wrongfully assume a place called Notsi in Togo is where the exodus took place. That is not the case. The King of Notsi associated with the Hogbetsotso, called Agorkorli was created by the German colonial masters. Now most of our people don't know this fact. If they did, they will know for definite that the exodus story did not happen in Notsi in Togo. Just as I am telling you.
FYI our people name new locations after old ones. It is part of our tradition. For example we have a town called Amedzofe in Ghana, which means "Garden of Eden," in English. However, we all know the present Amedzofe (garden of Eden) is not the original location. The original was elsewhere. Another example is Ketu in Ghana. Again, we know the original ketu was in our old homeland in the Old Oyo Empire. The new Ketu is simply named after the capital of the Old Oyo empire. Thus, we don't assume because there is a Ketu in Ghana and Benin, those were original locations.
The main thing you have to understand is; we have the exodus story as part of our main history. On top of that we are called Erverh, which incidentally is the proper name of the Hebrews. In addition, we have traditions as recorded in the Bible. For instance we still have in our villages the tradition of marrying your brother's widow. We still have the circumcision as integral to our culture. We also still practice/carry out the sacrifices Moses laid out for the Israelites as they are recorded in the Bible. The list simply goes on. Others may claim to be Hebrews, but they can't prove it. They can only speculate. Only the real McCoy can have the name of the Hebrews as well as their traditions as standard part of their culture. And this we have in abundance.
FOR EMPHASIS and as a response to your posting LET ME REPEAT MY LAST RESPONSE TO BRADA ANANSE AGAIN:
The story of Notsi is coded. Not everyone knows the full story. Our peoples' exodus history did not happen in Notsi in Togo. It happened in Notsi elsewhere. That is a FACT.
Because of information not being recorded and passed down orally our people wrongfully assume a place called Notsi in Togo is where the exodus took place. That is not the case. The King of Notsi associated with the Hogbetsotso, called Agorkorli was created by the German colonial masters. Now most of our people don't know this fact. If they did, they will know for definite that the exodus story did not happen in Notsi in Togo. Just as I am telling you.
FYI our people name new locations after old ones. It is part of our tradition. For example we have a town called Amedzofe in Ghana, which means "Garden of Eden," in English. However, we all know the present Amedzofe (garden of Eden) is not the original location. The original was elsewhere. Another example is Ketu in Ghana. Again, we know the original ketu was in our old homeland in the Old Oyo Empire. The new Ketu is simply named after the capital of the Old Oyo empire. Thus, we don't assume because there is a Ketu in Ghana and Benin, those were original locations.
The main thing you have to understand is; we have the exodus story as part of our main history. On top of that we are called Erverh, which incidentally is the proper name of the Hebrews. In addition, we have traditions as recorded in the Bible. For instance we still have in our villages the tradition of marrying your brother's widow. We still have the circumcision as integral to our culture. We also still practice/carry out the sacrifices Moses laid out for the Israelites as they are recorded in the Bible. The list simply goes on. Others may claim to be Hebrews, but they can't prove it. They can only speculate. Only the real McCoy can have the name of the Hebrews as well as their traditions as standard part of their culture. And this we have in abundance.
Posted by cassiterides (Member # 18409) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
quote:Originally posted by -Just Call Me Jari-: ^^^^ You're simple minded ranting wont change the fact that what you uphold(Biblical Curses and Duet 28:68 Slave Ships to identify yourself as a Hebrew) is the same crap parroted by BHI. Further you can call yourself Elvis if you want it wont change the vast amount of evidence that proves your wrong.
Me, Kalonji, Lioness etc have debunked majority of your "Evidence" and Cassiterdes provided evidence of people the world over claiming Hebrew heritage. What makes you and your claims any different....OH THATS RIGHT YOUR WHOLE CURSES/SLAVE SHIPS B.S...the same B.S argument created by BHI.
You are not fooling anyone. Take your loss like a man, grow up and stop thinking like an inferior slave.
Care to list blow by blow how any names, traditions you have stated refuted what I have stated about my people not being who they are?
Are you also called Erverh?
Do you have a history that matches anything stated in the Bible?
All I hear from you is twisting scripture and SPECULATIONS. So far I haven't read anything worth jack coming from you.
Oh about the rant. Its just to give you fair warning that you don't have a monopoly in that department. I have been civil and you take that to be a weakness. DON'T! Because when it comes to insults, you may start it but I assure you, I can give as good as I can take.
So you worship a god that doesn't intervene when your people have (supposedly) suffered for thousands of years...
Are you a satanist? Your god must be evil...
Posted by cassiterides (Member # 18409) on :
''From: London'' ===
LOL.
So typical. Living in a white country, feeding off white people and white society but you cling to this idea the black race is chosen by god.
Why aren't you living in west africa?
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by asante:
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
quote:Originally posted by asante: Energy we are not Hebrews we are Africans give it up your starting to embarrass yourself
Asante, when you state "WE" who exactly are you speaking for? The last time I checked your name tells me you are Akan. When does an Akan and an Ewe(pronounced Erverh) constitute a "WE." The two have been bitter rivals from time immemorial so stop pretending otherwise.
Because WE are both indigenous to africa and are dna is probably the same. The Irish and English have been enemies for 100's of years yet you would not consider them not to be Europeans would you.
True our DNA is very much intermixed but we are still different people! I am sure you will agree we have different history. Same as Irish history is not English history. That is what separates the two people and separates everybody else on this planet. Akan history is not my history and vice versa. Surely you know this don't you?
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by cassiterides: ''From: London'' ===
LOL.
So typical. Living in a white country, feeding off white people and white society but you cling to this idea the black race is chosen by god.
Why aren't you living in west africa?
There are hundreds of thousands of your people living in my backyard in Africa. Unlike your ilk who murder and burn us to death at the drop of a hat. We on the other hand treat your people with respect and afford them all the hospitality. Thus you thrive and flourish in Africa even better than living in your own land.
The difference between you and I is: we don't complain about you doing well in our lands. You on the other hand form the KKK and buy weapons to lynch those of us in your midst. Admit it buddy, you have the EVIL gene.
Posted by asante (Member # 18532) on :
quote:Originally posted by cassiterides:
quote:Originally posted by Energy: Oh my bad! In the eyes of evil bastards like you all black people are criminals. But tell me cassiterides. what about white criminals? How come they did not get the same treatment you gave my brothers and sisters?
There are documentated cases of this time period where white people as well were punished for serious crimes. However there were far fewer of them for the simple reason Black people statistically commit far more.
You only have to look at the race & crime statistics online to see blacks commit the most crimes even today.
Lifetime chances of a person going to prison:
blacks (16.2%) and Hispanics (9.4%) than for whites (2.5%)
Based on current rates of first incarceration, an estimated 28% of black males will enter State or Federal prison during their lifetime, compared to 16% of Hispanic males and 4.4% of white males
Sixty-five percent of state prison inmates are black, yet the black population of america is only around 13%.
White people stole a whole continent and murdered and raped millions of native americans you guys are the real criminals
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by cassiterides:
quote:Originally posted by Energy: Oh my bad! In the eyes of evil bastards like you all black people are criminals. But tell me cassiterides. what about white criminals? How come they did not get the same treatment you gave my brothers and sisters?
There are documentated cases of this time period where white people as well were punished for serious crimes. However there were far fewer of them for the simple reason Black people statistically commit far more.
You only have to look at the race & crime statistics online to see blacks commit the most crimes even today.
Lifetime chances of a person going to prison:
blacks (16.2%) and Hispanics (9.4%) than for whites (2.5%)
Based on current rates of first incarceration, an estimated 28% of black males will enter State or Federal prison during their lifetime, compared to 16% of Hispanic males and 4.4% of white males
Sixty-five percent of state prison inmates are black, yet the black population of america is only around 13%.
Cut the smoke and mirror stuff. It wont wash. We are talking of a different time in history when the black man was not even allowed to cough without being lynched. Surely you don't think anyone will believe the crap that under those conditions black people were committing more crimes than anybody else.
You don't need to take my word for it. Just check the prison records for the time in question and you will find, there were very few black people in prison for any crime. Thus the lynching and murders had nothing to do with black people committing crimes, it was just the blood lust of your ilk on display.
Posted by asante (Member # 18532) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
quote:Originally posted by asante:
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
quote:Originally posted by asante: Energy we are not Hebrews we are Africans give it up your starting to embarrass yourself
Asante, when you state "WE" who exactly are you speaking for? The last time I checked your name tells me you are Akan. When does an Akan and an Ewe(pronounced Erverh) constitute a "WE." The two have been bitter rivals from time immemorial so stop pretending otherwise.
Because WE are both indigenous to africa and are dna is probably the same. The Irish and English have been enemies for 100's of years yet you would not consider them not to be Europeans would you.
True our DNA is very much intermixed but we are still different people! I am sure you will agree we have different history. Same as Irish history is not English history. That is what separates the two people and separates everybody else on this planet. Akan history is not my history and vice versa. Surely you know this don't you?
I know we are different people and we have different cultures, traditions and languages but my main point is at the end of the day we are still all Africans.
Posted by the lioness (Member # 17353) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy: The story of Notsi is coded. Not everyone knows the full story. Our peoples' exodus history did not happen in Notsi in Togo. It happened in Notsi elsewhere. That is a FACT.
Because of information not being recorded and passed down orally our people wrongfully assume a place called Notsi in Togo is where the exodus took place. That is not the case. The King of Notsi associated with the Hogbetsotso, called Agorkorli was created by the German colonial masters. Now most of our people don't know this fact. If they did, they will know for definite that the exodus story did not happen in Notsi in Togo. Just as I am telling you.
FYI our people name new locations after old ones. It is part of our tradition. For example we have a town called Amedzofe in Ghana, which means "Garden of Eden," in English. However, we all know the present Amedzofe (garden of Eden) is not the original location.
what is the original location?
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by the lioness: what is the original location?
Lioness that will be one heck of a history lesson. Meaning I have to take you on a journey of our people across Africa. That is too much work.
But there is another option. Dr Darkwa in his book; "The Africans who wrote the Bible," discussed my people's origins in the Middle East. Please get a copy, I am sure it addresses your questions about the origins of my people.
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by asante: I know we are different people and we have different cultures, traditions and languages but my main point is at the end of the day we are still all Africans.
Yeah but you forget the Hebrews were Africans to begin with and are still Africans. So you see, I am discussing African history.
Other people have fraudulently stolen my African Hebrew identity and made it European and Asian. I am simply trying to bring the Hebrew identity back to Africa where it belongs.
Posted by dana marniche (Member # 13149) on :
quote:Originally posted by cassiterides: Physical Descriptions of King David of Israel:
''So he sent and made him come in. Now he had red hair and beautiful eyes and pleasing looks. And the Lord said, Come, put the oil on him, for this is he.'' - 1 Samuel 16:12
And when the Philistine, taking note, saw David, he had a poor opinion of him: for he was only a boy, red-haired and good-looking
- 1 Samuel 14:42
Negroids don't have red hair, only white people do. The Israelites were not black.
Which leaves Samuel out of that picture.
1 Samuel 14:42 - Saul said, “Cast the lot between me and Jonathan my son.” And Jonathan was taken.
43 Then Saul said to Jonathan, “Tell me what you have done.”
So Jonathan told him, “I tasted a little honey with the end of my staff. And now I must die!”
44 Saul said, “May God deal with me, be it ever so severely, if you do not die, Jonathan.”
I can't your translation.
Posted by dana marniche (Member # 13149) on :
quote:Originally posted by cassiterides: Physical Descriptions of King David of Israel:
''So he sent and made him come in. Now he had red hair and beautiful eyes and pleasing looks. And the Lord said, Come, put the oil on him, for this is he.'' - 1 Samuel 16:12
And when the Philistine, taking note, saw David, he had a poor opinion of him: for he was only a boy, red-haired and good-looking
- 1 Samuel 14:42
Negroids don't have red hair, only white people do. The Israelites were not black.
lol! what translation are u looking at. "And he sent, and brought him in. Now he was ruddy, and withal of a beautiful countenance, and goodly to look to. And the LORD said, Arise, anoint him: for this is he."
Typical Euronut distortion. lol!
And ruddy here is a European mistranslation of dm which really meant very dark complexion.
Posted by asante (Member # 18532) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
quote:Originally posted by asante: I know we are different people and we have different cultures, traditions and languages but my main point is at the end of the day we are still all Africans.
Yeah but you forget the Hebrews were Africans to begin with and are still Africans. So you see, I am discussing African history.
Other people have fraudulently stolen my African Hebrew identity and made it European and Asian. I am simply trying to bring the Hebrew identity back to Africa where it belongs.
Or maybe it was the Hebrews who stole there identity from Africa (The Ancient Egyptians)
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by asante: Or maybe it was the Hebrews who stole there identity from Africa (The Ancient Egyptians)
Yeah but the Hebrews became a Nation in Africa. Therefore, they did not steal their African identity. It was a natural progression. They came into Africa, 70 men and women and left more than 2 million people. This means they intermarried heavily with the ancient Egyptians. Thus, in every way they were ancient Egyptians, as well as Hebrews. They were Africans in every sense of the word. In fact early historians like Strabo and co saw them as such and did not differentiate between them and the Egyptians.
Posted by -Just Call Me Jari- (Member # 14451) on :
Don't forget Mesopotamia...(The Gilgamesh Epic, The Creation Myths, Hammurabi's Code/Laws etc.) The True Leeches of history...
The Origin of Judaism
The Original Inner Sanctum and Holy of Holies..
The First Monotheistic Religion
Now you have this simple minded unoriginal branch of religions, the Abrahamic, running around bad mouthing and trashing the very cultures that gave birth to it.
quote:Originally posted by asante:
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
quote:Originally posted by asante: I know we are different people and we have different cultures, traditions and languages but my main point is at the end of the day we are still all Africans.
Yeah but you forget the Hebrews were Africans to begin with and are still Africans. So you see, I am discussing African history.
Other people have fraudulently stolen my African Hebrew identity and made it European and Asian. I am simply trying to bring the Hebrew identity back to Africa where it belongs.
Or maybe it was the Hebrews who stole there identity from Africa (The Ancient Egyptians)
Posted by the lioness (Member # 17353) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy: Yeah but you forget the Hebrews were Africans to begin with and are still Africans. So you see, I am discussing African history.
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
Dr Darkwa in his book; "The Africans who wrote the Bible," discussed my people's origins in the Middle East. Please get a copy, I am sure it addresses your questions about the origins of my people.
your two statements above seem incompatible. If your people's origins are the Middle East then they are not Africans they are originally Middle Easterners who migrated to Africa.
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by the lioness:
quote:Originally posted by Energy: Yeah but you forget the Hebrews were Africans to begin with and are still Africans. So you see, I am discussing African history.
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
Dr Darkwa in his book; "The Africans who wrote the Bible," discussed my people's origins in the Middle East. Please get a copy, I am sure it addresses your questions about the origins of my people.
your two statements above seem incompatible. If your people's origins are the Middle East then they are not Africans they are originally Middle Easterners who migrated to Africa.
Lioness if you refer back to my discussion with Brada Ananse we covered this point already.
I said at the time, before the Suez canal divided Africa and Israel, a big part of the land of Israel was considered part of the African continent. In fact even as we speak, the Sinai desert, where Moses and the Israelites lived and died over a forty year period is technically in the Middle East but it is still Egyptian territory and part of the African continent.
And if they started off as 70 foreigners but became 2 million after marrying into the host nation then in time they are bonafide citizens of the host nation.
Posted by the lioness (Member # 17353) on :
Atenism could be described as a failed one term pharonic experiment in henotheism. One the earliest monotheist religions which (evolved out of dualism) and may have influenced Judaism is Zoratsrianism formerly among the world's largest religions, founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran approximately 3500 years ago.
Posted by -Just Call Me Jari- (Member # 14451) on :
A bunch of Hogwash. The "Hebrews" were not Egyptians as their very culture sought to mock Egypt out of anger and Jealous resentment.
You shall not abhor an Egyptian, because you were a stranger and temporary resident in his land. -Torah
quote:The "Passover" was nothing but a lie meant to mock the Gods of Egypt because the Hebrews could not defeat Egypt in Battle only mock her and lie...
First Plague: Water Changed To Blood (Exo. 7:14-25)
The Nile was the heartbeat of Egypt -- all trade, commerce, and crops depended upon the Nile. In the first plague the water of the Nile was changed to "blood." It is not clear from the original text whether the water was changed to literal blood or just changed to a "blood red" color -- in either case, the fish in the Nile would have died. Not only was the Nile "red," but other waters as well, even the water that was drawn for use in houses and stored in stone or wooden jars.
This plague was an affront to many of the greatest gods of Egypt.
The great god Khnum was the guardian of the Nile River -- he is usually represented as a human being with a ram's head.
Hapi was the "spirit of the Nile" and its "dynamic essence." Hapi was the god of the annual Nile inundation. Epithets for Hapi describe him as being the "lord of the fishes and birds and marshes."
"The very position of Hapi made it certain that he would become successful as a deity. The entire country looked to the Nile as the source of all wealth and provender, so that the deity which presided over it rapidly rose in public estimation. Thus Hapi quickly became identified with the greater and more outstanding figures in early Egyptian mythology. He thus became a partner with the great original gods who had created the world, and finally came to be regarded as the maker and molder of everything within the universe. We find him credited with the attributes of Nu, the primeval water-mass, and this in effect made him a father of Ra, who had emerged from that element. Hapi, indeed, stood in more immediate relationship to the Egyptians than almost any other god in their pantheon. Without the sun Egypt would have been plunged into darkness, but without the Nile every living creature within its borders would assuredly have perished." (Spence, Ancient Egyptian Myths and Legends, p. 170).
One of the greatest gods of Egypt was Osiris, the god of the underworld; the Egyptians believed the Nile was his bloodstream.
During this first plague, the Egyptians would have to wonder where was Tauret, the hippopotamus goddess of the river. Where was Nu, the god of life in the Nile?
"It was appropriate that the first of the plagues should be directed against the Nile River itself, the very lifeline of Egypt and the center of many of its religious ideas. The Egyptians considered the Nile sacred. Many of their gods were associated either directly or indirectly with this river and its productivity. For example, the great Khnum was considered the guardian of the Nile sources. Hapi was believed to be the 'spirit of the Nile' and its 'dynamic essence.' One of the greatest gods revered in Egypt was the god Osiris who was the god of the underworld. The Egyptians believed that the river Nile was his bloodstream. In the light of this latter expression, it is appropriate indeed that the Lord should turn the Nile to blood! It is not only said that the fish in the river died but that the 'river stank,' and the Egyptians were not able to use the water of that river -- imagine the horror and frustration of the people of Egypt as they looked upon that which was formerly beautiful only to find dead fish lining the shores and an ugly red characterizing what had before provided life and attraction. Crocodiles were forced to leave the Nile. One wonders what worshipers would have thought of Hapi the god of the Nile who was sometimes manifest in the crocodile." (Davis, p. 102).
Second Plague: Frogs (Exo. 8:1-15)
The presence of the frogs would not have been unusual, for the receding Nile left ponds that would have been a natural breeding ground for them. However, this plague was going to cause the river to "bring forth frogs abundantly, which shall go up and come into your house, into your bedchamber, on your bed, into the houses of your servants, on your people, into your ovens, and into your kneading bowls" (Exo. 8:3).
"In various parts of the East, instead of what we call ovens they dig a hole in the ground, in which they insert a kind of earthen pot, which having sufficiently heated, they stick their cakes to the inside, and when baked remove them and supply their places with others, and so on. To find such places full of frogs when they came to heat them, in order to make their bread, must be both disgusting and distressing in the extreme." (Clarke, Adam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible, p. 101).
The frog was considered the theophany of the goddess Heqt, the wife of the creator of the world and the goddess of birth. Heqt was always shown with the head and body of a frog. Amulets and scarabs worn by Egyptian women to protect them during childbirth would often bear the image of Heqt for protection. Heqt was believed to assist women in childbirth -- consider the irony in the statement that the frogs invaded pharaoh's bedroom and even jumped on his bed (Exo. 8:3).
Frogs were so sacred in Egypt that even the involuntary slaughter of one was often punished with death. Imagine the people of the land as they went out to gather the decaying bodies of the frogs, and put them into heaps. The fact the Pharaoh entreated Moses to intercede with Jehovah to take away the frogs was a sign the he recognized the God of Israel as being the author of the plague -- Pharaoh realized this was not a natural occurrence.
It is very possible that the next plague originated from flies depositing their ova in the putrid masses of the dead frogs.
Third Plague: Lice (Exo. 8:16-19)
The word "lice" is rendered as "sand flies" or "fleas" in some translations. The Hebrew word kinnim comes from a root word meaning "to dig"; it is probable that the insect in question would dig under the skin.
This plague would have been an embarrassment to Geb, the great god of the earth. Egyptians gave offerings to Geb for the bounty of the soil -- yet it was from "the dust of the soil" that this plague originated.
This plague would have been especially dreadful to the priests of Egypt, for they were required to shave their hair off every day, and wear a single tunic, that no lice would be permitted on their bodies. The daily rituals of the priests were not possible because of physical impurity.
The Greek historian Herodotus traveled to Egypt and was impressed by the rituals of Egyptian priests. "The priests shave their bodies all over every other day to guard against the presence of lice, or anything else equally unpleasant, while they are about their religious duties; the priests, too, wear linen only, and shoes made from the papyrus plant -- these materials, for dress and shoes, being the only ones allowed them. They bathe in cold water twice a day and twice every night -- and observe innumerable other ceremonies besides." (Herodotus, The Histories, p. 99).
So notice what happened during this plague: the land was infected with "lice," yet the priest of Egypt could not even enter their temples to beseech their gods due to their own impurity of the flesh! http://www.padfield.com/2002/egypt_1.html
quote:Originally posted by Energy: This means they intermarried heavily with the ancient Egyptians. Thus, in every way they were ancient Egyptians, as well as Hebrews. They were Africans in every sense of the word.
Posted by the lioness (Member # 17353) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
I said at the time, before the Suez canal divided Africa and Israel, a big part of the land of Israel was considered part of the African continent. In fact even as we speak, the Sinai desert, where Moses and the Israelites lived and died over a forty year period is technically in the Middle East but it is still Egyptian territory and part of the African continent.
And if they started off as 70 foreigners but became 2 million after marrying into the host nation then in time they are bonafide citizens of the host nation.
If they were foreigners what is their original homeland? In what country or countries of neighboring, use modern day country or city names ( for location purposes only) did humanity first appear on earth? was it Jerusalem or South of the Suez?
Posted by -Just Call Me Jari- (Member # 14451) on :
This might be the case as Hebrew Culture Leeched off of Mesopotamia as well but Atenism was not "Failed Experiment" as some would like to make it, the author of Psalms 104 obviously did not see it that way...
quote:The Eight points of comparison: Psalm 104 and the Hymn to Aten The following text in [--] is from Psalm 104 while the remainder is quoted translation by J.H.Breasted, from Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. II, Chapters 5 & 6.. and "The Rock Tombs of Tell el Armarna", Archeological Survey, Egyptian Exploration Society (6vol, 1903) N. de G. Davis.
PSALM 104 [20. Thou makest darkness, and it is night, Wherein all the beasts of the forest creep forth. 21. The young Lions roar after their prey, And seek their food from God.] The tradition of Egyptian, Hindu, and Hebrew cultures starts the day at sunset. Today the day normally starts at sunrise.
AKENATEN'S THE HYMN TO THE SUN When thou settest in the western horizon of the sky, [1st comparison, verse 20] The earth is in darkness like the dead. They sleep in their chambers Their heads are wrapped up. Their nostrils are stopped And none see the other. While all their things are stolen Which are under their heads And they know it not Every Lion cometh forth from his den [2nd comparison, verse 21] All Serpents they sting Darkness The world is in silence. He that made them resteth in his horizon.
[22. The Sun riseth, they get them away, and lay them down in their dens. 23. Man goeth forth unto his work And to his labor until the evening.]
Bright is the earth when thou riseth in the horizon. [3rd , 22] When thou shinest as Aten by day Thou drivest away the darkness. When thou sendest forth thy rays The two lands (Egypt) are in daily festivity. Awake and standing upon their feet When thou has raised them up. Their limbs bathed they take their clothing Their arms uplifted in adoration to thy dawning Then in all the world they do their work.. [4th, 23]
All cattle rest upon their pasturage The trees and the plants flourish
[12. By them the birds of the heavens have their habitation. They sing among the branches.]
The birds flutter in their marshes, [5th, 12] Their wings uplifted in adoration to thee. All sheep dance on their feet. All winged things fly, They live when thou hast shone upon them.
[25. Yonder is the sea great and wide. Wherein are things creeping innumerable. Both small and great beasts. 26. There go the ships.]
The barges sail upstream and downstream alike. [6th, 26] Every highway is open because thou dawnest. The fish in the river leap before thee. Thy rays are in the midst of the great green sea. Creator of the germ in woman Maker of the seed in man Giving life to the son in the body of his mother Soothing him that he may not weep. Nurse (even) in the womb.
[29. Thou hidest thy face, they are troubled. Thou takest away their breath and they die. And return to their dust.]
Giver of breath to animals, every one that he maketh When he cometh forth from the womb [7th, 29] On the day of their birth Thou openest his mouth in speech
[27. These wait all for thee. That thou may give them food in due season.]
Thou suppliest his necessities.[8th, 27]
When the fledgling in the egg chirps in the shell Thou givest him breath there-in to preserve him alive. When thou hast brought him together to (the point of) bursting it in the egg To chirp with all his might, He goeth about on his two feet When he hath come forth therefrom.
How manifold are thy works, They are hidden from before (us) O Sole God, whose powers no other possesseth. Thou didst create the earth according to thy heart While thou wast alone Man, all cattle, large and small All that are upon the earth That go about on their feet (All) That are on high That fly with their wings The foreign countries, Syria and Kush, The land of Egypt Thou settest every man into his place Thou suppliest their necessities Everyone has his possessions And his days are reckoned The tongues are divers in speech Their forms likewise and their skins are distinguished (For) thou makest different the strangers.
O thou who art crowned king amongst the gods... [Here is expressed the polytheistic point of view] Thou art the lord of heaven, Thou art the lord of the earth; Thou art the creator of those who dwell in the heights, and Those who dwell in the depths. Thou art the One God who came into being at the beginning of time. [monotheism was beginning throughout the world with the idea of the "God of Gods", and is consistent with the concept of G-d in the Pentateuch] Thou didst create the earth, Thou dist fashion the man, Thou didst make the watery abyss of the sky... Thou dost travel across the sky with thy heart swelling in joy; The great deep of heaven is content thereat..."
quote:Originally posted by the lioness: Atenism could be described as a failed one term pharonic experiment in henotheism. One the earliest monotheist religions which (evolved out of dualism) and may have influenced Judaism is Zoratsrianism formerly among the world's largest religions, founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran approximately 3500 years ago.
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by the lioness: If they were foreigners what is their original homeland? In what country or countries of neighboring, use modern day country or city names ( for location purposes only) did humanity first appear on earth? was it Jerusalem or South of the Suez?
Who were foreigners? Their parents maybe, but the Hebrew Nation were Egyptians. They were not foreigners but full fledged Africans. Before they became the "Hebrew nation," in Egypt there was no Hebrew nation. Their origins as a nation was in Egypt. Its like white people in America and Australia, they don't see themselves as foreigners. They see see themselves as Americans or Australians.
Posted by cassiterides (Member # 18409) on :
We have plenty of physical descriptions of the Hebrews in the Bible, none relate to the Negroid phenotype.
So can you explain this?
Posted by the lioness (Member # 17353) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
quote:Originally posted by the lioness: If they were foreigners what is their original homeland? In what country or countries of neighboring, use modern day country or city names ( for location purposes only) did humanity first appear on earth? was it Jerusalem or South of the Suez?
Who were foreigners? Their parents maybe, but the Hebrew Nation were Egyptians. They were not foreigners but full fledged Africans. Before they became the "Hebrew nation," in Egypt there was no Hebrew nation. Their origins as a nation was in Egypt. Its like white people in America and Australia, they don't see themselves as foreigners. They see see themselves as Americans or Australians.
The Egyptian Empire gained control over Canaan after the conquests of Ramesses II. According to the Book of Exodus, Moses was a son of Amram, a member of the Levite tribe of Israel descended from Jacob, and his wife, Jochebed. According to Genesis 46:8-27, Amram's father Kehath immigrated to Egypt with 70 of Jacob's household, making Moses part of the second generation of Israelites born during their time in Egypt.
Genesis 46:8-27 King James Version (KJV) 8And these are the names of the children of Israel, which came into Egypt, Jacob and his sons: Reuben, Jacob's firstborn.
9And the sons of Reuben; Hanoch, and Phallu, and Hezron, and Carmi.
10And the sons of Simeon; Jemuel, and Jamin, and Ohad, and Jachin, and Zohar, and Shaul the son of a Canaanitish woman.
11And the sons of Levi; Gershon, Kohath, and Merari.
12And the sons of Judah; Er, and Onan, and Shelah, and Pharez, and Zarah: but Er and Onan died in the land of Canaan. And the sons of Pharez were Hezron and Hamul.
13And the sons of Issachar; Tola, and Phuvah, and Job, and Shimron.
14And the sons of Zebulun; Sered, and Elon, and Jahleel.
15These be the sons of Leah, which she bare unto Jacob in Padanaram, with his daughter Dinah: all the souls of his sons and his daughters were thirty and three.
16And the sons of Gad; Ziphion, and Haggi, Shuni, and Ezbon, Eri, and Arodi, and Areli.
17And the sons of Asher; Jimnah, and Ishuah, and Isui, and Beriah, and Serah their sister: and the sons of Beriah; Heber, and Malchiel.
18These are the sons of Zilpah, whom Laban gave to Leah his daughter, and these she bare unto Jacob, even sixteen souls.
19The sons of Rachel Jacob's wife; Joseph, and Benjamin.
20And unto Joseph in the land of Egypt were born Manasseh and Ephraim, which Asenath the daughter of Potipherah priest of On bare unto him.
21And the sons of Benjamin were Belah, and Becher, and Ashbel, Gera, and Naaman, Ehi, and Rosh, Muppim, and Huppim, and Ard.
22These are the sons of Rachel, which were born to Jacob: all the souls were fourteen.
23And the sons of Dan; Hushim.
24And the sons of Naphtali; Jahzeel, and Guni, and Jezer, and Shillem.
25These are the sons of Bilhah, which Laban gave unto Rachel his daughter, and she bare these unto Jacob: all the souls were seven.
26All the souls that came with Jacob into Egypt, which came out of his loins, besides Jacob's sons' wives, all the souls were threescore and six;
27And the sons of Joseph, which were born him in Egypt, were two souls: all the souls of the house of Jacob, which came into Egypt, were threescore and ten.
____________________________________________
this means your people were originally from the Middle East and migrated into Egypt. So you have it the opposite way around. The Israelites were in what is now called Israel prior to the control of the region by Egypt. Accordfing to the bible Israelites then left Israel and migrated into Egypt and later left Egypt in the exodus. Then acco
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
^^ No Lioness, a family moved to Egypt. A family is not a nation. A nation of Hebrews did not move to Egypt. Rather the nation of Hebrews was born in Egypt. Where you are born is your origin and home. You getting my drift?
Let me break it down so you can better understand what I am saying.
The following is how it goes Lioness.
People start off as being part of a family.
Then the children of the family grow up, break off and start their individual families.
As these grow, they become individual clans that keep multiplying as the first family started.
As the clans getter bigger and bigger, they become known as a tribe or tribes.
As the tribes grow they become a nation.
That is what took place with the Hebrews in Egypt. When Jacob and his children arrived in Egypt. They were a family. Not a nation. At this stage they were foreigners.
But after the first generation what followed was full fledged Egyptians. These Hebrew-Egytians (an in African-American) grew and grew and became a nation of two million.
Thus the origin of the Hebrew NATION is Egypt. The Hebrew nation was not born in the Land of Canaan but rather it was born and originated from Egypt.
What I have explained is further confirmed by the fact that when Moses took the Hebrews out of Egypt back to the Land of Canaan where Jacob and his family originated from, they had no "homeland" to return to. They were regarded as foreigners by the Canaanites. If they had a homeland in Canaan as you are implying, they would simply have returned home. You get my point?
Posted by cassiterides (Member # 18409) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
ANLO CELEBRATING HOGBETSOTSO (EXODUS) FESTIVAL IN SOUTH EASTERN GHANA [/qb]
[/QB][/QUOTE]
These people are hideous.
Genesis 1: 26 - 27
''So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them.''
Are you saying those people are what God made out of his own image?
The negro a beast"; or, "In the image of God"; the reasoner of the age, the revelator of the century! The Bible as it is! The negro and his relation to the human family! ... The negro not the son of Ham .. (1900)
Posted by cassiterides (Member # 18409) on :
^ Feel free to answer the question...
Are you saying the West African phenotype was ''made in the image and likeness of god''?
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by cassiterides:
Genesis 1: 26 - 27
''So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them.''
Are you saying those people are what God made out of his own image?
In this image and likeness of God:
[
LOL.
Oh dear! Say cassiterides, posting that image to poke fun at that poor man says a lot about you. Not the other way round. You have one heck of an UGLY nature. Your TRUE roots are showing. When you can't get your way your DESTRUCTIVE and EVIL spirit takes over. That is the nature of your ilk. Internally you are HIDEOUS and EVIL.
Think about this. You come to our home in Africa and take over. But you don't see us going crazy, lynching and murdering and generally carrying on like you do when someone takes your property.
Just look at how you are going ballistic because any claim of YOU being a Hebrew has been snatched from your grasp. You are Pathetic!
For years you said to blacks we were your slaves because of Noah's curse. Did we complain? No! We took it meekly and suffered in silence. Then you portrayed Jesus and all the characters of the Bible as white people and told us as we should submit because being black is a sign of God's curse on us. Did we complain? Not even a squeak came from us in protest. Now you find out Jesus was actually a black man you start posting pictures like that? What does your attitude tell you about your origins as opposed to mine as a black man? You've got 666 tattooed on your forehead mate. Accept the fact your origin is EVIL.
Posted by cassiterides (Member # 18409) on :
quote:Originally posted by dana marniche: And ruddy here is a European mistranslation of dm which really meant very dark complexion. [/QB]
Ruddy means red. Check any dictionary. How do you link red to a ''very dark complexion''? Red is not dark.
It means red hair (BBE - Bible in Basic English).
King David was a redhead. So obviously he wasn't a Negroid. There are Rabbinic sources which also describe his hair as red and there are also many other extant ancient sources.
Posted by Bettyboo (Member # 12987) on :
quote:Originally posted by cassiterides:
quote:Originally posted by dana marniche: And ruddy here is a European mistranslation of dm which really meant very dark complexion.
Ruddy means red. Check any dictionary. How do you link red to a ''very dark complexion''? Red is not dark.
It means red hair (BBE - Bible in Basic English).
King David was a redhead. So obviously he wasn't a Negroid. There are Rabbinic sources which also describe his hair as red and there are also many other extant ancient sources. [/QB]
^Ruddy doesn't mean red, redhead, or dark. It means manly/masculine/macho or vigor. If that scripture is specifically speaking of hair it would have mentioned the word 'hair.'
Posted by cassiterides (Member # 18409) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
Think about this. You come to our home in Africa and take over.
Please remember it was us who gave you running water, electricity and the computer you now use. If Europeans didn't colonise Sub-Sahara Africa, it would still be in the Stone Age, and guess what? where Europeans have no influence - it still is. Where Europeans never colonised, blacks are still living in poverty in mud huts.
Europeans give you black africans billions of money each year. Look at all the charities - Oxfam etc. Yet what have you blacks ever donated to whites?
LMAO. if you think you can still play the race-card and victim you are far too late.
Its now white people who are the victims. We are second class citizens in our own countries.
Do you know what reverse discrimination is?
If a white and a black go for a job interview, they have to turn down the white person.
Secondly everywhere i look black people have privilages whites don't. Can you explain why there are negro schools and colleges? Yet white people can't have their own? Why is there a black history month? But whites cannot have a white history month?
I don't see how you can claim to feel opressed or looked down upon. In modern society if you are black - you get all the rights.
Posted by Bettyboo (Member # 12987) on :
quote:Originally posted by cassiterides:
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
Think about this. You come to our home in Africa and take over.
Please remember it was us who gave you running water, electricity and the computer you now use. If Europeans didn't colonise Sub-Sahara Africa, it would still be in the Stone Age, and guess what? where Europeans have no influence - it still is. Where Europeans never colonised, blacks are still living in poverty in mud huts.
Europeans give you black africans billions of money each year. Look at all the charities - Oxfam etc. Yet what have you blacks ever donated to whites?
LMAO. if you think you can still play the race-card and victim you are far too late.
Its now white people who are the victims. We are second class citizens in our own countries.
Do you know what reverse discrimination is?
If a white and a black go for a job interview, they have to turn down the white person.
Secondly everywhere i look black people have privilages whites don't. Can you explain why there are negro schools and colleges? Yet white people can't have their own? Why is there a black history month? But whites cannot have a white history month?
I don't see how you can claim to feel opressed or looked down upon. In modern society if you are black - you get all the rights.
^It is you who is playing the race card and black Africans continue to suffer and live in poverty where the white man laid his hands even with running water and electricity. Running water and electricity wasn't needed. People lived better and there was less poverty before the white man came with his so-called system of civilization. Running water that you have to pay for, electricity that you have to pay for, housing that you have to pay for, and a worldly system that caused more harm than good; caused more poverty than riches.
White countries have all the "goodies" that the white man offered to sorry azz Africans and they still leave poor and without running water in some countries. White countries have running water and still don't like to use it.
Black people don't owe any one shyt. There is no need for a white college or university because practically every college is found and run on the basis of systemic white supremacy and often discriminate against those who aren't white. There is no need for a white history month. History that is taught in school and fed daily to the masses is white history. White history isn't needed because the masses is taught or reminded of white history daily.
As far as Europeans giving African billions of dollars, I doubt it. Africans give far more away for free.
Posted by asante (Member # 18532) on :
quote:Originally posted by cassiterides:
quote:Originally posted by dana marniche: And ruddy here is a European mistranslation of dm which really meant very dark complexion.
Ruddy means red. Check any dictionary. How do you link red to a ''very dark complexion''? Red is not dark.
It means red hair (BBE - Bible in Basic English).
King David was a redhead. So obviously he wasn't a Negroid. There are Rabbinic sources which also describe his hair as red and there are also many other extant ancient sources. [/QB]
The English are never mentioned in the bible sorry.
Posted by asante (Member # 18532) on :
quote:Originally posted by cassiterides: ^ Feel free to answer the question...
Are you saying the West African phenotype was ''made in the image and likeness of god''?
The first humans were BLACK AFRICANS science has already proven this, I know its hard to take but you have to get over it
Posted by Energy (Member # 16438) on :
quote:Originally posted by cassiterides:
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
Think about this. You come to our home in Africa and take over.
Please remember it was us who gave you running water, electricity and the computer you now use. If Europeans didn't colonise Sub-Sahara Africa, it would still be in the Stone Age, and guess what? where Europeans have no influence - it still is. Where Europeans never colonised, blacks are still living in poverty in mud huts.
Europeans give you black africans billions of money each year. Look at all the charities - Oxfam etc. Yet what have you blacks ever donated to whites?
LMAO. if you think you can still play the race-card and victim you are far too late.
Its now white people who are the victims. We are second class citizens in our own countries.
Do you know what reverse discrimination is?
If a white and a black go for a job interview, they have to turn down the white person.
Secondly everywhere i look black people have privilages whites don't. Can you explain why there are negro schools and colleges? Yet white people can't have their own? Why is there a black history month? But whites cannot have a white history month?
I don't see how you can claim to feel opressed or looked down upon. In modern society if you are black - you get all the rights.
Oh my bad again. I totally forgot when you arrived in Africa you had electricity coming out of your arses. Tell me when was electricity discovered again? I bet you don't even know. What about the computer? Do you remember when it was first invented? Last I heard, a black man played a huge part in the PC's we all take for granted today.
Sorry to burst your bubble cassiterides. We civilized you and your ilk not the other way round. Isn't the Bible the bedrock of your civilization? Need I tell you again it was my ancestors who wrote it?
Go and read about what utter savages you were before you discovered the Bible. Do your homework and then come back and we will compare notes.
With regard to giving Africans Millions of money in aid. In case you don't know, WE DON'T ASK FOR IT. Your ilk pursue that policy to make our leaders DEPENDENT on them. It is a deliberate policy to stop Africa from progressing. It is no different from how a drug dealer gets his victim hooked on drugs thereby gaining control over the victim.
Anyway let me correct something here since I gather from your post you are getting the wrong impression. I am not making a black man versus white man comparison here OK. Notice I use the term "YOUR ILK?" That means, I am referring to RACISTS like you. Not the white race in general. I don't believe for one second all whites are evil and all blacks are good. I am simply talking about your RACIST nature and the fact it is prevalent among white people. Hope you understand the difference.
I am off to bed now! GOOD NIGHT!
Posted by Bettyboo (Member # 12987) on :
quote:Originally posted by cassiterides:
quote:Originally posted by dana marniche: And ruddy here is a European mistranslation of dm which really meant very dark complexion.
Ruddy means red. Check any dictionary. How do you link red to a ''very dark complexion''? Red is not dark.
It means red hair (BBE - Bible in Basic English).
King David was a redhead. So obviously he wasn't a Negroid. There are Rabbinic sources which also describe his hair as red and there are also many other extant ancient sources. [/QB]
^The dictionary is wrong. The dictionary also say bachelor is a man when the origins of the word applies to both man and woman. You are wrong as well. Red can be dark. You can't tell me that you never seen dark red or a dark-reddish color. Red varies just like the color blue or green or yellow and so on...There is no evidence King David was a redhead. Ruddy means manly/macho/masculine or vigor.
Posted by kenndo (Member # 4846) on :
cassiterides africans were living better then europeans on average for many years in ancient times,the middle ages and early modern period.I have some info below too about early black and white morals .
GUYS I DO NOT MEAN TO CHANGE THE SUBJECT BUT CASSITERIDES THE CLOWN WITH WRONG INFO AGAIN NEEDS SOME EDUCATION. GUYS FEEL FREE TO ADD MY REPLIES.
cassiterides African civilizations were more advanced then the average european civilization,and some had had running water you like to brag about.Many of the east african civilizations and sewer systems and advanced water supply and drainage.
Even southeast africa(SOFALA) i think.
West africa did not have a sewer system like nubia,or east african coast cities etc,but they had sewers or a way to get RID of WASTE .
They had drainage and certain west african civilizations had running water of course the latter was not has advanced or widespread has east africa,north africa or rome,but west africa still manage to have a higher standard of living then ancient rome,east africa or the arab empires.
It seems when it comes to water supply in west africa it was more on the level of greece before the hellenistic period,so why don't you bash greece when it comes to widespread running water?i think you know why,and we know why.
Has for drainage and getting rid of WASTE west africa was more advanced then GREECE before the hellenistic period of greece,and not has advanced has rome,but on average more effective then rome or greece then any period in ancient times.
That's one of the reasons why west africa had a higher standard of living on average then the roman empire.
The other reason west africa was richer then ancient rome.The songhay and mande kingdoms were richer then rome.
Just read the writings about the mande civilization and the songhay civilization and some others just for example.
Here is something i wrote awhile ago on another forum.
Originally Posted by popa1980 Whats sad is that many African countries in 2011 would incapable (without outside help) of building some structures that ancient civilizations constructed. Accra doesnt even have a proper sewer system that Romans had.
QUOTE- You are too hard on some modern african countries,first rome sewer system was not a proper one either and most likely it was for the rich.
Most folks in ancient rome were poor.
Keep in mind there were empires of the past that did not have the advanced sewer systems like they had in east/eastern africa,southeast,north africa,moors,but they still manage to have higher living standards than rome,or those other civilizations with sewer systems.
Remember folks in rome still got sick from the waste nearby and over crowding.
There was african civilizations that had manage to have higher standard of living with less advanced system of getting rid of waste, but still were able to do it get rid of waste and was on average more effective then rome it seems,like the mande civilization,or songhay etc...and there were other forms of urban advancements they did have has well that rome did not have,like wide streets,street lights,better/stronger build houses,house for example with air conditioning,wide streets, less crowding etc.. and these civilizations had a higher standard of living than rome or the arab empire because they because they had more wealth.
The average person in the mande or songhay civilizations for example had more wealth and better comfort/higher living standards without the sewer system rome had or even north or east/eastern african civilizations had.
The roman sewer system was not has advanced has later ones in some of the african civilizations or arab,moorish ones,and some others ,so you need to bring up these examples if you are going to keep bringing up rome.
______________________________________________ HERE IS CULTURE YOU EUROCENTRICS LOVE BRING UP SO MUCH.
ANCIENT ROME While much is known about the city's monumental structures like the Coliseum and Forum, less is known about residential structures. Archaeologists tell us that the majority of Romans lived near the center of the city (Packer, 1967). In an era when urban transportation and communication was slow and difficult, it made sense to concentrate as many residents as possible near centers of attraction. A visitor to ancient Rome generally had trouble getting around. Most of the residential streets were unnamed, and houses and apartments were unnumbered. There were few sidewalks. Streets were narrow and crowded (Juvenal, trans. by Mazzaro, 1965, p. 44):
And what rest is there in the rooms we keep?
The rich may rest my friend. It's their real power.
Daily the traffic wakes.
Our narrow winding streets, or narrow drives
Walking Rome's street was frequently dangerous, for it was not unusual to dispose of trash by throwing it out windows.
While there were palaces and individual houses which provided lodging for the rich and powerful, the majority of Romans lived in tenement houses (Figure 1). Because continual rebuilding has destroyed most of Rome's ancient apartments, we need to took at nearby Ostia for information. During the first and second centuries A.D., Ostia was the port of the city of Rome. Silt, along with the decline of the Roman Empire, killed Ostia. The Tiber River delta gradually became unnavigable. The silting up of the Tiber created at Ostia what the cataclismic eruption of Vesuvius created at Pompeii: a wealth of information on domestic life in ancient Rome. According to Watts and Watts (1986, p.133):
In Pompeii there are many well preserved examples of the traditional single-family house, the domus, with its characteristic arrangement of rooms around a central atrium. In densely populated Ostia, on the other hand, as in Rome itself, only the very wealthy could afford a domus; the middle and lower classes lived in three-to-six story apartment buildings call insulae.
The ground floor of the insulae frequently housed commercial shops.
Most of Rome's dwellings were ill-supplied with heat, light, and water. The sanitary arrangements, if judged by modern standards, were inadequate. The typical Roman must have lived almost entirely outside of his tenement house, in the streets, shops, latrines, baths, and arenas of the city. The domicile must have served principally as a place to sleep and store possessions.
WATER SUPPLY
Romans, at first, turned to the Tiber River, local springs, and shallow wells for their drinking water; but water obtained from these sources grew polluted and became inadequate for the city's growing population. It was this necessity that lead to the development of aqueduct technology. The date of the first aqueduct is assigned to the year 312 B.C.
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
Water from the baths, latrines, palaces, fountains, etc., as well as other urban runoff was discharged into Rome's drainage and wastewater collection system. Several centuries before the birth of Christ, Etruscan engineers built the initial drainage system (Cloaca Maxima) whose main outlet into the Tiber River still exists 28 centuries later. The covered drains were designed on such a large scale that in certain sections wagons loaded with hay could drive through with ease. Rome's sewers and drains emptied directly into the Tiber, whose polluted state must have been a constant problem for the Roman populace.
The Roman sewers have been overpraised. Despite their longevity, they ignored basic sanitary principles. They carried sewage, urban runoff, and drainage water together. This multiple employment made it necessary to have large openings along the streets. These openings exposed Rome's populace to the effluvia of the sewers. To mitigate this danger to public health, Romans had only two protections: the masses of water from infiltration and the aqueducts which constantly flushed the drains, and the hilly nature of the city which gave the drains a steep slope.
The Roman sewer system probably carried off at least as much water as the aqueducts provided. Consumptive use in Rome was not high and there was a lot of infiltration into the drains from groundwater (parts of Rome are constructed over swamps). The flow of the Tiber River was greatly increased by discharges from Rome's sewers.
Although the ancient sewers were very skillfully constructed, they were not used to their full potential. There were few private connections to the sewers. Even with the wastewater system's shortcoming, it is astonishing to note the absence of significant improvements in collection systems until the 1840's, some 17 centuries later.
Romans without indoor facilities were forced into one of two options. For a relatively small charge they could enter one of the city's public latrines or they could use chamberpots. (The Roman latrine system must represent one of history's earliest employments of the pay toilet, or more correctly, pay latrine, since the modern toilet was not invented until the sixteenth century.)
Rome's elaborate latrines were not a haven for the lazy, the misers, the poor, or the invalids. These latter groups had to resort to chamberpots. These were emptied into vats placed under the stairwells or, if vats were not provided, jars could be emptied into a nearby cesspool or an opening into the central sewer (Figure 4). There were many who found their stairs too steep, the distances to cesspools or sewers too far, and who found it more energy efficient to empty the contents of their chamberpots from windows onto the streets below. Emptying chamberpots in this fashion caused a great deal of irritation to passersby who happened to intercept an unwanted gift. Juvenal (1965, p. 45) penned the following:
From every towering roof the rubbish falls, striking the head, and injuries grow rank. See how pots strike and dint the sturdy pavement There's death from every window where you move. You'd be a fool to venture out to dine, Oblivious of what goes on above, Without you having penned the dotted line Of your last testament, You can but hope they spill a chamberpot. Fouled or even injured, the passer-by had no recourse except to file a complaint. Many passages written by Roman legal authorities indicate that the problem of falling debris was not trivial. Ulpian, a fourth century jurist, even classified the various clues by which it was possible for an injured party to find a culprit.
If the guilty party was found, Ulpian recommended a penalty proportionate to the seriousness of the injury (as quoted in Carcopino, 1940, p. 43):
When in consequence of the fall of one of these projectiles from a house, the body of a free man shall have suffered injury, the judge shall award to the victim in addition to medical fees and other expenses incurred in his treatment and necessary to his recovery, the total of the wages of which he has been or shall in the future be deprived by the inability to work which has ensued.
It would appear that the lack of pumping in Rome may have inspired contemporary laws related to accidents and liability.
The instructions of Ulpian give us a glimpse of the conditions which must have existed in ancient Rome for such a legal analysis to be necessary. Clearly public sanitation must have been a very real problem. Many back streets must have reeked of urine and worse.
"He is the richest sovereign on Earth." -Ibn Hawkel, 10th century North African geographer on Ghana's king
Mali An empire larger than Western Europe. Its prosperity and morality gave the empire great international prestige.
"It's inhabitants are rich and live comfortably." -Mahmud Kati, famous medieval Syrian scholar
Songhay An Empire larger than Mali that was renowned for its scholarly culture and complex government.
"(Surpassed) all other Negroes in wit, civility, and industry." -Leo Africanuas, 16th Century Spanish Moor
Kongo A provincial government with an advanced system of checks and balances.
Zimbabwe A feudal kingdom that has obtained fame for its large stone structures.
Swahili Coast A very advanced merchant civilization that traded with India, China, the Mid East, the interior of Africa, and North Africa.
Bornu One of the longest lasting kingdoms of all time. Renowned and feared for its armored knights and cavalry.
Benin (AD 13th-19th) A highly organized forest kingdom that had much direct interaction with the first Portuguese merchants. They are renowned for their naturalistic art.
Ethiopia, in the Middle ages A highly advanced Christian civilization known for its military might, close relationship with the Portuguese and magnificent architecture.
Ancient Nubia One of the world's most powerful ancient kingdoms; it halted the Roman, Greek, Assyrian, and Persian conquerors- it even ruled over Egypt for a time. It built pyramids, palaces, and other great architectural feats. It also developed its own written language.
Ancient Aksum (Ethiopia) One of the richest and most powerful kingdoms in ancient times; it even ruled over Southern Arabia for several centuries. It is known for inventing the first castle and developing its own written language.
note-the songhay were the most advanced africans for most of the 16th cen. a.d. because of the size of thier empire played role.they had a higher living standard then others at this time.
at the end of the 16th cen,that changed, the mande surpass them again,meaning the mande civilization became more advanced then the songhay again
________________________________________
Black and White Morality
"For the Ethiopians (Greek and Roman name for all Negroid people) are said to be the justest men and for that reason the gods leave their abode frequently to visit them."
-Lactantius Placidus, a 6th century AD grammarian
"The Negroes are of all peoples those who most abhor injustice…Complete and general safety one enjoys throughout the land (Mali Empire in West Africa)."
Ibn Battua, 14th century Arab scholar who had traveled to China, India, East Africa, North Africa, and finally Mali.
Many people believe that blacks are innately more inclined to act immorally and less able to control their behavior. Many cite the inner cities and Africa as proof. Does history disprove that stereotype? Without a doubt is does; before the Atlantic slave trade foreigners regularly commented on Negroes moral character and love for justice.
Ancient Attitudes on Black Morality Europe's first written stories highlight the Ethiopian's (Greek and Roman name for all black people) morality and noble character. In the Iliad, Homer--explaining why the Olympian Gods loved the Ethiopians more than any other people and visited them for an annual twelve day feast--described blacks as, "Blameless Ethiopians." Homer also wrote: For Zeus had yesterday to Ocean's bounds Set forth to feast with Ethiopia's faultless men, And he was followed there by all the gods…4
Memnon, the "King of the Ethiopians," who came to the aid of Priam at Troy, is shown as having an unusually noble character; In battle he slays Antilochus, then, in one of the more sympathetic moments of the epic, spares Antilochus's defenseless father. Memnon later became a hero in Greece, Egypt, Nubia, and Meroe (a powerful black kingdom in Ethiopia and the Sudan). Alexander the Great even wanted to visit the Kingdom of Meroe because it was believed to be the birthplace of Memnon. In Egypt's southern city of Thebes there were two colossi of Memnon, both built by Ethiopians. One of the two colossi attracted a large number of tourists; many believing that it sang at dawn. Callistratus, an Athenian statesman and orator, regarded the colssi as a miracle that surpassed even the skill needed to build the masterpiece of Daedalus."8 At sunrise Egyptians in Memphis made sacrifices to the statue of the Negro king.
Odysseus's herald Eurybates, who Homer described as having black skin and woolly hair, had an extraordinarily noble character; the hero Odysseus held him in higher esteem than anyone else because he believed they had similar minds.
Interpreting the Homeric references about the Ethiopians Diodorus, a famous ancient Sicilian historian, wrote:
"And they say that they (Ethiopians) were the first to be taught to honor the gods and to hold sacrifices and festivals and processions and festivals and the other rites by which men honor the deity; and that in consequence their piety has been published abroad among all men, and it is generally held that the sacrifices practiced among the Ethiopians are those which are the most pleasing to heaven. As witness to this they call upon the poet who is perhaps the oldest and certainly the most venerated among the Greeks; for in the Iliad he represents both Zeus and the rest of the gods with him as absent on a visit to Ethiopia to share in the sacrifices and the banquet which were given annually to the Ethiopians for all the gods together….And they state that by reason of their piety towards the deity, they manifestly enjoy the favor of the gods, inasmuch as they have never experienced the rule of an invader from abroad; for from all time they have enjoyed a state of freedom and of peace one with another, and although many and powerful rulers have made war upon them, not one of these has succeeded in his undertaking."
Many other famous Greco-Roman writers commented on the Ethiopians' piety. Dionysius, like Homer, wrote that the Ethiopians were godlike and blameless. Aelian believed that Ethiopia is where the gods bathed." Stobaeus recorded that the Ethiopians do not need doors on their homes and do not steal the possessions that their neighbors leave in the street. In one of Heliodorus's plays an Ethiopian king, Hydaspes, is a model of morality and justice. The king does not condemn people to death, and sends out messengers to tell his military troops not slaughter the enemy, but to let them live when they have been defeated. The king proclaimed, "A noble thing it is to surpass an enemy in battle when he is standing but in generosity when he has fallen." Lactantius Placidus, a 6th century AD grammarian wrote, "Certainly they (Ethiopians) are loved by the gods because of justice. This even Homer indicates in the first book by the fact that Jupiter frequently leaves heaven and feasts with them because of their justice and the equity of their customs. For the Ethiopians are said to be the justest men and for that reason the gods leave their abode frequently to visit them." In the second century AD a marble sarcophagus, commemorating the triumph of the God Bacchus, used two Negro boys as symbols of innocence. In a Greek play about Alexander the Great, an Ethiopian queen told Alexander: "we are whiter and brighter in our souls than the whitest of you."
The religion of Ethiopian immigrants, Isiac, spread throughout the Greco-Roman world because of the Ethiopians renowned piety. The Greek and Roman adherents of Isiac were excited to learn from Merotic immigrants. Juvenal, a 1st and 2nd century A.D Roman satirical poet, recorded that some wealthy Greek, Roman, and Egyptian Isiac noblemen even made a pilgrimage to Meroe in order to obtain its holy water."
In the ancient and medieval Arab-world Nubian slaves were often used as financial assistants because they were thought of as honest and trustworthy."
A 9th century biography on the prophet Muhammad, by Ibn Hisham, tells of a story where Muhammad instructs those who are being persecuted in Mecca to "go to Abyssinian (Ethiopia), you will find a king under whom none are persecuted. It is a land of righteousness where God will give you relief from what you are suffering."
Ancient Attitudes on White Morality White people, on the other hand, were not given such high praise. The ancient people of Greece and Rome believed that the pale skinned people to their north, with their long and yellow, brown, and red hair, were immoral and inferior savages--just as intensely as whites would later regard blacks.
The Greek geographer, Strabo, writing about the 7th century Celts, commented: "Concerning this island, I have nothing further to tell…except that its inhabitants are more savage than the Britons, since they are man-eaters…they count it an honorable thing, when their fathers die, to devour them, and openly to have intercourse with their mothers and sisters."
Diodoros wrote the following about a white clan he visited: "It is their custom, enduring the course of the meal, to seize upon any trivial matter as an occasion for disputation and then to challenge one another to single combat, without any regard for their lives."
The Greek traveler-writer Pausanias, after witnessing a ritual where the Arkadians--a people to the north of Rome--killed, dismembered, and devoured children, had this reaction: "I was reluctant to pry into the details of this sacrifice…Let them be as they are and were from the beginning."
Writing about the Gauls, located in modern day France, Caesar recorded: "They believe that the execution of those who have been caught in the act of theft or robbery or some crime is more pleasing to the immortal gods, but when the supply of such fails they resort to the execution of the innocent."
Herodotus, the famous 5th century BC historian--often called the "The Father of History"--recorded some of the many savage practices of the Sythians, a people in modern Russia. One of the practices consisted of sowing together the scalps of people whom they had had a confrontation with in order to make a cloak: "The Scyth is proud of these scalps and hangs them from his bridle-rein…The greater the number of such napkins that a man can show the more highly is he esteemed among them….They treat the skulls of their kinsmen in the same way, in cases where quarrels have occurred….When important visitors arrive, these skulls are passed around and the host tells the story of them: how they were once his relatives and made war against him, and how he defeated them--all of which passes for a proof of courage."
Plato, just as white supremacist would later feel about dark skinned people, believed a war against those northern barbarians existed by nature.
Medieval Attitudes on Black Morality
The high esteem the ancients held blacks carried on into the Middle Ages. Ibn Battuta, writing about the 14th century West African Kingdom of Mali, recorded: "The small number of acts of injustice that one finds there, for the Negroes are of all peoples those who most abhor injustice…Complete and general safety one enjoys throughout the land." Furthermore, he recorded that; "Their sultan shows no mercy to anyone who is guilty of the least act of it. There is complete security in the country. Neither traveler nor inhabitant in it has anything to fear from robbers or men of violence. They do not confiscate the property of any white (meaning Arab) man who dies in their country, even if it be uncounted wealth. On the contrary, they give it into the charge of some trustworthy person among the whites (Arabs), until the rightful heir takes possession of it."
Writing in 1622 about the Kingdom of Benin, a Dutchman, Olfert Dapper, recorded that, "These Negroes…are people who have good laws and a well-organized police; who live on good terms with the Dutch and other foreigners who come to trade among them, and to whom they show a thousand marks of friendship."
In the 1480's the king of Benin sent an ambassador to Portugal who was described by the Portuguese as, "a man of good speech and natural wisdom" who, "desired to learn more about these lands." They said that, "the arrival of people from…his country being regarded as an unusual novelty."
Portugal and Benin had excellent relations. Duarte Pires, a royal agent in Benin, wrote in 1516, "The favour which the king of Benin accords us is due to his love of your highness; and thus he pays us high honour and sets us at table to dine with his son, and no part of his court is hidden from us but all the doors are open." Pires also recorded that the king of Benin, "ordered a church to be built in Benin; and they made them Christians straightway; and also they are teaching them to read, and your highness will be very pleased to know that they are very good learners."
A European traveler around 1680 recorded that the people of the Guinea Coast are, "very civil and good-natured people, easy to be dealt with, condescending to what Europeans require of them in a civil way, and very ready to return double the presents we make them."
Following a visit to the court of the Ugandan king in 1875, Henry Morton Stanley wrote that the king was neither, "tyrannous savage," nor "wholesale murderer," as had been told in European fables, "but a pious Mussulman and an intelligent humane king reigning absolutely over a vast section of Africa, loved more than hated, respected more than feared."
Heinrich Barth, a 19th century German traveler, recorded that in the Nigerian town of Kano, "a whole family may live in that country with ease, including every expense, even that of clothing." All too familiar with the terrible conditions of the Victorian sweatshops in Europe, Barth wrote: "If we consider that this industry (textile manufacturing) is not carried on here as in Europe, in immense establishment degrading man to the meanest condition of life, but that it gives employment and support to families without compelling them to sacrifice their domestic habits, we must presume that Kano ought to be one of the happiest countries in the world; and so it is so long as its governor, too often lazy and indolent, is able to defend its inhabitants from the cupidity of their neighbors, which of course is certainly stimulated by the very wealth of this country."
Clearly, the ancient and medieval sources destroy the myth that black people are naturally inclined to act immorally or without reflection.
_______________________________________________ mande civilization - Mungo Park, passing through the Bambara capital of Ségou two years after Diarra's 1795 death, recorded a testament to the Empire's prosperity:
The view of this extensive city, the numerous canoes on the river, the crowded population, and the cultivated state of the surrounding countryside, formed altogether a prospect of civilization and magnificence that I little expected to find in the bosom of Africa.
Posted by kenndo (Member # 4846) on :
Here are some examples OF african civilizations WITH VARIED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS, DRAINAGE,AND VARIED EFFECTIVE WAYS OF GETTING RID OF SEWAGE ETC..
Old Dongola quote- The hey day of old Dongola was in the tenth century, Old Dongola. The Church of the Stone Pavements was replaced with the Cruciform Church at this time. Other buildings in use in Old Dongola at this time include many other churches, at least two palaces, and a sizable monastery on its north side. Several houses were well equipped and had bath rooms and wall paintings.
and
________________ QUOTE-
The accounts were writen by arab scholar abu salih,ibn salim and other scholar between the seventh and fifteenth centuries a.d.- the arab scholars were so properly amazed at a way of way life so superior to that of thier own homeland. it was something to be amazed about.for there were not only public baths,but public latrines,drainage and central water systems,but the most remarkable evidence of prosperity and progress reflected in the advanced standard of living amoung the masses.
The massive brickmaking industry had led to homes of brick and stone in cites,towns,and villages-brick houses,and larger houses for the great common people.in the eight century this was something for visiting arab scholars to write home about.
Nubian kingdom alwa-had replaced meroe with it's beauiful capital city of soba,and developed it's other towns and cities along such advanced lines that foreign writers could never fail to comment on the architectural designs,the wide streets lined with palm trees,the spacious homes and in fact all the things they had observed in makuria:the thriving industrial crafts,large scale cattle raising.a suplus-producing agriculture that kept alive an export trade in dates,wheat,and garri,cotton fabrics and other produce not easy perishable,and an efficent adminstration,a strong army headed by formidable cavalry regiments. ___________ SOMALIA
The port and waterfront of Zeila.
YOU SHOULD READ ABOUT EARLY Somalia AND THE Swahili.
___________________________
Swahili Coast
Battuta continued by ship south to the Swahili Coast, a region then known in Arabic as the Bilad al-Zanj ("Land of the Zanj"),with an overnight stop at the island town of Mombasa. Although relatively small at the time, Mombasa would become important in the following century. After a journey along the coast, Ibn Battuta next arrived in the island town of Kilwa in present day Tanzania, which had become an important transit centre of the gold trade. He described the city as "one of the most beautiful and well-constructed towns in the world".
_________________________________________
WEST AFRICAN CITY Oualata
Oualata is believed to have been first settled by an agro-pastoral people akin to the Mandé Soninke who lived along the rocky promontories of the Tichitt-Oualata and Tagant cliffs of Mauritania. There, they built what are among the oldest stone settlements on the African continent.
The town originally formed part of the Ghana Empire and grew wealthy through trade. At the beginning of the thirteenth century Oualata replaced Aoudaghost as the principal southern terminus for the trans-Saharan trade and developed into an important commercial and religious centre. By the fourteenth century the city had become part of the Mali Empire.
Ibn Battuta mentions the well built homes, city planning and water preservation systems in the city of Oualata, a crucial CITY in the trans-Saharan trade. ...
African Urban History: Past and Present Perspective
by L Fourchard - 2005 -
History of cities in Africa is a recent field of research which interrogates – in the last two decades – the ways in which Africans shape the patterns of urbanisation and how urbanisation influences African social and cultural practices. The development of numerous case studies testifies to this new interest in African cities. Focusing on the West African region, the article explores the extent to which political and social history has benefited from the emergence of this new subfield of research and concludes that a substantial part of the extant literature is still based on the traditional approach. Consequently a West African urban history is yet to emerge despite the existence of ancient traditions of urban settlement in this area and the uniqueness of that phenomenon in sub-Saharan Africa.
Ancient Middle Niger: Urbanism and the Self-organizing Landscape (Case Studies in Early Societies) by Roderick J. McIntosh
The history of African cities south of the Sahara: Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch
RW Hull, African Cities and Towns before the European Conquest. 3. DM Anderson and R. Rathbone, cAs., Africa's Urban Past (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2000). A similar publication is forthcoming: Toyin Falola and Steven J. Salm, eds., ...
Africa's urban past
David Anderson, Richard Rathbone
African Urban Spaces in Historical Perspective Edited by Steven J. Salm
____________________________________________ YOU WRONG ABOUT MODERN AFRICA OR AFRICA IN RECENT TIMES TOO. read some updated reports.
So cassiterides stop trying to change the subject.
Thank you.
Posted by the lioness (Member # 17353) on :
quote:Originally posted by Energy: [ ^^ No Lioness, a family moved to Egypt. A family is not a nation. A nation of Hebrews did not move to Egypt. Rather the nation of Hebrews was born in Egypt. Where you are born is your origin and home. You getting my drift?
Let me break it down so you can better understand what I am saying.
The following is how it goes Lioness.
People start off as being part of a family.
Then the children of the family grow up, break off and start their individual families.
As these grow, they become individual clans that keep multiplying as the first family started.
As the clans getter bigger and bigger, they become known as a tribe or tribes.
As the tribes grow they become a nation.
That is what took place with the Hebrews in Egypt. When Jacob and his children arrived in Egypt. They were a family. Not a nation. At this stage they were foreigners.
But after the first generation what followed was full fledged Egyptians. These Hebrew-Egytians [an in African-American] grew and grew and became a nation of two million.
Thus the origin of the Hebrew NATION is Egypt. The Hebrew nation was not born in the Land of Canaan but rather it was born and originated from Egypt.
What I have explained is further confirmed by the fact that when Moses took the Hebrews out of Egypt back to the Land of Canaan where Jacob and his family originated from, they had no "homeland" to return to. They were regarded as foreigners by the Canaanites. If they had a homeland in Canaan as you are implying, they would simply have returned home. You get my point?
Those advocating a long oppression, and a stay of 430 years in Goshen, often do so on the basis of population. It is impossible, they say, for 70 people to become 2,000,000 in only 215 years. This is wrong on two counts. First, although only 70 of Jacob's immediate family went down into Egypt [Ex. 1], their servants went along as well. Abraham had 318 trained fighting men in his sheikdom. Estimates range up to 3000 or more for his complete household. These servants multiplied and became those of Isaac and Jacob. It might have been 10,000 people who moved to Goshen. Ten thousand people may mean 5000 males. If each man had five sons, the next generation would be 25,000. If each son had five sons, the third generation would be 125,000. If each son had five sons, the fourth [exodus] generation would be 625,000, which is roughly the number of males that exited Egypt [625,550; Num. 1:46; 3:39]. But that fourth generation was Moses' age, who was 80 at the time of the exodus. Thus, there is room for a fifth, which would be 3,125,000, plus their 625,000 fathers, for a total of 3,650,000 males. Obviously, the population could easily have increased that much in 215 years.
Let's assume that there were 1000 males who went to Goshen. Assume five sons for each mail. Second generation is 5000, third is 25,000, fourth is 125,000, and fifth is 625,000. It still works just fine. And remember, the "four generations" are very stretched out. There were actually more generations in most lines.
But let's assume that only Jacob's immediate family went down to Egypt. J. B. Murphy writes, "As the average of seven generations from Arpachshad to Nahor was 31 years, when men lived from 348 to 148 years, we may safely assume 30 years as a generation, and, therefore, seven generations in 210 years. As Abraham had six sons by Keturah, and Jacob six by Leah, we may also suppose each parent to have four sons on an average, when the divine blessing of fruitfulness was promised [Gen. 35:11], and actually bestowed in Egypt [Ex. 1:7]. With 68 males for the first term, 8 for the number of terms, and 4 for the common ratio, the last term, or the number of males at the exodus, would be 1,114,112. This is considerably above the actual number, and therefore allows for a smaller number of generations in particular lines, as that of Moses. With a special promise of fruitfulness, and an exceedingly fertile soil [Goshen], this cannot be regarded as either an impossible or improbable increase."
Gary North has discussed this question in detail in his book Moses and Pharaoh. North argues conservatively that in terms of biological reproduction we can get close, but not close enough, to the 2,000,000 figure. North argues further, however, that there were many circumcised converts that joined the Hebrews, especially in the early years of the sojourn when Joseph was popular.Some have argued that Genesis 41-50 consistently presents a picture of a converted Egypt. based on Genesis 41-50.
However it might have been 10,000 people who moved to Goshen<<
Only "MIght have"????
Unfortunately, there is not mention in scripture regarding this.
And Exodus' 430 year claim seems incorrect.
Israel Finkelstein, director of the Institute of Archaeology at Tel Aviv University, and his colleague Neal Silberman, in their book The Bible Unearthed: "We have no clue, not even a single word, about early Israelites in Egypt: Neither in monumental inscriptions on walls of temples, nor in tomb inscriptions, nor in papyri. "
2.5 million people? 430 years? and no records at all?
Is that reasonable to believe?
Israel [the Hebrews] were not 400 nor 430 years in Egypt, they did not even spend the whole time of their time in Egypt in bondage. When reading about Abraham, Isaac and Jacob it is easily recognized that only Jacob in relatively old age went down to Egypt with his descendants after his son Joseph had risen to a high position at the court of Pharaoh. The time before this, approximately half of the 430 years, the Hebrews lived as sojourners in the land of Canaan. 70-75 people went to Egypt with Jacob. The first part of their time in Egypt they spend there in freedom and under the protection of Pharaoh. Only some time after Joseph's death when a foreign dynasty took over the rule in Egypt the servitude of Israel in Egypt started [cp. Exodus 1].Another reference which confirms these time references is found in Genesis 15:14-16, where God promised Abraham that his seed who would go down to Egypt would return from Egypt in the 4th generation. This is exactly what happened. Levi, Jacobs son went with Jacob into Egypt, the next generation after Levi was his son Kehat, after that came Amram, and the fourth generation then was Moses under whoe leadership Israel then left Egypt.
Exodus 12:40 does not say as you suggest above that the Hebrews lived for 430 years in Egypt. Nor does Acts 7:6 say the Hebrews lived for 400 years in Egypt.
Act 7:6 Yet God speaks thus, that his seed shall be sojourner in an alien land, and they shall enslave it and illtreat it four hundred years."
In Acts 7:6 Stephen did not say the Israelites were in Egypt 400 years.
Exo 12:40 Now the dwelling of the sons of Israel and their fathers who dwelt in the land of Canaan and in the land of Egypt was four hundred thirty years.
The Merneptah Stele — also known as the Israel Stele or Victory Stele of Merneptah — is an inscription by the Ancient Egyptian king Merneptah (reign:1213 to 1203 BC), which appears on the reverse side of a granite stele erected by the king Amenhotep III. It was discovered by Flinders Petrie in 1896 at Thebes. The stele has gained much fame and notoriety for being the only Ancient Egyptian document generally accepted as mentioning "Isrir" or "Israel". It is the earliest known attestation of the demonym Israelite. For this reason, many scholars refer to it as the "Israel stele". This title "Israel Stele" is somewhat misleading because the stele only makes a brief mention of Israel and Canaan. The next ascertained mention of "Israel" dates to the 9th century BC, found on the Mesha Stele. The line mentioning Israel is grouped together with three other defeated states in Canaan (Gezer, Yanoam and Ashkelon) in a single stanza, beside multiple stanzas regarding his defeat of the Libyans. The line referring to Merneptah's Canaanite campaign reads: Canaan is captive with all woe. Ashkelon is conquered, Gezer seized, Yanoam made nonexistent; Israel is wasted, bare of seed.[6] The phrase "wasted, bare of seed" is formulaic, and often used of defeated nations. It implies that the store of grain of the nation in question has been destroyed, which would result in a famine the following year, incapacitating them as a military threat to Egypt. "Israel is laid waste; its seed is no more." While the other defeated Egyptian enemies listed besides Israel in this document such as Ashkelon, Gezer and Yanoam were given the determinative for a city-state—"a throw stick plus three mountains designating a foreign country"—the hieroglyphs that refer to Israel instead employ the determinative sign used for foreign peoples: a throw stick plus a man and a woman over three vertical plural lines. This sign is typically used by the Egyptians to signify nomadic tribes without a fixed city-state, thus implying that ysrỉꜣr "Israel" was the demonym for a seminomadic or rural population at the time the stele was created
Posted by Troll Patrol (Member # 18264) on :
These are the original arthefacts, as can be seen at the museum.
Ancient Hebrews taken in bondage and killed by Assyrians.
quote:Originally posted by the lioness:
This Assyrian carving at Lachish shows Jews being led inton exile by Sargon's son Sennacherib after Hezekiah's failed revolot (701 BC). Oxford University Press, 1998
quote:Originally posted by Energy: Why come here and waste hours on discussions on ancient Egypt if one does not feel any connection with Kemet? In fact this whole post is denouncing the countless hours we spend discussing Kemet and not Africa in general.
If like you said focus in not necessarily claiming kemitian descent, then why not discuss other African civilisations in equal measure? Even better, why not discuss the people of the former Slave Coast in Africa who we know were our real ancestors. Why do we pointedly ignore the Slave Coast and discuss Kemet instead?
The people of of the former Slave Coast are our known ancestry. Lets talk about them for a change please.
Why come here and waste hours on discussions on Israel if one does not feel any connection with Israel? In fact your whole post is denouncing the countless hours Energy spends discussing Israel and not Africa in general.
If like you said focus in not necessarily claiming Hebrew descent, then why not discuss other African civilisations in equal measure? Even better, why not discuss the people of the former slave coast in Africa who we know were our real ancestors. Why do we pointedly ignore the West Coast and discuss Israel instead?
The people of the West Coast are our known ancestry. Lets talk about them for a change please.
Posted by Troll Patrol (Member # 18264) on :
quote:Originally posted by cassiterides: Physical Descriptions of King David of Israel:
''So he sent and made him come in. Now he had red hair and beautiful eyes and pleasing looks. And the Lord said, Come, put the oil on him, for this is he.'' - 1 Samuel 16:12
And when the Philistine, taking note, saw David, he had a poor opinion of him: for he was only a boy, red-haired and good-looking
- 1 Samuel 14:42
Negroids don't have red hair, only white people do. The Israelites were not black.
Where in Hebrew does this say so?
Your altered versions are part of the sola scriptura lies.
Posted by Troll Patrol (Member # 18264) on :
quote:Originally posted by cassiterides: ^ Those Negroes hung were criminals (rapists, thieves etc). It was not only black people who were hung for their crimes. The Klan also punished many white people.
Also, there were far more white slaves in America than Black Africans. Check this work out-
Millions of white slaves (mostly Irish) were taken to America and forced to work in factories and so forth in terrible conditions.
Do these children look black to you?
I don't really get what you're trying to say here.
But Europeans weren't brought as slaves to the the Americas, however they were servants just like in Australia.
Those where convicts/ felons, captures of crimes just like those of Australia. all well documented, and they can/ could trace back their genealogy.
They weren't taken by a strange people and brought to another land by force. Stripped off their name, language, costumes etc.. as the scripture speaks...They do not conform presents day prophecies at all. Since they came from a dominant position, thou were mistreated a bit by their own, yet lured as oppressors in a dominant position in a strange land over another group of peoples of which the scripture speaks in refined details. You now of whom I speak here, I hope!
Here is some useful recorded info.
History of Australia – Convicts
The settlement began its life as a penal colony, with a total of 568 male and 191 female convicts with 13 children, 206 marines with 26 wives and 13 children, and 20 officials having made the voyage.
Their earliest huts were composed of cabbage-tree palm, while the convicts were housed in huts made of boards wattled with slender twigs and plastered with clay. By 1790, however, there were 40 convicts employed making bricks and tiles, 50 brickie labourers, and 4 stonemasons.
In 1788, the eleven ships of the First Fleet landed their 'cargo' of around 780 British convicts at Botany Bay in New South Wales. Two more convict fleets arrived in 1790 and 1791, and the first free settlers arrived in 1793.
From 1788 to 1823, the Colony of New South Wales was officially a penal colony comprised mainly of convicts, marines and the wives of the marines.
The roots of the rebellion can be found in the transatlantic democratic revolutions that swept America and Europe at the end of the 18th Century. The American Revolution of 1771-81 and the French Revolution of 1789 were key events, which inspired a democratic revolutionary movement in Ireland. It was the demand for radical democratic reforms rather than a misty eyed nationalism that was the prime motivator for the United Irish movement.
The American Revolution
The American revolution, despite its deep flaws - it preserved and expanded slavery - was the first successful democratic revolution against monarchy and for republicanism. Events in the US were followed with keen interest, particularly among Presbyterians in the North, as "There was scarcely a family in the north of Ireland which did not have relatives living in the colonies"(1). Huge numbers had emigrated in the previous decades, some in a search for religious liberty, others to escape high rents. Some 250, 000 Presbyterians emigrated to the US from Ulster from 1717 to 1776.(2)
There were popular displays of support for the American rebels through out the north during this war with the British empire. United Irish leader John Cladwell described how "..on the news of the battle of Bunker Hill, my nurse Ann Orr led me to the top of a mount on midsummer eve, where the young and the aged were assembled before a blazing bonfire to celebrate what they considered the triumph of America over British despotism"(3). The contemporary historian Dr Campell describes how local Presbyterians "heard with pride that they comprised the flower of Washington's army".
The scripture speaks of a strange people who whould take the people into bondage for 400 to a storage land and land not there's and oppress them there for 400 years.
Your so-called white slaves were taken to America by people who they knew and are where fermiliar with in all their ways.
For your baseless opening claim. You can litterly blindfold yourself and trow a dart-pin onto a worldmap, and you will findout that the whitemen has been there to rob, rape deceive, kill etc....hell is waiting for you.
You will even lie about the suffering of enslaved Africans. This too however was propheciesed.
Posted by Troll Patrol (Member # 18264) on :
The negro a beast"; or, "In the image of God"; the reasoner of the age, the revelator of the century! The Bible as it is! The negro and his relation to the human family! ... The negro not the son of Ham .. (1900)
Yes, this post by you is prove of the acient prophecies.
And here is how it started!
Pope Nicholas V issued the papal bull Dum Diversas on 18 June, 1452. It authorized Alfonso V of Portugal to reduce any “Saracens (Muslims) and pagans and any other unbelievers” to perpetual slavery. This facilitated the Portuguese slave trade from West Africa.
The same pope wrote the bull Romanus Pontifex on January 5, 1455 to the same Alfonso. As a follow-up to the Dum diversas, it extended to the Catholic nations of Europe dominion over discovered lands during the Age of Discovery. Along with sanctifying the seizure of non-Christian lands, it encouraged the enslavement of native, non-Christian peoples in Africa and the New World.
1492 Battle of Granada - January 2 - Ferdinand II of Aragon defeated the last Muslim kingdom in Andalusia, Granada of sultan Boabdil
1492 - Columbus reaches America.
The year 1452, the year 1466, the year 1492, the year 1493, the year 1591:
1591 feb 28, The Sultan of Morocco launched his successful attack to capture Timbuktu. Morocco sent soldiers under the Muslim Spaniard Judar Pasha to conquer Songhai. After a five month journey across the Sahara, Pasha arrived, his soldiers carried guns and Gao. The 25,000 men of the Songhai were no match for the guns, Timbuktu and most of Songhai fall. The Songhai had guns too. But most of them didn’t know yet, how the gun worked. A lot of books were taken to Morocco.
There are still 700,000 manuscripts in Timbuktu and surroundings that are on the verge of being lost if the appropriate action is not taken. These manuscripts represent a turning point in the history of Africa and its people. The translation and publication of the manuscripts of Timbuktu will restore self-respect, pride, honor and dignity to the people of Africa and those descended from Africa; it will also obliterate the stereo-typical images of Tarzan and primitive savages as true representation of Africa and its civilization.
The manuscripts of Timbuktu are a living testimony of the highly advanced and refined civilization in Sub-Sahara Africa. Before the European Renaissance, Timbuktu flourished as the greatest academic and commercial center in Africa. Great empires such as Ghana, Mali, and Songhai were proofs of the talents, creativity and ingenuity of the African people. The University of Timbuktu produced both Black African scholars and leaders of the highest rank, character and nobility.
The manuscripts of Timbuktu cover diverse subjects such as mathematics, chemistry, physics, optics, astronomy, medicine, Islamic sciences, history, geography, the traditions, government legislation and treaties, jurisprudence and much more.
Joel 3:3 - AND THEY HAVE CAST LOTS FOR MY PEOPLE; AND HAVE GIVEN A BOY FOR AN HARLOT, AND SOLD A GIRL FOR WINE, THAT THEY MIGHT DRINK. By boat!
"And God spoke on this wise, That his seed should sojourn in a strange land; and that they should bring them into bondage, and entreat them evil four hundred years."
By a strange people!!!!
VERSE 37: AND YOU SHALL BECOME AN ASTONISHMENT, A PROVERB, AND BYWORD, AMONG ALL NATIONS WHERE YHWH SHALL LEAD YOU (in captivity).
THE N-WORD IN ALL IT'S VARIANTS! Coon, Blackey, Spade, Porch Monkey and so on and so on.
Then the LORD will scatter you among all nations, from one end of the earth to the other. There you will worship other gods
Slavery:
name calling;
raping;
brutal killings;
lynch mobs;
brown vs the board;
jim crow law;
racial profiling;
capital punishment;
Tulsa burnings. etc...
All these actions are described and prophesied in the ancient scripture.
Also it's ironic that we have:
Tuth-mosis I
Tuth-mosis II
Tuth-mosis III
Tuth-mosis IV
Head of the god Amun (Amun RA/ RE)(Amen)
Black God:the Afroasiatic roots of the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim religions
In his latest provocative book, Julian Baldick argues that just as there is a common Afroasiatic language family, so too there is a common Afroasiatic family of religions. There is an inner logic to be found in myths, folk-tales, rituals, customs and beliefs as far apart as Yemen and Nigeria, which go back to an ancient past shared by the Bible and the pharaohs. Using the methods of comparative mythology, the author sifts through the work of an array of scholars - including anthropologists, religious historians, archaeologists and classical Greek writers and contemporary comments on them by professional Egyptologists - to build his picture of the Afroasiatic heritage, and how much of it is still with us in modern Western thought.
BILAD AL SUDAN!!!!!!
Posted by anguishofbeing (Member # 16736) on :
structuralism. the subject does not exist.
Posted by Troll Patrol (Member # 18264) on :
Haplotypes A and B should tell you the image and likeness of the Moste High. Not the white men aka Johnny come late.
quote:Originally posted by cassiterides:
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
ANLO CELEBRATING HOGBETSOTSO (EXODUS) FESTIVAL IN SOUTH EASTERN GHANA
[/QB]
quote: These people are hideous.
Genesis 1: 26 - 27
''So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them.''
Are you saying those people are what God made out of his own image?
In this image and likeness of God:
LOL.
Can I get an, Amen?
And unto the angel of the church of the Laodiceans write; These things saith the AMEN, the faithful and true witness, the beginning of the creation of God; I know thy works, that thou art neither cold nor hot: I would thou wert cold or hot. ( Revelation 3:14-15 )
Amon, or Amen
(the mysterious ), an Egyptian divinity, whose name occurs in that of No-amon. ( Nahum 3:8 ) Amen was one of the eight gods of the first order and chief of the triad of Thebes. He was worshipped at that city as Amen-Ra, or "Amen the Sun."
Bibliography Information
Smith, William, Dr. "Entry for 'Amon, or Amen'". "Smith's Bible Dictionary". . 1901.
"Ethiopia and Egypt were her strength, and it was infinite".......? lol
Napata and its Amun sanctuary remained the kingdom’s chief religious center and the premier site of all royal coronations. Well into the Common era, Jebel Barkal was thought to be the main Nubian seat of the god Amun, who conferred kingship upon the rulers of Kush – a kingship believed by its possessors to have descended, in that place, directly from the sun god Re at the beginning of time.
III. A. The Nature of Amun and the Mysteries of Jebel Barkal.(Amen)
It is clear from a complex surviving iconographic and textual record that from early Dynasty 18 the Egyptians assigned Jebel Barkal an outsized religious and political significance because of its peculiar shape. It is perhaps the unique Egyptian religious site that allows us to perceive how Egyptian religious beliefs were influenced by the natural landscape. The isolated hill evoked in the Egyptian mind the Primeval Mound of popular myth, on which Creation was thought to have taken place. “Proof” of the presence here of Amun as Creator was evident to ancient onlookers in the towering, statue-like pinnacle on its south corner (fig. 23), which, when viewed from different angles at different times of the day, suggested to them the forms of many different divine beings or aspects, all of which combined to confirm the presence and protean nature of the god, whose very name meant “Hidden.”
And you didn't even get the whole story. Can you imagine? lol As I enclose this with; Amen.
Posted by Troll Patrol (Member # 18264) on :
quote:Originally posted by cassiterides:
quote:Originally posted by Energy:
quote:Originally posted by -Just Call Me Jari-: ^^^^ You're simple minded ranting wont change the fact that what you uphold(Biblical Curses and Duet 28:68 Slave Ships to identify yourself as a Hebrew) is the same crap parroted by BHI. Further you can call yourself Elvis if you want it wont change the vast amount of evidence that proves your wrong.
Me, Kalonji, Lioness etc have debunked majority of your "Evidence" and Cassiterdes provided evidence of people the world over claiming Hebrew heritage. What makes you and your claims any different....OH THATS RIGHT YOUR WHOLE CURSES/SLAVE SHIPS B.S...the same B.S argument created by BHI.
You are not fooling anyone. Take your loss like a man, grow up and stop thinking like an inferior slave.
Care to list blow by blow how any names, traditions you have stated refuted what I have stated about my people not being who they are?
Are you also called Erverh?
Do you have a history that matches anything stated in the Bible?
All I hear from you is twisting scripture and SPECULATIONS. So far I haven't read anything worth jack coming from you.
Oh about the rant. Its just to give you fair warning that you don't have a monopoly in that department. I have been civil and you take that to be a weakness. DON'T! Because when it comes to insults, you may start it but I assure you, I can give as good as I can take.
So you worship a god that doesn't intervene when your people have (supposedly) suffered for thousands of years...
Are you a satanist? Your god must be evil...
Well to go around the world enslaving people, and oppressing them, colonizing, killing them, raping hunderd of thousands of females. For hundreds of years. Lie and deceive with an altered bible in the name of god, this sure is evil.
80% of the Amerindians was killed off. A goal achieved by spreading smallpox and killing of the food supply: bulls.
Now they living in their own land on reservations in poverty and despair.
All of this sure is evil and works of the devil.
Posted by Troll Patrol (Member # 18264) on :
quote:Originally posted by cassiterides:
quote:Originally posted by Energy: Oh my bad! In the eyes of evil bastards like you all black people are criminals. But tell me cassiterides. what about white criminals? How come they did not get the same treatment you gave my brothers and sisters?
There are documentated cases of this time period where white people as well were punished for serious crimes. However there were far fewer of them for the simple reason Black people statistically commit far more.
You only have to look at the race & crime statistics online to see blacks commit the most crimes even today.
Lifetime chances of a person going to prison:
blacks (16.2%) and Hispanics (9.4%) than for whites (2.5%)
Based on current rates of first incarceration, an estimated 28% of black males will enter State or Federal prison during their lifetime, compared to 16% of Hispanic males and 4.4% of white males
Sixty-five percent of state prison inmates are black, yet the black population of america is only around 13%.
In marginal numbers whites commit more crimes but are being stopped and or punished less to not at all. For crimes of similair value or worse.
Annually, for over 10 years, Whites have committed close to 70% or over 70% of the crimes in this country, but somehow, they are convicted far less why?
Here's your next question; there has been 200 convictions of innocent people reversed based on DNA evidence, of the 200 - 120 are Black defendants. Why are so many innocent Blacks being convicted of crimes as compared to everyone else
And again ancient prophecies speak truth.
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
@ the first three pages and most of this one smh...
Posted by Firewall (Member # 20331) on :
Bump.
Posted by mena7 (Member # 20555) on :
The original Hebrews were Egyptians who migrated to the land of Canaan. The Hebrew religion derived from the Egyptian religion.
Posted by Trollkillah # Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
quote:Originally posted by mena7: The original Hebrews were Egyptians who migrated to the land of Canaan. The Hebrew religion derived from the Egyptian religion.
Cosigned,
He cleared the Delta of the Cushites (Ethiopians) in 667/666 BC and the Cushite ruler, Taharqa, fled to No-Amon.
Isaiah 20:4 So shall the king of Assyria lead away the Egyptians prisoners, and the Ethiopians captives, young and old, naked and barefoot, even with their buttocks uncovered, to the shame of Egypt.
Can I get an, Amen?
And unto the angel of the church of the Laodiceans write; These things saith the AMEN, the faithful and true witness, the beginning of the creation of God; I know thy works, that thou art neither cold nor hot: I would thou wert cold or hot. ( Revelation 3:14-15 )
Amon, or Amen
(the mysterious ), an Egyptian divinity, whose name occurs in that of No-amon. ( Nahum 3:8 ) Amen was one of the eight gods of the first order and chief of the triad of Thebes. He was worshipped at that city as Amen-Ra, or "Amen the Sun."
Bibliography Information
Smith, William, Dr. "Entry for 'Amon, or Amen'". "Smith's Bible Dictionary". . 1901.
Nahum 3:9 "Ethiopia and Egypt were her strength, and it was infinite".......? lol
The word Testament in Old Testament and New Testament derived from the name of the Egyptian God Amen/Amun/Amon. Testament is Test Amen.
In one part of the bible a prophet states Amen is your God.
Genesis is name after Goddess Isis. Genesis is Gen Isis. It is similar to the name of the church father Origen. Ori Gen mean son of the God Ori or Horus.
The name Moses in French is Moise. Moise is Mo Ise/Isse/Esse meaning son of Goddess Isis or Ise.
the French city of Paris was name after Egyptian Goddess Isis. Paris is Per Isis meaning house of the goddess Isis.
Posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova (Member # 15718) on :
Dubious. No part of the Bible tells Jews or Christians "Amen" is their God. What prophet said this? What is your supporting Biblical verse?
Posted by Narmerthoth (Member # 20259) on :
Energy I see your point, but what is really missing is coordination of ALL black studies.
It seems to me that most people here are researching in a reactionary pattern by chasing what white people say. Not only using white research criteria, but researching in response to white claims using white thought and white innovations I.E., Genetics.
With the absence of any form of research coordinating body, research subjects are random and as I said, reactionary. This is probably the reason that no significant research on Egypt's Old Kingdom has been done since the time of Diop. For that matter, no innovative research technique, such as basal layer testing either.
Following slavery, during reconstruction, the emphasis was placed on being like the white man (Booker T. Washington) versus rediscovery of African roots and languages.
Perhaps this is why no new black colleges and Universities have been built in the US since reconstruction.
Posted by Amun-Ra The Ultimate (Member # 20039) on :
quote:Originally posted by Narmerthoth: Following slavery, during reconstruction, the emphasis was placed on being like the white man (Booker T. Washington) versus rediscovery of African roots and languages.
Academic study of African history, culture and languages is very important. What is also important is what parents teach their children. There's many books for adult and children about Akan people, Yoruba people, other African populations, fables, stories, etc. Those can be ordered off the internet for those who can't access it at local bookstores.
While AE was a (black) African civilization, there's many other African civilizations who may hit closer to home depending on your origin. For example, African-Americans can look up West African civilizations. African people have their own culture and religions which existed much before the arrival of any Europeans and Arab conquerors on our soil (who otherwise got their own interesting history too). It's true for any populations on earth.