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I Feel Like It...

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SISTERS 1930s


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Source: Robert Hill Thomas, Cuba and Puerto Rico with the other islands of the West Indies their topography, climate, flora, products, industries, cities, people, political conditions, etc., opp. Pg. 352. 1899.


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Colonial Office photographic collection held at The National Archives UK, uploaded as part of the Africa Through a Lens project


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Portrait of Hova woman in Western dress, Madagascar, ca. 1910 source digitallibrary.usc.edu


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Moorish Science Temple Conclave in Chicago, 1928


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Eritrean love! from the 1950’s!


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Actress Dorothy Dandridge arrives with her sister Vivien at the Rivoli Theatre, New York for the premiere of her film 'Carmen Jones'. 29th October 1954 United States


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Three Jamaican men on board the Empire Windrush arriving at Tilbury Docks, 1948.
 
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Musicians from Mali year unknown


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Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X, Chicago, 1961 photograph by Eve Arnold for life magazine


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From left, Mangbetu woman, Congo, c. 1929-37; woman with child, Guinea, 1915; Tutsi woman, Rwanda, c. 1929-37. Photos courtesy of the Smithsonian National Museum of African Art.

During Colonial times, it wasn’t unusual for photographers to feature ‘natives’ (as they referred to Africans) on postcards.

Over 8,000 different postcards were produced in colonial West Africa from 1901 to 1963. Often these postcards were intended to document racial “types,” as the French called them, or illustrate the progress of French development projects. The postcards were sent mainly by European merchants and members of the French military. These postcards circulated throughout Europe, received by friends and families back home.


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Christian women with their children, in Cameroon. circa 1920/ 1940


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Barton, Katie D. Morgan (1918-2010)

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Photo of a father and his daughter taken by James Barbor outside of his photography studio Accra, Ghana c. 1950s


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Billy Eckstine and Lena Horne captured by the iconic photographer Charles “Teenie” Harris at the Loendi Club in Pittsburgh, October 1944. Photo Carnegie Museum of Art.

© Charles Teenie Harris / Heinz Family Fund / 2004 Carnegie Museum of Art
 
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Bethune, Mary Jane McLeod (1875-1955)

Born the 15th of 17 children of former slaves in Maysville, South Carolina, Mary Jane McLeod Bethune eventually became a prominent educator, presidential advisor and political activist. As a child, Bethune quickly discovered education’s relationship to political and economic freedom through reading and writing. She was once ordered by a white child to put down a book after insisting that she could not read.

Unlike her parents and siblings, Bethune was born free and was fortunate to be formally educated at the Maysville School, a missionary school for African Americans. Shortly after graduating from the Maysville School, Bethune continued her education on a scholarship at the Scotia Seminary for Girls in Concord, North Carolina. After graduating from Scotia, Bethune initially wanted to be a Christian missionary in Africa.


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Portrait of a woman from Madagascar circa 1880


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Algerian Girl



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A “Double V” campaign celebration in 1942 on 119th Street, between Lenox and 7th (now Malcolm X Blvd and Adam Clayton Powell Blvd) in Harlem. The Double V campaign was started in 1942, just as World War II began, by the Pittsburgh Courier, an historic African-American newspaper. “Double V” stood for “Victory Abroad and Victory at Home” and the purpose was to call continued attention to the legal injustices and segregation that Blacks dealt with as American citizens on American soil and as soldiers abroad within the (segregated) armed forces. To appreciate the role of the Pittsburgh Courier in this campaign, keep in mind that white newspapers did not cover Blacks unless there was a crime involved or, of course, if the Black in question was an athlete or an entertainer. White newspapers did not cover our births, deaths, weddings or any other slice of life-type activity that we did just like everyone else. That is why, in part, Ebony magazine was born. And they certainly did not report on racial discrimination (especially within the military where Black newspapers were banned from its libraries during the Double V Campaign) the way the Black press did.


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Madagascar, circa 1890.


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Maya


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Eritrean couple, 1964


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Homes owned by Negroes on South Park Avenue

The Negro in Chicago; a study of race relations and a race riot, by the Chicago Commission on Race Relations, 1922

New York Public Library, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture
 
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Villa Lewaro was the stately home of America’s first black female millionaire, Madame C.J. Walker.


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Alberto Henschel, Foto de negra com turbante, Brazil, ca. 1870. Source Coleção Gilberto Ferrez Acervo Instituto Moreira Salles.


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Eliot Elisofon, LIFE Magazine photographer visited Sudan in 1947.


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Daughter and wife of Elijah Muhammad with Malcolm X, Chicago, 1961. Photograph by Eve Arnold


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Barnett, Ida Wells (1862-1931)


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Hair - dressing as a work of art. (1921)

“Charcoal dust and palm oil are freely used, but should necessity arise, the structure must be cut away entirely as it cannot be ‘undone’”.
Igbo woman, Nigeria


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Just, Ernest Everett (1883-1941)

Dr. Ernest E. Just was one of the first African Americans to receive worldwide recognition as a scientist. Born August 14, 1883 in Charleston, South Carolina, Just was only four years old when his father, Charles Fraser Just, died in 1887. Due to mounting debt, his mother, Mary Just, moved with her children from Charleston to James Island, a Gullah community off the coast of South Carolina to work in its phosphate mines. While on the Island, Mary Just became a highly respected leader of the community and convinced a number of residents on the Island to purchase land and start their own community. The residents renamed the community, Maryville, in her honor.

In 1896 Just was sent to attend the high school of the Colored Normal Industrial, Agricultural & Mechanical College (later named South Carolina State University). Believing that he would receive a superior education by attending a college preparatory school in the North, Just enrolled in Kimball Union Academy in New Hampshire in 1900. Although he was Kimball Union's only black student, Just recalled being in a warm and welcoming environment where he excelled in social activities and academics. After graduation from Kimball Union, Just entered Dartmouth College in 1903. In contrast to his experience at Kimball Union, Just felt alone and socially isolated at Dartmouth. Nonetheless, Just graduated magna cum laude in biology in 1907 and took a minor in history. He was also elected to Phi Beta Kappa.

After receiving his degree Just accepted a position at Howard University as an instructor of rhetoric and English and in 1910 later joined the Department of Biology. He was appointed Professor in the Department in 1912. While at Howard Just helped to found Omega Psi Phi Fraternity in 1911. Omega Psi Phi was the first black Greek letter organization founded at a historically black university.

Just worked for many years at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. At the laboratory, Just realized that a doctorate in the sciences was key to his success and he began a program of self-study at the University of Chicago and later earned a doctorate in 1916. After completing his doctorate Just published 50 scientific papers and two influential books, Basic Methods for Experiments on Eggs of Marine Mammals (1922) and Biology of the Cell Surface (1939).

Despite his Ph.D., Just could not find work at any major American university. He moved to Europe and continued his research in Naples, Italy. In 1930, however, Just became the first American to be invited to conduct research at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin, Germany. His research ended when the Nazis took control of Germany in 1933. Just relocated to Paris to continue his research.

Just married Ethel Highwarden in 1912. The couple had three children but the marriage suffered due to his long absences from home. He and Ethel divorced in 1939. That same year Just married Maid Hedwig Schnetzler, a German national. Ernest Just was working at the Station Biologique in Roscoff, France when the Germans invaded the country. He was held briefly in a prisoner-of-war camp until rescued by the U.S. State Department and brought back to the U.S. in 1940. Just had been ill for months before his incarceration as a POW but his condition deteriorated during his imprisonment and on the return journey to the United States. He died on October 27, 1941 in Washington, D.C., shortly after being diagnosed with pancreatic cancer.


Sources:
Kenneth Manning, Black Apollo of Science: The Life of Ernest Everett Just (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983); "Ernest Everett Just," in Kwame Anthony Appiah & Henry Louis, Gates, Jr., Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African & African American Experience (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).



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Holiday sits with fellow jazz legends, vocalist Sarah Vaughan, trumpeter Louis Armstrong and friend Howard Dennis in 1950
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Success is nothing without someone you love to share it with.” - Mahogany (1975


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Wilson Pickett and Jimi Hendrix, 1966


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Ella Fitzgerald, Duke Ellington and Benny Goodman, New York, 1948


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Unthank, Dr. DeNorval (1899-1977)


Dr. DeNorval Unthank, a civil rights advocate and a highly respected leader in the black community of Portland, Oregon, arrived in the city after completing medical school at Howard University in Washington, D.C. Dr. Unthank was recruited to Portland in 1929 because the city needed a black doctor. He was quickly tested as his white neighbors greeted his first attempt to move into a previously all white residential area with broken windows, threatening phone calls, and general harassment. Unthank had to move his family four times before finding a place to settle down peacefully.

Throughout the 1930s, Dr. Unthank was Portland’s only black medical practitioner. He was a dedicated doctor and a friend to any minority group in the city as well. Black families could not receive treatment in hospitals – house calls were necessary, and Dr. Unthank made himself available day and night. He served African Americans, Asians and many whites as well.

Dr. Unthank was politically active and was outspoken in his support of civil rights and equal opportunity. In 1940, Dr. Unthank was elected head of the Advisory Council, an organization that hoped to pressure local leaders into providing equal access to economic opportunities related to WWII jobs. The Council documented incidents of discrimination in the workplace around Portland despite raised expectations following President Franklin Roosevelt’s signing of Executive Order 8802. On Dec. 5, 1941, the Council organized a mass meeting to promote an official letter of protest to federal authorities about Portland’s situation.

During and after World War II, Dr. Unthank worked tirelessly to build his medical practice and promote civil rights. He became the first black member of Portland’s City Club in 1943. He encouraged the club to publish a significant 1945 study called “The Negro in Portland,” which opened the eyes of many citizens to ongoing discriminatory practices. Dr. Unthank also served as president of the local chapter of the NAACP, and was a cofounder of the Portland Urban League. He played a strong role in the passing of Oregon’s 1953 Civil Rights Bill, which among many issues, overturned a law banning interracial marriages in the state.

In 1958, the Oregon Medical Society named him Doctor of the Year. In recognition of his service to civil rights, grateful citizens pressed the city to dedicate DeNorval Unthank Park in North Portland in his honor in 1969. Dr. Unthank once said, “A Negro may have a few more doors closed to him and he may find them a little harder to open, but he can open them. He must keep trying.”


Sources:
Rudy Pearson, “African Americans in Portland, Oregon, 1940-1950: Work and Living Conditions – A Social History,” (Ph.D.dissertation, Washington State University, 1996); Oregon Biographies


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Richard Wright, photographed in his New York study by Gordon Parks, May 1943

Wright, a Natchez, Mississippi native, became a French citizen in 1947. He told a friend that “any black man remaining in the United States after the age of thirty-five was bound to kill, be killed, or go insane.”

Wright died in Paris on November 28, 1960


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Young, Roger Arliner (1889-1964)

Image Ownership: Public Domain

Roger Arliner Young, born in Burgettstown, Pennsylvania in 1889, was the first black woman to earn a Ph.D. in zoology and to conduct research at the prestigious Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Young conducted research on the anatomy of paramecium and the effects of radiation on sea urchin eggs.

Young enrolled at Howard University at the age of twenty-seven, intending to major in music. After struggling through a biology course with African American biologist, Ernest Everett Just, she changed her major to that subject, earning a B.S. in 1923. Just hired her as an assistant professor at Howard while she attended graduate school. The next year, Young enrolled at the University of Chicago part-time and published her first article on paramecium which achieved international recognition. She received her M.S in Zoology in 1926 and was elected to the honor society Sigma Xi.

Between 1927 and 1936 Young and Just worked together at Howard University and during the summers they conducted research at Woods Hole. While Just was in Europe, Young served as the substitute chair for Howard’s biology department. Upon his return to Howard in 1929, Young entered the Ph.D. program in biology at the University of Chicago. However, the pressures of her duties at Howard and her responsibilities to care for her invalid mother were counterproductive to her success. She failed the qualifying exam and returned to Howard where rumors of a romance with Just led to her dismissal in 1936. Young recovered from this low point to publish four articles between 1935 and 1938.

After leaving Howard, Young maintained ties with scientists she met at Woods Hole. One, V.L. Heilbrunn, recruited her to the University of Pennsylvania were she completed her Ph.D. in 1940. Between 1940 and 1953 she taught at North Carolina College and Shaw University, where she served as the Biology Department Chair. Young, affected by her mother’s death in 1953 and still under intense pressure as a solitary black female scientist, had difficulty holding a job. She worked at various black colleges until the late 1950s when she voluntarily committed herself to the Mississippi State Mental Asylum. After her release in 1962, Young lectured at Southern University until she died in 1964.

Sources:
Wini Warren, “Roger Arliner Young: A Cautionary Tale,” in Black Women Scientists in the United States (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1999); Ray Spangenburg and Kit Moser, “Roger Arliner Young,” in African Americans in Science, Math, and Invention (New York: Facts on File, 2003)


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African American baseball team, Danbury, Connecticut Edward David Ritton, photographer ca. 1880


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Seated girl and boy holding hat Alvan Harper, photographer Tallahassee, Florida, ca. 1885-1910
 
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Nina Simone performing at the Pan-African Festival in Algiers (1969). Photo by Guy Le Querrec.

“Did you know that the human voice is the only pure instrument? That it has notes no other instrument has? It’s like being between the keys of a piano. The notes are there, you can sing them, but they can’t be found on any instrument. That’s like me. I live in between this. I live in both worlds, the black and white world. I am Nina Simone, the star, and I am not here. I’m a woman. My secret self is between these worlds.”


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GQ 1931
Image from the book, A True Likeness: The Black South of Richard Samuel Roberts, 1920-1936. Richard Samuel Roberts, photographer. African American Vernacular Photography via Black History Album.


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Minnie Riperton and her daughter Maya Rudolph. Pic taken by Jeffrey Henson Scales, he was Minnie's road manager

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Shepperson, James E. (1858 - ?)


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umphrey Winterton Collection of East African Photographs 1860 - 1960. Northwestern University Library, Evanston. King's African rifle solider standing at attention early 1900's.


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Howard University featured in Life Magazine circa 1946

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Howard UHoward University featured in Life Magazine circa 1946

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Photograph of the Links Social Club, Los Angeles, ca. 1938.Andree M. Joseph complier

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A Congo Girl. Gabon Women. (1895)


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Maji Maji Uprising (1905-1907)

Maji Maji Prisoners

The Maji Maji Uprising in Tanganyika was the most significant African challenge to German colonial rule during the brief period when Germany had African colonies. The Uprising lasted two years and involved people over 10,000 square miles.
During the 1880s scramble for Africa European powers dominated much of Africa, carving out vast territories as their own and establishing often brutal regimes to enforce their rule. Four major regions had been colonized by Germany, including Tanganyika (modern-day Tanzania), Togo, Cameroon, and Namibia. Tanzania had been acquired largely through the efforts of the German Colonization Society, founded by Dr. Karl Peters. When Germany established its control over Tanganyika by 1898, it imposed a particularly violent regime in order to control the population, including a policy of killing kings who resisted German occupation. This earned Peters, who was now the Tanganyika colonial governor, the name "Milkono wa Damu," meaning "Man with Blood on His Hands." Throughout this period of German occupation the African population was also subjected to high taxation and a system of forced labor, whereby they were required to grow cotton and build roads for their European occupiers.

The oppressive regime bred discontent among the Africans, and resentment reached a fever pitch in 1905 when drought hit the region. A prophet, Kinjikitile Ngwale emerged, who claimed to know the secret to a sacred liquid which could repel German bullets called "Maji Maji," which means "sacred water." Thus, armed with arrows, spears, and doused with Maji Maji water, the first warriors of the rebellion began to move against the Germans, attacking at first only small German outposts, such as at Samanga, and destroying cotton crops. The rebellion spread throughout the colony, eventually involving 20 different ethnic groups all of whom wished to dispel of the German colonizers. As such it was the first significant example of interethnic cooperation in the battle against colonial control.

The apex of the rebellion came at Mahenge in August 1905 where several thousand Maji Maji warriors attacked but failed to overrun a German stronghold. On October 21, 1905 the Germans retaliated with an attack on the camp of the unsuspecting Ngoni people who had recently joined the rebellion. The Germans killed hundreds of men, women, and children. This attack marked the beginning of a brutal counteroffensive that left an estimated 75,000 Maji Maji warriors dead by 1907. The Germans also adopted famine as a weapon, purposely destroying the crops of suspected Maji Maji supporters.

Although the Maji Maji Uprising was ultimately unsuccessful, it forced Kaiser Wilhelm's government in Berlin to institute reforms in their African colonies as they realized the potential cost of their brutality. Furthermore, the uprising would become an inspiration for later 20th Century freedom fighters who called for similar interethnic unity as they struggled against European colonial rule.


Sources:
John Iliffe, "The Organization of the Maji Maji Rebellion," Journal of African History, Vol. 8, No. 3 (1967); Thomas Pakenham, The Scramble for Africa: The White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912 (New York: HarperCollins, 1992); Robert Gellately and Ben Kiernan, The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003); Molefi Kete Asante, The History of Africa: The Quest for Eternal Harmony (Florence, Kentucky: Routledge, 2007)


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JIMI AND FAYNE


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Make a Wish (Bronx Slave Market, 170th Street, New York), 1938 Robert McNeil photographer


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GHANA-INDEPENDENCE-ANNIVERSARY
Reproduction of a file photo dated 25 May 1963 shows the Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie (C) and Ghana's founder and first President Kwame Nkrumah (L) during the formation of the Organization of African Unity in Addis Ababa. Ghana, the first black African country to shake off the chains of British rule, celebrates the 50th anniversary of its independence 06 March 2007. AFP PHOTO (Photo credit should read STR/AFP/Getty Images) AFP/Getty Images
 
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Members of the 32nd and 33rd Company’s Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps basketball team, playing a game of basketball. Fort Huachuca Arizona ca. 1939-1945


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Dorothy Dandridge with beauty pageant contestants. Los Angeles, California 1946 photographer Clyde Woods


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I wasn’t saved to run.” —Fred Shuttlesworth

The Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth, pictured in front of the remains of his Birmingham, Alabama home. It was bombed on Christmas Day, 1956. Attempts on his life and the lives of his family members, beatings and numerous arrests never stopped this warrior from carrying the banner of freedom and justice. In Alabama, they called him “Black Moses"

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Portrait of a Zulu man from South Africa, circa 1938


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24 Jul 1958, Washington, DC, USA --- Original caption: 7/24/1958-Washington, D.C.- Prime Minister Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana shown during his White House visit with President Eisenhower today. He later told newsmen that the President was "sympathetic" to the economic problems of his newly independent African state. --- Image by © Bettmann/CORBIS © Corbis. All Rights Reserved


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image from Adire African Textiles; Guinea Conkary Fashion 1900


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Martin Luther King Jr. pulls up a cross that was burned on his lawn as his son stands next to him (1960)
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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hotograph taken at the trial of Emmett Till by the infamous civil rights photographer, Ernest Withers who also doubled as a FBI Informant. Withers defied the judge’s orders prohibiting photography, documenting Till’s uncle Mose Wright identifying J.W. Milam, which “signified intimidation of Delta blacks was no longer as effective as the past,” and Wright “crossed a line that no one could remember a black man ever crossing in Mississippi.”


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26th May 1963: American Heavyweight boxer, Cassius Clay (later Muhammad Ali), in New York, dressed like a city gent in a suit and a bowler hat and carrying an umbrella. (Photo by Express/Express/Getty Images) Getty Images


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esar Chavez and Bobby Seale meet students from Malcolm X Elementary, 1972.

Cesar Chavez and Bobby Seale (of the Black Panthers) meet students from Malcolm X Elementary, 1972.

Chavez and Seale gave a Press Conference on May 9, 1972 at Merritt College in Oakland California. After the Press conference, they met students from Malcolm X Elementary School which is located in Berkeley, California.

Richard Ybarra is the man on the far right. Children are not identified


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Cartola (1908–1980)


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Swahili women, hair dressing, Zanzibar, 1908


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An Argentine dancer instructing a group of women at Howard University in Feb 1963, from the Scurlock studio
 
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Lena Horne snapped by Charles “Teenie” Harris doing her hair in her dressing room before a performance at the Stanley Theater in 1940s Pittsburgh


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Vintage photograph of a group of Fanthi women from Cote D’Ivoire Ivory Coast

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The Kilimanjaro Presents Miss Tanzania 1967” Dar-es-salaam


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Stylish Young Afr.Am. Couple plus 1

3 Well dressed Black people. bought on ebay from Anthony Yearwood, 42 West 88th St. #5F, NY,NY 10024 ajyearwood@verizon.net Waheed Photo Archive ©2011


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Hairdresser, Pointe-À-Pitre, Guadeloupe, Early 20th Century



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Original caption: Paul Robeson and Princess Kouka, who left her home in the Sudan to make films, left Victoria Station in London for North Africa to start work on the Capitol film, Jericho. Henry Wilcoxon is another film actor, who is to join them out there. Paul Robeson and Princess Kouka are shown on departure from Victoria, London. --- Image by © Bettmann/CORBIS © Corbis. All Rights Reserved


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Oscar winner Sidney Poitier and Nat “King” Cole at the 1963 Academy Awards at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium, April 8, 1963
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Sammy and the champ


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W. E. B. Du Bois Cutting the Birthday Cake for his 95th Birthday in Ghana, 1963


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US Baseball Hall of Famer Hank Aaron (second row, fifth from the left), during his time playing in Puerto Rico with the Criollos de Caguas for the 1953-1954 winter season. The Criollos, which also went by the name Caguas-Guayama, won the Puerto Rican league title and the Caribbean Series title that year. Aaron would go on to make his Major League debut in 1954


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Children Dance to Rock ‘n Roll in in Harlem’s Mount Morris Park New York City, NY, 1968 Arthur Tress



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oland Hayes, the brilliant tenor who became the first African-American man to earn international fame as a concert vocalist, photographed by Addison Scurlock in 1940. Born to former slaves in Curryville, Georgia in 1887, he attended Fisk University and briefly toured with the Fisk Jubilee Singers. Early in his career, he was turned down by talent managers because he was Black so, he invested in himself: He raised money and arranged and financed his own concert performances,which included Negro spirituals, lieder and arias by Schubert, Tchaikovsky, and Mozart. In 1942, Mr. Hayes’s wife, Helen and daughter, Afrika, sat in a whites-only area of a shoe store and were thrown out of the store. When Mr. Hayes defended his family, he was beaten and he and his wife were arrested - and the governor of Georgia was absolutely fine with it. The incident inspired Langston Hughes to compose the poem, Roland Hayes Beaten. Mr. Hayes would later teach at Boston University and would go on to celebrate more than 50 years on the concert stage before his death in 1977.


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World heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali, wearing the Nigerian brown and white striped Agbada, shouts to the crowd of youngsters who met him on his arrival in Lagos, Nigeria. (June 1, 1964)



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New York, New York, USA --- 6/13/1958-New York, NY: Co-stars Lena Horne and Ricardo Montalban greet nine very special guests of the stage of the Imperial Theatre, home of the musical comedy hit "Jamaica," here June 13. Their visitors are the Central High School students from Litte Rock, AR, who sucessfully waged an integration battle last year. Shown with the youngsters (l to r) are Montalban; Mrs. Daisy Bates, President of the Arkansas NAACP, who accompanied the group, and Miss Horne. Complete Caption in Negative Sleeve --- Image by © Bettmann/CORBIS © Corbis. All Rights Reserved
 
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Starting in the late 1890s, Mohammad Abdullah Hassan rallied the Somali people to fight against European expansion in East Africa. With Hassan’s impassioned battle cry, the Dervish State was created, encompassing northern Somalia. Meanwhile, on the eastern shores, the Sultan of Zanzibar leased the city of Mogadishu to Italy in 1905. Known as Mogadiscio, the city became the capital of Italian Somaliland, which stretched from the Eastern tip of British Somaliland all the way down the coast to Kenya.

To the right, Somali soldiers stand for a portrait photograph, taken in Yemen in the early 1900s. A French postcard shows a young man wearing traditional attire on the left.


 - A.T. Walden Being Turned Away from the Polls, Atlanta, 1944

Austin Thomas (A.T.) Walden, a noted attorney and civil rights leader, was one of few African American lawyers in Georgia during early 20th century. Walden was born in Fort Valley on April 12, 1885 to former slaves Jennie Tomlin and Jeff Walden. He was the only graduate in the class of 1902 at Fort Valley High and Industrial School. Walden entered Atlanta University, earning his B.A. in 1907, and then attended the University of Michigan Law School where he earned a law degree in 1911. Walden moved to Macon, Georgia that year and became one of the few African American men who dared to pursue a legal career in the state. In 1917 he joined the army and served as a captain and assistant judge advocate during World War I. He received an honorable discharge from the service in 1919, returned home and moved his law practice from Macon to Atlanta.

Walden spent the remainder of his life in Atlanta where he would become well known for his leadership roles in various community organizations such as the Butler Street YMCA, the Atlanta University Alumni Association, the Atlanta Branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and the Wheat Street Baptist Church. He began his political life as a Republican with his move to Atlanta and soon became Chair of the Republican Party Executive Committee for the Fifth Congressional District of Georgia.

In 1940 Walden switched to the Democratic Party where he remained active for 25 years. Recognizing the importance of voter participation and the need to increase black registration, Walden founded the Atlanta Negro Voters League. Through the League's efforts, the level of black voting increased in the late 1940s. More black voters resulted in tangible community benefits such as street and sewer improvements and the hiring of black policemen in African American neighborhoods.

In the late 1940s Walden litigated the equalization of pay for black and white teachers in Atlanta. He also fought for the desegregation of Atlanta public schools in a series of lawsuits. In 1948 he founded the Gate City Bar Association for African American lawyers because they were excluded from the white legal association in the city. Additionally, he served as legal counsel for Citizens Trust Company, Mutual Federal Savings and Loans Association, and the National Baptist Convention.

His political knowledge and reputation as a civil rights activist led to his appointment to the Fulton County (Atlanta) Democratic Executive Committee in 1953. Later in the decade he served as one of the first two black members of the Georgia Democratic Executive Committee. In 1964 Walden was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City. He was the first African American member of any Georgia Democratic delegation to a national Democratic Convention.

Alden married Mary Ellen Denney, a Baltimore public school teacher, and the couple had two daughters, Jenelsie and Austella. Walden retired from his law practice in 1963 and opened a nonprofit community counseling office. One year later, however, Atlanta Mayor Ivan Allen Jr. appointed him to serve as a judge for the Atlanta Municipal Court making him the first black judge in Georgia since the Reconstruction. Austin Thomas Walden died on July 2nd, 1965 in Atlanta at the age of 80.
Sources:
Ronald H. Bayor, Race and the Shaping of Twentieth-Century Atlanta (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996); Clifford M. Kuhn, Harlon E. Joye, and E. Bernard West, Living Atlanta: An Oral History of the City, 1914-1948 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1990);
Clarence N. Stone, Regime Politics: Governing Atlanta, 1946-1988 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1989); Jack L. Walker, "Negro Voting in Atlanta, 1953-1961," Phylon 24 (Winter 1963)


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22nd December 1971: Muhammad Ali trains for his fight against the West German Jurgen Blin, with his daughters in tow. (Photo by Central Press/Getty Images) Getty Images


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Howard University Graduating class of 1900


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Alpha Kappa Alpha at Howard University, Washington, D.C. 1946



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ob Marley visited Brazil in March of 1980, a year before his death. Here he is playing soccer with a group of Jamaican and Brazilian musicians, including Brazilian artists Chico Buarque and Toquinho


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Goose Tatum and the Harlem Globetrotters, 1952

The Harlem Globetrotters have gained worldwide recognition for combining their basketball playing skills with comedic tricks and stunts. Over the past eight decades the Globetrotters have competed in more than 20,000 games in over 100 countries.

The Harlem Globetrotters began in Chicago in 1926 as an all African American team known as the Savory Big Five. Abe Saperstein, who was a coach in the Chicago area at the time, as well as a promoter and an agent, acquired the team and would remain its owner until his death in 1966. The team made its debut as the New York Globetrotters in Hinckley, Illinois in January 1927. They would later adopt the name the Harlem Globetrotters in 1930 to reflect the team's predominately African American roster and the affluent culture of Harlem at the time.
 
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New York 1957 photo Brassaï Estate Brassaï


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Spelman College 1892


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Richard Theodore Greener (1844-1922) was the first Black graduate of Harvard University (Class of 1870). His papers, including his Harvard diploma, his law license, photos and papers connected to his diplomatic role in Russia and his friendship with President Ulysses S. Grant, were recently discovered in an attic on the South Side of Chicago - just before the house was demolished


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Dancer and choreographer Pearl Primus


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Often time women, especially black women, are placed last in our minds when it comes to making history. We all know about the famous Tuskegee Airmen, but have you ever thought about women being pilots in those times as well? Start thinking and do your research on these extraordinary women. Today we honor the often overlooked Tuskegee Airwomen.


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Beta Chapter, Alpha Phi Alpha, Howard University, 1913.

Alpha Phi Alpha (ΑΦΑ) was the first Inter-Collegiate Black Greek Letter fraternity. It was founded on December 4, 1906 at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. Alpha Phi Alpha developed a model that was used by the many Black Greek Letter Organizations (BGLOs) that soon followed in its footsteps. It employs an icon from Ancient Egypt, the Great Sphinx of Giza as its symbol, and its aims are “manly deeds, scholarship, and love for all mankind,” and its motto is First of All, Servants of All, We Shall Transcend All.

Credit: Lorenzo Dow Turner Papers, Anacostia Community Museum, Smithsonian Institution, gift of Lois Turner Williams



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Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Mother grooming her daughter for healthiest-baby contest held at all African American fair. Memphis, TN, 1941. Photographer Alfred Eisenstaedt. Life Photo Archives © Time Inc


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Lena Horne with cadets at the Tuskegee Airbase in Tuskegee,Alabama in 1945


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Muhammad Ali and Stevie Wonder at The Apollo, 1963


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tokely Carmichael, leader of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee; the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference; and Floyd McKissick, speaking, national director of the Congress of Racial Equality.

In a rare public appearance together, the leaders of Civil Rights groups conduct a news conference in Memphis, Tenn., in this June 7, 1966 file photo, in the wake of the shotgun attack on James Meredith near Hernando, Mississippi


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Dorothy Dandridge by Edward Clark 1951


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A couple who moved into an all-white neighborhood in Chicago looking at graffiti in front of their home. Photograph by Francis Miller. Chicago, Illinois, USA, 1957


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REDD FOXX, NANCY WILSON, HARRY BELAFONTE, SAMMY DAVIS JR. ELLA FITZGERALD, BILLY ECKSTINE, JOE WILLIAMS & OTHERS IN VEGAS


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Josephine Baker returns to the US, New York City, 1950 by Eve Arnold
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Eartha Kitt & Sammy Davis, Jr. in Anna Lucasta (1958)

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1950's style


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DeWitty/Audacious, Nebraska (1908
Children of Black Homesteaders in
Cherry County, Nebraska

Located in the Sandhills of Cherry County, Nebraska, the settlement of DeWitty was established in 1908 by black homesteaders who constructed housing made of stacked sod. These settlers farmed some of the least hospitable land in the state. The families were spurred to the area by the 1904 Kinkaid Act, which allowed settlers to claim large, but undesirable parcels of land with poor irrigation and little vegetation. Those who accepted the challenge were known as Kinkaiders.

Among the first to arrive in 1907 were Charles Meehan, born in 1856 in Detroit Michigan, the son of white parents who had immigrated the previous year from Counties Tipperary and Fermanagh in Ireland. Charles had moved with his mother to Canada as a youngster. Joining Charles in the move from Canada to Nebraska was his wife Hester Catherine Freeman, born in Canada in 1856 to a Canadian father and a mother from Baltimore, Maryland. According to Catherine Meehan Blount, their granddaughter, Charles and Hester left Canada for Nebraska in 1885 with their oldest children and the families of Joshua Emanuels, George Brown and William Crawford. Other early black homesteaders included Clem Deaver and Robert "Daddy" Hannahs. Meehan’s granddaughter, Ava Speese Day, later wrote about their experiences on the Plains in Sod House Memories.

They settled in an area along the North Loup River near Brownlee, calling their town DeWitty, after the first postmaster, Miles DeWitty. In 1916, a change in postmasters prompted a change in the town name to Audacious, followed by a post office relocation two years later to the town of Gard.

For a while, the homesteaders found some success as ranchers raising beef cattle, mules, poultry, and hogs. A few had dairy cows and sold surplus product in nearby Seneca. Even though they were in the proximity of the North Loup, few of the black settlers were able to claim land with water rights or even grazing meadows. So most had to purchase hay for feeding and lease easements for water access, adding to their financial burden. To make ends meet, some men worked as freighters or laborers for neighboring white ranchers while women washed, worked in kitchens, or served as midwives.

The town of DeWitty/Audacious included a general store, the St. James A.M.E. Church, and three schools. Books were borrowed from the State Library at Lincoln through a program to service rural families. Other supplies were purchased through trips to Brownlee or Seneca, or mail order from Sears, Roebuck and Company. During the early 1920s, the town had an all-black baseball team called The Sluggers, which played several undefeated seasons. However, by that time, most of the original homesteaders had found the land unprofitable and had left the area. In the late 1980s, only one ancestor of a black settler still owned land along the North Loup.

Sources:
Jon Farrar, “Black Homesteaders: Settling the North Loup Valley,” Nebraskaland 6:6 (July 1988); Jon Farrar, “Black Homesteaders: Living Off the Land,” Nebraskaland 6:7 (August/September 1988); Jon Farrar, “Black Homesteaders: Scratching Out a Living,” Nebraskaland 6:8 (October 1988); Jon Farrar, “ Black Homesteaders: Remembering the Good Times,” Nebraskaland 6:9 (November 1988); John Kay, David Anthone, Robert Kay, & Chris Hugly, Nebraska Historic Buildings Survey: Reconnaissance Survey Final Report of Cherry County, Nebraska (Nebraska State Historical Society, May 15, 1989); Frances Jacob Alberts, ed., Sod House Memories, Vol. I-IV (Hastings, Neb.: Sod House Society, 1972


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Portrait of four women, Bahia, Brazil. (1860-1900


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Tailors making women’s clothes. Photograph by Dmitri Kessel. Belgian Congo, April 1953


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african troops on the terrace at Westminster 1902. Photograph by Sir Benjamin Stone


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Algerian Girl, 1870’s


I'll be back later with more....
 
Posted by Brada-Anansi (Member # 16371) on :
 
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Huey P. Newton, Aquarius. Born Feb 17, 1942. Just released from jail.
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Tuskegee Airmen 332nd Fighter Group - Ramitelli, Italy, March 1945
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Jack Johnson, son of a former slave that became the first African-American world heavyweight boxing champion (1908–1915). He was a brash, unapologetic, strong spirited boxer who dared to be black while beating down white opponents in the ring.
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First Female Millionairess in the United States, Madam CJ Walker and her entourage
 
Posted by Brada-Anansi (Member # 16371) on :
 
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OSSIE DAVIS and RUBY DEE.
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Valaida Snow - jazz musician
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Billie Holiday and Husband Louis McKay
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Black State Trooper protecting a KKK rally in 1980s Georgia
 
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1936 in Chicago at 31st street beach.
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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A group of friends posing for a portrait in the 1940s.


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Posted by the lioness (Member # 17353) on :
 
^^^ nice photos, you might want to think about the best way of saving threads like this. Any threads could get deleted at any time and do or even the whole site get shut down
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Group of slaves. The photograph was taken in May, 1862 in Cumberland Landing, Virginia.


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Escaping slavery Rappahannock, Virginia, August 1862


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Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by the lioness:
^^^ nice photos, you might want to think about the best way of saving threads like this. Any threads could get deleted at any time and do or even the whole site get shut down

Some message boards give one the ability to save/download a thread....is that possible with this forum? I'm not the most computer savvy person smh lol [Embarrassed]


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Hadda Brooks


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Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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1899


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Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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1899/1900 ? Old African American Couple Eating at the Table by Fireplace


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A Great Day in Harlem or Harlem 1958 is a 1958 black and white group portrait of 57 notable jazz musicians photographed on a street in Harlem, New York City. The photo has remained an important object in the study of the history of jazz.

Art Kane, a freelance photographer working for Esquire magazine, took the picture around 10 a.m. in the summer of 1958. The musicians had gathered on 126th Street, between Fifth and Madison Avenues in Harlem. Esquire published the photo in its January 1959 issue.



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Harriet Tubman


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Mary Edmonson (1832?1853) and Emily Edmonson (1835?1895), "two respectable young women of light complexion", were African-American women who became celebrities in the United States abolitionist movement after gaining their freedom from slavery. They campaigned for the abolition of slavery.[1][2]


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Mary Ellen Pleasant (1814? ? 1904)

Mary Ellen Pleasant is perhaps better known as ?Mammy Pleasant?, but it was a name she detested. She was born a slave in Georgia some time between 1814 and 1817, the illegitimate daughter of an enslaved Vodou priestess from Haiti and a Virginia governor?s son, John Pleasants. She was bought out of slavery by a planter and indentured for nine years as a store clerk with abolitionist Quakers in Massachusetts.

Around 1841 she married a wealthy mulatto merchant/contractor from Ohio and Philadelphia named James Smith, who was also a slave rescuer on the Underground Railroad. The two worked to help slaves flee to safety in Canada and safe states. Smith died in 1844, leaving her a $45,000 fortune and a plantation run by freedmen near Harper?s Ferry, Virginia.


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Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Cape Verde Immigrants Arrive at New Bedford, Massachusetts, Oct. 5, 1914.


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Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Plantation sharecropper Lonnie Fair helping his son dress in preparation for Sunday church services-- MS, 1936


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Plantation sharecropper Lonnie Fair's daughter dressing for Sunday church services in sparsely furnished room-- MS 1936.


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Original caption-- An old "African-American" man wearing a disheveled outfit, with one arm akimbo & the other propping him up with a stick, casually standing in small Southern town-- 1938.


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Jamaican ice vendors posing for the camera, circa 1905.


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Jamaica (looks very African)


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Jamaica- Photo taken during Royal world cruise of Duke and Duchess of York in HMS Renown 1927


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Photograph by Algernon E Aspinall. Image on postcard posted in Retreat, Jamaica 1922
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Buying Coconut milk, Kingston, Jamaica circa 1948


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Sapper Hibbert and Corporal Simmons, both from Jamaica


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Jamaica. Temple Lane. 1907 Earthquake


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Jamaica. Fab 5, formed in 1970


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Marcus Garvey
 
Posted by the lioness (Member # 17353) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by TruthAndRights:
quote:
Originally posted by the lioness:
[qb] ^^^ nice photos, you might want to think about the best way of saving threads like this. Any threads could get deleted at any time and do or even the whole site get shut down

Some message boards give one the ability to save/download a thread....is that possible with this forum? I'm not the most computer savvy person smh lol [Embarrassed]



This site does not save threads
any one of these threads could be deleted at anytime for just an automatic reason even. We have seen it happen many times. After putting so much time in that would be a shame.
I don't know much about it but I recommend you PM to Jari or Brada about the best way to save and archive thes threads and also some methods might be faster than others.
You could also put these pictures on dvd and give them as gifts or for educational puposes
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
Just solved the problem [Big Grin] Firefox allows one to save internet pages as a file....so I guess I'll save periodically as I go to keep it updated; hopefully no foolishness comes up in this thread I would like to be saving more pictures than talking and/or any stupidness...that's what's making me hesitate on saving the Black Beauty thread- all the fuckery it contains...unless Ausar would be willing to delete that stuff out of there (anything that shouldn't be in there) to clean it up....that would be real nice of him hmmmmmm
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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1894 Sofa Chiefs Colonial Soldiers West Africa War Prints


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MauMau
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Hausa

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West Africa, location unk


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Home Guards at their living quarters. Young Kikuyu men gather beside prefabricated huts, a temporary accommodation camp for the Kikuyu Home Guard. Kenya, circa 1953. Kenya, Eastern Africa, Africa.


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Slim Harpo


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Robert Johnson

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Ma Rainey

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Photo from Soviet-Polish war


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Photo from Soviet-Polish war
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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The Herero and Namaqua Genocide is considered the first genocide of the 20th century that took place from 1904 until 1907 in Namibia known then as German South-West Africa


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BARBADOS. Queen's Park Opening Day


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Guyana


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Guyana 1922


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Georgetown, Guyana


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East Indians at their breakfast. 1922. Guyana
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Georgetown, Guyana


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Paramaribo, Guyana


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Celia Cruz. Date unknown. (probably 1950s)
Vintage Cuba


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Celeste Mendoza and friends (1950s)


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Celeste Mendoza - Cuban Vedette - 1950s


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Porta de Tierra. San Juan, Puerto Rico


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Arturo Alfonso Schomburg was a Puerto Rican historian, writer, and activist in the United States who researched and raised awareness of the great contributions that Afro-Latin Americans and Afro-Americans have made to society. Schomburg was born in the town of Santurce, Puerto Rico to María Josefa, a freeborn black midwife and Carlos Féderico Schomburg, a merchant of German heritage. During grade school one of Schomburg’s teachers claimed that blacks had no history, heroes or accomplishments. Inspired to prove the teacher wrong, Schomburg determined that he would find and document the accomplishments of Africans on their own continent and in the diaspora, including Afro-Latinos, such as Jose Campeche, and later Afro-Americans.

Schomburg immigrated to New York in 1891 and settled in the Harlem section of Manhattan. He continued his studies to untangle the African thread of history in the fabric of the Americas.

In 1896, Schomburg began teaching Spanish in New York.

In 1911, Schomburg co-founded the Negro Society for Historical Research to create an institute to support scholarly efforts. It brought together African, West Indian and Afro-American scholars.

Schomburg was later to become the President of the American Negro Academy, founded in Washington, DC in 1874, which championed black history and literature.

Secretary of Las Dos Antillas (Greater and Lesser Antilles), an organization that fervently advocated the independence of Cuba and Puerto Rico.

Over the years, he collected literature, art, slave narratives, and other materials of African history, which was purchased to become the basis of the Arthur Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, named in his honor, at the New York Public Library in the 135th Street Branch of the Library.

Arturo Alfonso Schomburg’s work served as an inspiration to Puerto Ricans, Latinos and Afro-Americans alike. The power of knowing about the great contribution that Afro-Latin Americans and Afro-Americans have made to society, helped continuing work and future generations in the Civil rights movement.
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Kipsigis tribal girl in traditional clothing, Kenya (990-3206 / 990-3206 © SuperStock)


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Kikuyu shaman, 1950's


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KAVIRONDO WOMEN of NYANZA Near LAKE VICTORIA in EAST AFRICA
From a series of old 3-D African photographs, all over 100 years old.


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Vintage Africa: East Africa Swahili men natives 1913


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British Expeditionary Force in Freetown, Sierra Leone during the West Africa Campaign, 1914–1916.
Source: Library of Congress



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Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Vintage Africa


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South Africa, Zulus eating

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Vintage photo African American


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1940s mother and child in photo studio.


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A couple in the 1940s


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1940's portrait
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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A couple posing for a portrait in the 1940s.


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1936 in Chicago at 31st street beach.


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1950's

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1950's


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Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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1940's



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George Washington Owens, the first African American to graduate from Kansas State Agricultural College


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circa 1930's-40's


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circa 1930's-40's


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circa 1930's-40's


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circa 1930's-40's
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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African-American family posing in front of their home, 1930's.


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Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Two African American women with children standing in front of chaufere driven Cadillac sedan, circa 1920's


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circa 1920's
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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1938


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Home of an African American lawyer in Atlanta, Georgia. 1899. The family is shown posing on porch of their house


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1880's


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1880's


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Brother and sisters 1926


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Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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The Independent Party of Color (PIC) of Cuba. It was a black independence party that fought for the rights of Afro-Cubans. The party was eventually crushed in a 1912 massacre in which thousands of black Cubans were killed, many of which had no affiliation with the PIC


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Esteban Montejo was a runaway slave in Cuba. He lived through many pivotal moments in Cuban history including the end of slavery, the Cuban Independence War, and the Cuban Revolution.


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Theophilus Albert Marryshow was one of the early advocates of a West Indian Federation. He lived to see the formation of such a federation, but he died before the West Indies Federation collapsed.


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Victims in the Congo Free State, controlled by King Leopold II of Belgium
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
 - A Martinique belle. (1887)


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Eartha Kitt
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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circa 1800s


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1880


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Three African American women at the state fair, ph. Frances Benjamin Johnston, ca. 1903


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Henry Highland was an African American teacher and abolitionist, known for his militant stance on the issue of abolishing slavery.


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Louis Armstrong performing for his wife in front of the Sphinx and pyramids in Egypt


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African independence leaders


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Jesse Owens won 4 gold medals at the 1936 Olympics and disproved Hitler’s theory of Aryan supremacy.


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Samuel Maharero led the Herero people in their war against the Germans.
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Labeled a mulatto, her name was Amanda Robinson-Wilkinson, isn't she beautiful!?!? We are all very proud of this pic & our ancestry! It is rumored that her father, was indeed the slave master, & that she was allowed to join the "white family" during holidays & special occasions & that "the masta" was especially fond of her because of her beauty! year unknown.


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The U.S First Lady Michelle Obama family picture. The baby in the picture is the First lady with her parents and brother.


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Sara Forbes Bonetta.
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Jamaican ladies. Portrait of a group of Jamaican women dressed in white wearing European-style clothes. Jamaica, 26-30 July 1924.


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A vintage picture of Jamaican Boys...


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1967 Jamaican Maid Resting


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Janelle Commissiong, Miss Universe 1977 of Trinidad and Tobago (the first Black winner) with Michael Jackson.

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Eartha Kitt with Marilyn Monroe and Arthur Mitchell in 1957.


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Vintage Diana Ross

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The first true black pop star, vaudeville singer Bert Williams (1874-1922). Born Egbert Austin Williams in the Bahamas, he was the only black performer to ever perform with the Ziegfield Follies and at one time made over $100,000 annually. Booker T. Washington once said, “He has done more for our race than I have. “

For many years, he teamed with George Walker, and as Williams and Walker, they billed themselves as “The Two Real Coons,” in order to stand out in the crowd of white entertainers performing in blackface. The legendary comedian W.C. Fields said that Williams was “the funniest man I ever saw and the saddest man I ever met.”

His biggest hit was a song called “Nobody.” According to a 2004 Washington Post article :

In 1906, Williams teamed with black songwriter Alex Rogers to compose what would become his signature number. Recounting a litany of troubles with which the singer received no offers of assistance, “Nobody” provided Williams with a woebegone but winning persona that reached beyond the stereotypes of minstrelsy and appealed to audiences of all races. It remains the single enduring item in the Williams songbook, having been recorded by figures as varied as Perry Como and Ry Cooder. As recently as 2000, Johnny Cash reinterpreted it.


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A photograph probably taken by William Knibb Blomfield when he visited Jamaica in the early 1870s. The woman on horseback is William's sister Barbara Mary Blomfield (1848-1931). In the early 1840s, Henry and Elizabeth Blomfield, William and Barbara's parents, worked in Jamaica as Baptist missionary teachers and William Knibb Blomfield himself was born on the island in 1842. Henry Blomfield and his family returned to England in 1847 but, presumably, the Blomfields kept in touch with their Baptist colleagues and friends who remained on the island. William Knibb Blomfield became seriously ill in the 1870s and made one last trip to Jamaica before returning to England, where he died of consumption in 1878, aged thirty-five. [PHOTO: Courtesy of Edward Archer]
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Maya Angelou with Malcolm X in Ghana, West Africa in 1964.


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Harlem, NYC


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The height of 1940's fashion


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Sally Bonetta Forbes
Born in West Africa in the area once known as ‘the Slave Coast,’ she was captured and became a slave of the King of Dahomey when she was about 5 years old. Two years later, in June 1850, Commodore Forbes of H.M.S. Bonetta arrived in Dahomey to negotiate the suppression of the slave trade and the King of Dahomey presented him with the girl as a present for Queen Victoria. She was brought back to England and given the names Forbes after her rescuer and Bonetta after the name of his ship. [Her surnames are sometimes reversed.] Queen Victoria and Prince Albert received her at Windsor and paid for her education at a CMS school in Freetown, the child quickly becoming proficient in English and showed a natural talent for music.

On 14 August 1862 she married James Labulo Davies, a Sierra Leonean merchant of Victoria Road, Brighton, at St. Nicholas’s church. The couple returned to Africa, where they settled in Lagos. Queen Victoria was godmother to their first child, named Victoria in her honour.

Mrs Sarah Davies died in Madeira on 24 August 1880.
Photographed by Merrick of Brighton.


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Workers threshing grain in Clarendon, Jamaica rice field [date unknown]


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Family Outside Their Home, Jamaica, 1900


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Native Dwelling Jamaica Late 1800's


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Mann Rowe, secretary of the Maroons Accompong Town
Mann Rowe, secretary of the Leeward Maroons, holding a copy of the 1739 Maroon Treaty of Jamaica, which ended hostilities between the Maroons and the British, Accompong, Jamaica, about 1980.
Courtesy of National Library of Jamaica
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Maroons of Jamaica

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1973, Chelsea, UK ~ The Wailers together as a band with all its original members during their UK tour: Earl “Wire” Lindo, Aston “Family Man” Barrett, Bob Marley, Peter Tosh, Carlton “Carly” Barrett and Bunny Livingstone. — Image by © Esther Anderson/Corbis


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This picture was taken at Norman Manley Airport in 1959


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A Jamaican family planning to emigrate to England, 1962


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Maroon men, picture taken between 1910–1935


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Falmouth, Jamaica 1800's
 
Posted by Brada-Anansi (Member # 16371) on :
 
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Wow!!!great finds T&R pics I have never viewed of Jamaica before do you know if It's the same Forbes family who is running financial magazines in the U.S I hope this doesn't get deleted anytime soon may need to use some of them in the future.
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
Greetings Brada Respect and Thanks  -

I dunno enuh if it's the same one Forbes..

If you're using mozilla, just save the page as a file on your pc [Wink]
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Mary McLeod Bethune with a line of girls from the school ca. 1905 state archives of Florida, Florida Memory.


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A gentleman named Charles Pope, 1880s


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1920s


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From 1933 until 1946-47 Margot Webb and Harold Norton performed on the Afro-American vaudeville circuits of night clubs and theatres in the Northeast and the Midwest. Known professionally as” Norton and Margot,” they were one of the few Afro-American ballroom. This publicity photo was signed “To the sweetest Aunt in the world, My Marion, Lovingly Margot, 1934”


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LADIES & GENTS / 1890s two african american couples riding their bicycles in the country.

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circa 1880s-1890s
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
 - Smith, E. Russell "Noodles" (? - 1952)
E. Russell "Noodles" Smith, so named because he always kept enough money for a bowl of noodles after a night of gambling, is considered to be "the father – or perhaps the midwife - of Seattle jazz." He arrived in Seattle during the Alaska Yukon Pacific Exhibition in 1909 with $17,000 that he claimed was won during a three night gambling spree. With a mind for business and a keen eye on the purse strings, he amassed a fortune from gambling, real estate, and bootlegging and he dominated the nightclub scene that formed the backdrop for Seattle jazz from the 1920s to the 1940s. The list of people who stayed and played in "Noodles"-owned establishments include some of the greatest names in jazz—Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Count Basie, Louis Jordan and Eubie Blake, to name a few.

In 1917, Smith and Burr "Blackie" Williams opened the Dumas Club, a social club for blacks. In 1920 he opened the Entertainers club with yet another partner. In the basement of that club in 1922 he and "Blackie" opened the Alhambra, eventually named the Black and Tan because it admitted whites and blacks. He also owned the Golden West and the Coast hotels in Seattle’s International District, a neighborhood that included Asian Americans and African Americans and was the center of the city’s night life. Smith regularly invested in other people’s ventures, usually taking a percentage of the profits and, if the venture faltered, the entire enterprise. At the height of his power in the late 1920s and early 1930s, Smith was part owner of various businesses in the city.

“Noodles” Smith lived the life of a Roaring Twenties gangster with expensive cars and beautiful women financed by illegal liquor and gambling. He retired from the nightclub business in 1940 and spent the rest of his days as an elder statesman of the community, helping convicts, bankrolling amateur sports and paying off jail fines for the less fortunate at Christmas.

Sources:
Paul de Barros, Jackson Street After Hours, The Roots of Jazz in Seattle (Seattle: Sasquatch Books, 1993)


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1930s


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Distinguished Gentlemen | 1902
George Washington Carver (front row, center) poses with fellow faculty of Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee, AL, 1902. Photograph taken by Frances Benjamin Johnston.


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Donald L Jones , when he was 18 years old. Pennsauken NJ... served in WW2 and received a Purple Heart for his efforts. He was the first black milkman in New Jersey- travelled around the world as a merchant marine, friends with Duke Ellington, Rolling Stones. He passed Nov 2011 at the age of 85.. wonderful man.. Great legacy.


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Mr. and Mrs. William Butler June 28, 1938.


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Agadez, Niger ca. 1950


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Southern Belle |1920s
Richard Samuel Roberts, photographer
From the book, A True Likeness—The Black South of Richard Samuel Roberts: 1920-1936, which depicts South Carolina’s African-American life in the 1920’s and 1930’s, especially the rise of the economically secure middle class


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Ed Small, and his cousin George Small, this was at their junior high graduation with their fathers in NYC...circa 1951; The fathers hail from Panama.
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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15 Aug 1974 --- 1970s african american family man father woman mother two boys sons wading in surf walking along beach together --- Image by © ClassicStock/Corbis © Corbis.


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ALI, SAMMY & JIM BROWN
 
Posted by Vansertimavindicated (Member # 20281) on :
 
As you have figured out, this entire board consists of ONE sick degenerate that has created ficticious names to talk to itself in. There is NOONE on this site that can be trusted but me. The only links on this site that can be trusted are the ones that I provide for you! Here is a link that you can use as a resource and can be trusted!
http://www.raceandhistory.com/

http://www.cbpm.org/index.html


When you have finished reading this post check out this site to learn the truth about history and ALL civilzations. Do NOT be fooled by the real history link that the filthy monkey created using the race and history link as a guide. This is the ONLY site that can be trusted
http://www.raceandhistory.com/

Isnt it funny how this one little link destroys all of the charts, graphs and pics that the filthy monkey lies to us with? You now understand why the filthy monkey continues to spam the board with photos of modern day populations that had absolutely NOTHING to do with ancient Egypt

http://dnatribes.com/dnatribes-digest-2012-01-01.pdf

The next time one of these degenerates tries to tell you a lie just refer the moonkey to the latest DNA analysis on the ancient Egyptians, and then tell the faggot to crawl back in its cave!

http://dnatribes.com/dnatribes-digest-2012-01-01.pdf


This pretty much destroys all of the outdated and fallaceous sources that the silly monkey uses doesnt it?
http://dnatribes.com/dnatribes-digest-2012-01-01.pdf


The pig just keeps showing us why these crackers should not exist! They have genetically recessive genes and ion 50 years they will be the minority in BRITAIN!! THAT ALONE SHOULD TELL YOU THAT THEY WILL EVENTUALLY DIE OUT LIKE THE UNATURAL ABOMINATIONS THAT THEY ARE!

Look at the low IQ monkey with its charts and pictures LOL tHE dna analysis does not matter to this monkey, because it lives in a world of fantasy! lol

Folks, the monkey performs at my commend. I am this monkeys master!But then again all one needs to do is take a cursury look at this monkeys youtube page to understand the tenuous grip on reality that this monkey has! LOL
http://www.youtube.com/user/phoenician7

When the DNA analysis irrefutably shows that the modern day populations of South Africa, West Africa anmd central Africa are the ancestors of the ancient Egyptians what does a low IQ monkey do???

The low IQ monkey shows pictures and charts and munbles on and on about haplogroups while completely ignoring what the DNA analysis of the ancient Egyptians actually says LOL


the DNA analysis irrefutably shows that the modern day populations of South Africa, West Africa anmd central Africa are the ancestors of the ancient Egyptians. Thats what the DNA says, thats what the science says. This monkey in all of its fake names is very pathetic isnt it?

http://dnatribes.com/dnatribes-digest-2012-01-01.pdf

Bookmark this link as it can definitely be TRUSTED
http://www.raceandhistory.com/

http://www.cbpm.org/index.html
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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arriet Harshaw Dula (1824-1907), purchased by Alfred James Dula in 1846 to take care of his 6 children on Belvoir Plantation in North Carolina after the death of his wife. They would have 8 children together. Upon his death, "Squire" Dula would deed land to Harriet and the boys from this union. Today that land is called "Dulatown" and their descendants remain. Her memory is still cherished.


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W. E. B. Du Bois at Camp Litchfield, Maine (1930s)


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the men folk Carthage, Indiana Aug 27, 1939


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Lee and Renee Harris pose on Easter morning in New York City.Photographer unknown, 1946


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Mary Munchie Garrett-Pleasant, seated with her only son Mesiah Edward- Pleasant on the family property in Clover, VA, 1929


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Our First Date July 17, 1949


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Guadeloupean woman (1911) Augustus F. Sherman photographer William William papers, Ellis Island series
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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On their way to church in early 1900's in Dothan, Alabama


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Black folks boarding the #3 bus on Michigan Ave in 1958.
Illinois Central entrance in background to the left.


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BB KING , ALBERT KING, BOBBY BLUE BLAND
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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The Hollis sisters: photo taken in 1958, in Troy Alabama...L-R, Minnie McCullough 1880-1978, Loomie Bush 1893-1967, Foy Flowers 1886-1967, these women were my maternal grandma's maternal great aunts. Their father Sol Hollis had been enslaved and in 1890 he bought 185 acres...He is listed in the 1953 publication of Pike county History, as a Blacksmith and farmer and a substantial Negro



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Mackie Hollis Lawrence 1907-1995, graduated from Antioch State Teachers College in Pike County Alabama.....photo taken in 1929 St. John Church school Pike county Alabama.


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Dr. Holt & the Girls.1930’s Roberts Family Album. ©WaheedPhotoArchive, 2012


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Harris, Abram Lincoln, Jr. (1899-1963)
Image Ownership: Public Domain
Abram Lincoln Harris, Jr., the grandson of slaves, was the first nationally recognized black economist. Harris was highly respected for his work that focused primarily on class analysis, black economic life, and labor to illustrate the structural inadequacies of race and racial ideologies. Harris’s major published works include The Negro Population in Minneapolis: A Study of Race Relations (1926), The Black Worker: the Negro and the Labor Movement (1931), and a book co-authored with Sterling D. Spero, The Negro as Capitalist (1936). His final book, Economics and Social Reform, appeared in 1958.



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This photo, taken in the late 1930s, is of the first African-American girl scouts troop in the Dixie Region, which covered the Southern states. Source Girlscouts.org


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Nellie Morrow was born in Hackensack, NJ on August 27, 1902. When Nellie came of school age she was required to attend a predominantly black elementary school outside of her neighborhood due to segregation. Her father fought for and obtained the right for his children to attend school in their own district. Nellie and her brothers were often ridiculed and threatened as they walked to and from school, making their childhood uneasy. Nellie entered Montclair Normal School and received her teaching certificate in 1922 after graduating from Hackensack High School.

Nellie Morrow’s goal had always been to become a teacher in Hackensack. In spite of community and Board of Education members’ outrage over the hiring of an African-American school teacher. Nellie was supported by school superintendent Dr. Stark, who had given her a practice teaching position during her senior year in college, and finally a teaching contract once she graduated.

The Morrow family was often tormented and isolated over the next three years. They received hate mail and negative press commentaries, and the Ku Klux Klan staged an angry night parade.

Through all of this, Nellie Morrow never wavered in her desire to teach. For many years, it was suggested to Nellie that she should relocate and teach at a southern school for the betterment of her career. Nellie replied, “It’s too bad if one little colored girl can be such a bother to you.”

Nellie remained in the Hackensack school system for 42 years. Even after she married William Parker in 1928, she continued to teach. During this entire time span, she moved only once from First Street School to the Beech Street School. Her entire career was dedicated to creating a loving classroom atmosphere and instilling a sense of pride in all her students.

In 1981, the Hackensack Board of Education renamed the Maple Hill School, The Nellie K. Parker Elementary School in her honor.


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Madam C.J. Walker (left) shown in 1913 along with (left to right) Freeman B. Ransom, Booker T. Washington, Alexander Manning, Dr. Joseph Ward and C.H. Bullock. (Madam Walker Collection, Ind. Historical Society Library)
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Great-grandfather with 6 of his 13 children. Year unknown


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Thanksgiving Crusader Magazine; Onward for Democracy; Upward with Race. [Cover page] (1918-1922)


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Kountz, Samuel Lee, Jr. (1930-1981)
Image Courtesy of the Central Arkansas
Library System

Renowned surgeon and pioneer in organ transplants, Samuel Lee Kountz was born on August 20, 1930 to Samuel Kountz, Sr. and Emma Montague. He was raised in the town of Lexa, one of the most impoverished areas of Arkansas. Without a doctor in the town, Kountz’s father often assumed the role of nurse and his mother was a midwife. Their work sparked Kountz’s desire to become a physician.


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muhammad ali and sam cooke
 
Posted by Troll Patrol (Member # 18264) on :
 
Beautiful vintage.
 
Posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova (Member # 15718) on :
 
Great roundup Truth. Keep adding more.
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
^ you couldn't resist ruining a perfectly good thread could you....no of course not....smh...
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova:
Great roundup Truth. Keep adding more.

Nope, I'm done with this now. It was a perfectly good thread, now completely ruined...there is no longer any point in saving this thread to my pc because I don't want the trash along with it smh kmt [Frown] [Mad] [Mad] [Mad] [Mad] [Mad] [Mad]

If I was a mod, the right thing would be done and garbage would be cleaned out of threads like this....this thread was created specifically for vintage historical photos, including old photos from peoples' old family albums...smh...
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
kmt...no one is going to stop me from doing what I want to do..that being said...


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Attica Prison 1971


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Marietta Canty, actress.


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A gentleman known as W.L, in the early 30's in Dallas, taking a break, reading the funnies on his job. His niece/nephew didn't have the honor of meeting him, but so glad for this well preserved photo of him, that he/she will cherish and hand down.


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An evening out, Houston, TX 1950s


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Beatrice and Ruth, 1950 in Jackson, Mississippi.

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Dorothy Dandridge arriving in London Airport to fulfil a month's engagement at Cafe de Paris. 4th July 1951. Great Britain / Mono Print usage Germany, Austria and Switzerland only, Verwendung nur in Deutschland, ÷sterreich und der Schweiz


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The Mangbetu are a people of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, living in Orientale Province. The majority live in the villages of Rungu, Poko, Watsa, Niangara, and Wamba.

In 1870, German botanist Georg Schweinfurth was the first European to reach the Mangbetu, who live in northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. His exploration account describes them as aristocratic and elegant. Their royal courts, their practice of accentuating the elongation of their heads with elaborate hair styles, their court dances, royal architecture and their arts attracted Western photographers and later film makers in the first half of the 20th century. Profile views of Mangbetu women with the classic coiffure emerged as iconic images and circulated in many media in the West, ranging from postcards, trade cards and postage stamps to sculptures, jewelry, book ends and hood ornaments for cars.

‘Lipombo’, the custom of skull elongation, which was a status symbol among the Mangbetu ruling classes at the beginning of the century and was later emulated by neighboring groups, evolved into a common ideal of beauty among the peoples of the northeastern Congo. According to schildkrout and Keim, the tradition survived until the middle of this century, when it was outlawed by the Belgian government
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Edmonds, Helen Grey (1911-1995)
Scholar and historian Helen Grey Edmonds was the first African American woman to earn a doctoral degree from Ohio State University and the first black woman to second the nomination for a candidate for President of the United States.


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Muhammad Ali chats with Etta James at the piano at the Kinshasa Hotel in Zaire in September 1974. James and other African American musicians were in the country to perform at the Zaire 74 music festival.


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Beach besties 1947 the beach house album 1946-49 waheedphotoarchive, 2011


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Peregrino, Francis Zaccheus Santiago (c.1851–1919), pan-Africanist and newspaper editor in South Africa, was born in Accra, Gold Coast, the son of Zaqueu Francisco. Nothing is known of his mother. His father was the son of a Hausa woman who had been captured in West Africa and taken to Brazil as a slave and who returned to Accra with her children in 1836, becoming part of the Afro-Brazilian community there.
After Peregrino completed elementary school in Accra he was sent to Sierra Leone, then England, to study. He remained in England, working in the iron industry and as a clerk, and on 11 October 1876 he married Ellen Sophia Williams, an American, in Staffordshire. Within two years the couple had two children.

Probably because of the economic recession Peregrino moved from the English midlands to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1887, and his family joined him there the following year. By 1896 he was publishing a weekly newspaper, the Buffalo Spectator, for ‘coloured people’, in Buffalo, New York.
Three years later, he was writing and publishing a similar paper, the Fortnightly Spectator, in Albany, the capital of New York state. Its masthead proclaimed that it was ‘liberal in all things’, and in it Peregrino sought to link African-Americans to their African heritage.
In 1899 he went to London, where he attended the first pan-African conference in 1900. He then travelled on to Cape Town—it seems in part in a vain search for his son Francis Joseph, who had gone to South Africa and there compiled A Short History of the Native Tribes of South Africa (1900). Cape Town was to remain Peregrino’s base for the rest of his life, and his wife and two of his children soon joined him there from the United States.

Only two weeks after his arrival in Cape Town, Peregrino began publishing the South African Spectator, ‘published exclusively in the interests of the Colored People’, which for over a decade was what he was best known for. In it he promoted ideas of pan-Africanism and provided news of the activities of black people around the world. He claimed to be the representative of the Pan-African Association set up by the pan-African conference in London. He hoped to be made American consul in Cape Town, but that came to nothing.
Among his numerous business activities there he represented the Cunard line, booking passages for African students to America, and for a time he ran a real estate agency.
In 1903 he was a member of a delegation to meet the visiting colonial secretary, Joseph Chamberlain. He expected that with all South Africa under British rule the region would enter a new period of prosperity. He remained a strong Anglophile and continued to look to Britain as the potential saviour of the black people in South Africa.

Peregrino soon became a prominent Capetonian, identifying primarily with the mixed-race coloured people of the city. He was active in moves to create a political movement, and helped in the founding of the leading coloured political organization, the African Political Organization (APO), but he soon fell out with its leaders and became a strong critic of the party.
His conservatism offended many coloureds and the African Political Organization mocked his acceptance of racial segregation if facilities were equal. After being mugged by a group of whites, he set up the Coloured People’s Vigilance Society, of which he remained secretary until his death.
Active in petitioning government and serving on delegations on a variety of issues relating to coloureds, he failed to bring coloured and black Africans together, but developed close ties with some Africans.
In 1904 he founded the short-lived South African Native Press Association with Sol Plaatje, a leading African intellectual, and he put much effort into developing ties with a number of African chiefs in the interior, including Chief Silas Molema of the BaRolong, though with little result. Always in financial difficulties—he became bankrupt in 1904—he began to pass information about black politics to the government.

By 1910 Peregrino was suffering from serious health problems, but in that year he published in Cape Town Life among the Natives and Coloured Miners in the Transvaal, and during the First World War he published a recruitment pamphlet for the South African Native Labour Corps.
When he died of a heart attack in Cape Town on 19 November 1919 his only asset was a mining concession given to him by King Lewanika of Barotseland in 1906. Only one of his children, Thomas John, remained in Cape Town after his death; his widow and other children settled either in England or in the United States.
A man of restless energy and sharp intelligence, whom Plaatje referred to as ‘a master mind’ (Plaatje to Silas Molema, 11 July 1920, Molema papers, University of the Witwatersrand), Peregrino was pompous, often dressed like a dandy, and was difficult to get on with.
Not all the copies of his newspaper have survived, but from those that have it is apparent that he was a leading advocate of pan-African ideas in the early twentieth century, and that he helped shape early coloured politics at the Cape.


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A Moment In African History W.E.B. Du Bois attends President Nkrumah’s Inauguration in Accra, Ghana on July 1, 1960.


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Standing Tall Amid the Glares by Paul Schutzer
Lewis Cousins, age 15, the only African American student in the newly desegregated Maury High School, standing alone. 1959, Norfolk, VA


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ca. 1830-1912)

WOMAN OF CULTURE AND AMBITION

Madam Yoko (Mammy Yoko) was a brilliant and ambitious woman who used her friendship with the British to gain control of Kpaa Mende but in the end that very friendship may have destroyed her.

As a child, she was called Soma but acquired the name Yoko at her Sande initiation where she attracted admiration for her beauty and graceful dancing. After an unsuccessful first marriage, Yoko became the wife of Gbenjei , Chief of Taiama ; and although she was barren, Gbenjei made Yoko his head wife. When Gbenjei died, Yoko married Gbanya Lango, a powerful war-chief at Senehun.


In 1875, she saved her husband from a long imprisonment under the British by making a personal appeal to the Governor who was charmed by her beauty and feminine graces. Afterwards, Gbanya used Yoko in diplomatic missions to the British and to other chiefs.

In 1884, after the deaths of Gbanya and his successor, Yoko became the "Queen of Senehun". Within a few years, she had brought all of the Kpaa Mende region (now fourteen chiefdoms) under her nominal control through alliances, warfare, and her ability to call on the support of friendly British troops. She established a famous Sande bush in Senehun where she trained girls from throughout Kpaa Mende, sometimes giving the most beautiful in marriage to sergeants of the Frontier Police or to important chiefs.

When the British declared their Protectorate in 1898, Madam Yoko commanded her people to pay the new tax - but her sub-chiefs rebelled. They held a secret meeting blaming Yoko for "spoiling the country" by supporting the British police, taxes, and forced labor. Yoko took refuge in the police barracks which withstood several attacks by her own subjects, and she was later awarded a silver medal for her loyalty by Queen Victoria.

Madam Yoko ruled as a Paramount Chief in the new British Protectorate until 1906 when it appears that she committed suicide at the age of fifty-five. If true, her reasons have never been altogether clear. A British official wrote that she had obtained all there was to be had in life - love, fame, wealth and power, and felt there was nothing more to look forward to.

But her attempts to manipulate the British for her own ends had turned around on her. She had lost the support of her people, and perhaps she was bored and saw nothing challenging in Britain's new and tightly controlled Protectorate
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Female army veterans of King Behanzin of Dahomey.


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Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia


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Assata Shakur



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Thomas Sankara and his family.


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Martin Delany was an African American writer, abolitionist, physician, and one of earliest Pan-African nationalist. His works include “Blake,” “The Condition, Elevation, Emigration and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States Politically Considered" and “Official Report of the Niger River Valley Exploring Party"


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Paul Lawrence Dunbar
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Vivien Theodore Thomas

(August 29, 1910 – November 26, 1985) was an African-American surgical technician who helped develop the procedures used to treat blue baby syndrome in the 1940s. He was an assistant to Alfred Blalock at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee and later at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. Without any education past high school, Thomas rose above po
verty and racism to become a cardiac surgery pioneer and a teacher to many of the country’s most prominent surgeons.

Thomas showed an extraordinary aptitude for surgery and precise experimentation, which led Blalock to grant him more freedom in the execution of the procedures. Tutored in anatomy and physiology by Blalock and his young research fellow (Dr. Joseph Beard), Thomas rapidly mastered complex surgical techniques and research methodology. He and Blalock developed great respect for one another, forging such a close working relationship that they came to operate almost as a single mind. Outside the lab environment, however, they maintained the social distance dictated by the norms of the times. In an era when institutional racism was the norm, Thomas was classified, and paid, as a janitor, despite the fact that by the mid 1930s he was doing the work of a postdoctoral researcher in Blalock’s lab.

Thomas trained others in the Blue Baby procedure, as well as in a number of other cardiac techniques, including one he developed in 1946 for improving circulation in patients whose great vessels (the aorta and the pulmonary artery) were transposed. A complex operation called an atrial septectomy, the procedure was executed so flawlessly by Thomas that Blalock, upon examining the nearly undetectable suture line, was prompted to remark, “Vivien, this looks like something the Lord made.”


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An Octoroon student at Tuskegee”Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee, Alabama.Source The Negro in the New World by Sir Harry H. Johnston. New York 1910.


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Composer and Vocal Coach Phil Moore Giving Singing Lessons to 23-Year-Old Marilyn Monroe in Hollywood, 1949.


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Richard Moore Rive (1931-1989)

The novelist Richard Moore Rive was born March 1, 1931 in Cape Town, South Africa. His mother was Nancy Rive, a black South African woman and his father was Richardson Moore, an African-American ship hand. Moore abandoned his newly born son, Richard, a few months after he was born, never to be seen again.

Richard Moore Rive grew up in a tenement building called Eaton Place in Cape Town's impoverished black neighborhood, District Six. He was raised by his mother and several half siblings, particularly his half sister Georgina Rive. Rive was also raised Catholic and baptized at the St. Mark’s church in District Six, though he later became an atheist as an adult.

Rive attended primary school at St. Mark’s. At age 12, his high marks earned him a municipal scholarship to the prestigious Trafalgar High School. Along with his studies Rive found time to enjoy hiking and sport, and won several prizes for athletics in amateur competitions.

After completing High School in 1947, Rive worked for a short time as a clerk in a business called Phil Morkel. In 1950, he decided to register at Hewat College of Education to train as a High School English teacher. He completed this education in 1951 and found employment at Vasco High School. After only one year at Vasco, Rive was offered a position at the prestigious South Peninsula High School. He taught there for almost two decades, and eventually became the head of the English Department and an athletics coach and administrator.

While still teaching full time, Rive enrolled at the University of Cape Town in 1952 to pursue a B.A. in English. Due to his teaching and coaching obligations, he did not complete this degree until 1962. He finished his first novel, Emergency, that same year, and it was published in 1964. A protest against apartheid, Emergency was written about the Sharpeville crisis and was quickly banned by the South African government. His 1963 publication of short stories titled African Songs was also very popular, featuring another famous anti-apartheid story titled “The Bench.”

In 1965, Rive was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship and traveled to America to study African and African-American literature at Columbia University. He completed his Master’s degree in literature at Columbia in 1966 and went on to pursue a Doctorate of the Arts at Oxford University in England. His doctoral research was on Olive Schreiner, a South African like Rive, and an author and political activist as well. In 1974, Richard Moore Rive earned his PhD. with a doctoral thesis on Schreiner, which would be published in 1996, several years after his death.

Rive’s other works include Selected Writings (1977), his autobiography, Writing Black (1981), Advance, Retreat (1983), “Buckingham Palace,” District Six (1989), and the sequel to his first novel, Emergency Continued (1990). His final novel, Emergency Continued was completed two weeks before his death on June 4, 1989, when he was stabbed to death in his home in Cape Town. A play production of “Buckingham Palace,” District Six was performed posthumously in 1989 in his honor.


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Roller Skating at the Savoy Ballroom 1940's
Note how everyone is dressed.


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A griot of Senegal playing the kora.


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Fulani woman, circa 1950


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Jimi Hendrix & Devon Wilson, 1970
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Philadelphia


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MOVE house in Powelton Village, West Philadelphia 1978.


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1978 MOVE


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*Yes, she is yte, MOVE had yte members and supporters. This woman actually lost her baby in one of the police raids.*


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Community leaders during 1978 standoff.


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6621 Osage Ave Roof Top Bunker 1985.
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Police attack MOVE May 13, 1985.


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August 8, 1978 Powelton Village Police Attack on MOVE.


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Helicopter dropping bombs on civilians. Philadelphia


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11 people killed (including children)


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The aftermath


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'A total of 65 houses burned to the ground because of a single group of Afrikans that didn't want to participate in this society. Who was WRONG...? Who was RIGHT...?'


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11 dead including 5 children, 65 houses burned May 13, 1985.
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Osage Ave aftermath


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John Africa 1978


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John Africa 1980s


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Delbert Africa surrendering to the police.


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Delbert Africa surrendering, being beaten


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Delbert Africa surrendering to police.


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MOVE members surrendering


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Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Brown, Willa B. (1906-1992)
Image Courtesy of National Archives and Records
Administration, Still Picture Division, World War II,
Neg. ID #: 154

Willa Beatrice Brown, one of a small group of pre-World War II black women aviators, was born in Glasgow, Kentucky on January 22, 1906. The daughter of Reverend and Mrs. Erice B. Brown, she graduated from Wiley High School in Terra Haute, Indiana. In 1927, Brown earned a Bachelor’s degree from Indiana State Teachers College (now Indiana State University) and ten years later a Master’s degree in Business Administration from Northwestern University.

After briefly teaching at Roosevelt High School in Gary, Indiana, she moved to Chicago to become a social worker. It was there, however, that she decided to learn how to fly. In 1934 Brown began her flight instruction under the direction of John Robinson and Cornelius Coffey. She also studied at the Curtiss Wright Aeronautical University and in 1935 earned a Masters Mechanic Certificate.

In 1937 Brown became the first African-American woman in the U.S. to earn a commercial pilot’s license. Two years later she married her former flight instructor, Cornelius Coffey, and they co-founded the Cornelius Coffey School of Aeronautics, the first black-owned and operated private flight training academy in the U.S.

In 1939, the Coffey school was awarded a contract by the Federal Government to train Americans to fly airplanes in case of a national emergency. Later that year, Brown became a co-founder of the National Airmen's Association of America. She also joined the Challenger Air Pilot’s Association, the Chicago Girls Flight Club, and purchased her own airplane all between 1939 and 1940.

By 1941, hundreds of men and women had trained under Brown, including many men who later became members of the famed Tuskegee Airmen. Brown was the director/coordinator of two Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) programs: one at the Harlem Airport and the other at Wendell Phillips High School in Chicago.

Brown achieved another distinction in 1941, when she became the first African-American officer in the U.S. Civil Air Patrol (CAP); she was commissioned a Lieutenant. The U.S. government also named her federal coordinator of the CAP Chicago unit. In 1943, Brown earned her mechanic’s license, becoming the first woman in the United States to have both a mechanic’s license and a commercial pilot’s license.

In 1946, Brown, a Republican, also became the first African American woman to run for Congress. Although she lost to the Democrat incumbent, William Levi Dawson, she remained politically active. She supported various causes throughout her political career, including the racial and gender integration of the U.S. Army Air Corps.

In 1955, Brown, now 49, married Rev. J.H. Chappell, the minister of the West Side Community Church in Chicago. In 1972, in recognition of her contributions to aviation in the United States as a pilot, an instructor, and an activist, Ms. Brown-Chappell was appointed to the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) Women’s Advisory Board. Willa B. Brown-Chappell died on July 18, 1992 at the age of 86 in Chicago.


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Jitterbugging on a Saturday Night in a Mississippi Juke Joint, 1939.
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
photo album with some very interesting vintage pics of Jamaica (with captions):
http://www.flickr.com/photos/caribbeanphotoarchive/sets/72157608798186282/with/3008093761/


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Here's a picture of the day we gained independence by photographer © Arthur Rickerby (LIFE). August 6, 1962 was a joyous day


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August 6th is celebrated as Independence Day in Jamaica. The country acquired its independence from the British colonial powers on 6th August 1962 after years of political subjugation. Initially a Spanish territory, Jamaica was soon taken over by the British in the 17th century.


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maica’s new prime minister, Alexander Bustamante, greets Princess Margaret on her arrival from London on August 3, 1962.
Photographer: © The Gleaner Company Ltd (1962)


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Young Garth Taylor, raising flag at Jamaican Independence, 6th August 1962



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In this August 1962 Gleaner photograph, a Boy Scout salutes HRH Princess Margaret as she arrives at Gordon House to open the first session of Jamaica's Parliament.


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Jamaica Independence… August 6, 1962.
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Picking the Pods of the Chocolate Cocoa, Jamaica, 1900

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Sugar Cane Field Hands, Montego, Jamaica, 1900


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Carrying Bananas To Market, Jamaica, 1900


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Jubilee Market, Kingston, Jamaica, 1900


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Rural Schoolhouse, Jamaica, 1900


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A Jamaican Family and their Home amidst the Palm Groves of Jamaica, 1900
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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'A radiant Dorothy Dandridge descends the staircase in a London nightclub, photographed by Larry Burrows, 1951'


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Brown, Charlotte Eugenia Hawkins (1883-1961)

Image Ownership: Public Domain
Born Lottie Hawkins in Henderson, North Carolina, in 1883, her family moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, early in her childhood to avoid racial discrimination in their home state. In Cambridge, she attended Allston Grammar School, Cambridge English High School and Salem State Normal School in Salem, Massachusetts.

During her senior year at Cambridge High School Hawkins met Alice Freeman Palmer, who in 1882 was named the first woman president of Wellesley College. Palmer would become a role-model, mentor and influence in Hawkins’s life. Hawkins became Palmer’s protégé as the two women developed a life long bond. Palmer assisted Hawkins financially in attending Salem State Normal School, a teachers college.

In 1901 eighteen year old Hawkins accepted a teaching position in North Carolina offered by the American Missionary Association. Although she did not graduate from Salem State, she decided to take the post anyway knowing that since there were few educational opportunities for black children she would do what she could to address the problem.

In her first year back in her native state, Hawkins taught rural black children at Bethany Congregational Church in Sedalia, North Carolina. In 1902, however, after the school was closed due to financial problems, Hawkins, with the assistance of her mentor Alice Freeman Palmer, established the Alice Freeman Palmer Institute. This school, located in Sedalia, instructed children between the elementary and junior college level. It would operate through the late 1950s. In 1911 Charlotte Hawkins married fellow Institute teacher Edward S. Brown. Although the marriage was brief, she retained his surname and became Charlotte Hawkins Brown.

Initially Brown followed the vocational curriculum of Booker T. Washington’s Tuskegee Institute, focusing on manual training and industrial education for rural living. But over the half century Brown gradually came to embrace liberal arts education.

Charlotte Hawkins Brown continued her own formal education as well. While directing the Institute she took courses at Simmons College, Temple University and Wellesley College. In the 1927-1928 school year Brown was named “special student” at Wellesley College, giving her the freedom to choose any course she wanted without any constraints of degree requirements. As her dedication and efforts in education became nationally acclaimed, Brown received several honorary degrees and traveled in circles that included Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. DuBois, fellow school founder Mary McLeod Bethune and Eleanor Roosevelt.

Besides her work as an educator Brown also became a talented essayist and short story writer. Throughout her adult life she was a dedicated anti-segregationist and an advocate for African American cultural pride and identity.


Charlotte Hawkins Brown died in 1961. Soon afterwards, North Carolina designated the Alice Freeman Palmer Institute the first historical landmark of North Carolina identified with an African American.

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Cheatham, Henry Plummer (1857-1935)

Born into slavery in Henderson, North Carolina, Henry Cheatham was the child of an enslaved domestic worker about who little is known. An adolescent after the American Civil War, Cheatham benefited from country’s short lived commitment to provide educational opportunities to all children. He attended public school where he excelled in his studies. After high
school Cheatham was admitted to Shaw University, founded for the children of freedmen, graduating with honors in 1882. He earned a masters degree from the same institution in 1887.

During his senior year of college, Cheatham helped to found a home for African American orphans. In 1883, Cheatham was hired as the Principal of the State Normal School for African Americans, at Plymouth, North Carolina. He held the position for a year when his career as an educator gave way to his desire to enter state politics.

Cheatham ran a successful campaign for the office of Registrar of Deeds at Vance County, North Carolina in 1884, and he served the county for four years. He also studied law during his first term in office, with an eye toward national politics. In 1888 Henry Cheatham ran for Congress as a Republican in North Carolina’s Second Congressional District. He defeated his white Democratic opponent, Furnifold M. Simmons.

Cheatham entered the Fifty-first U.S. Congress and would be returned to office again in 1890. As a United States Congressman, Cheatham supported Henry Cabot Lodge’s Federal Elections Bill sponsored by representatives who wished to end election violence against African American voters. Although Cheatham’s efforts helped the measure pass in the House of Representatives, the Lodge bill was killed in the U.S. Senate. Later, Cheatham sponsored an unsuccessful bill requiring Congress to appropriate funds for African American participation at the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893. Cheatham wanted the fair’s visitors to see the demonstrable progress African Americans had made since the end of slavery.

More effective at winning political concessions outside of the halls of Congress, Cheatham used his political clout to win federal posts for Republicans. In all he secured over eighty jobs for members of his party. His efforts were controversial, however, as African Americans and whites alike, complained that too many positions went to the “opposite” race. Cheatham ran for Congress for a third time in 1892 but lost. In 1897 he accepted a position as Recorder of Deeds for Washington D.C. In 1907, Cheatham returned to North Carolina where he served as the superintendent of the African American orphanage that he had co-founded two decades earlier. Henry Plummer Cheatham died on November 29th, 1935 in North Carolina. He was survived by his six children, three from his first marriage to Louise Cherry Cheatham, and three from his marriage to Laura Joyner Cheatham.
 
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“Thirteen Cokes, Please.”
Clara Luper, an Oklahoma history teacher, ordered those Cokes at Katz Drugstore in Oklahoma City on August 19, 1958 for herself and twelve children, ages 6 to 17. Lunch counters in Oklahoma, like much of the South, were segregated. This wasn’t just a request for drinks, but a request for civil rights.

Waitresses ignored them. Other patrons did not: leaving the r
estaurant, pouring drinks on them, cursing at them. (Did I mention there were children as young as six?) The group left after a few hours without a drink. They returned the next day and were served their Cokes, and burgers, too.

“Within that hamburger was the whole essence of democracy.” - Clara Luper

Note: This took place a year and a half before the much more famous sit-in at the Greensboro (NC) Woolworth’s on February 1, 1960.

Luper would continue her fight to desegregate public spaces in Oklahoma City. She was arrested 26 times between 1958 and the passage of Oklahoma law to desegregate. (Passed two days after the Civil Rights Act.)


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Ella Fitzgerald performing at Mr. Kelly’s (now Gibson’s on Rush), 1958, Chicago.


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Miriam Makeba in New York City


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Jimi Hendrix & Mick Jagger, New York, 1969


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A black man rides a bus restricted to whites only, in Durban. In an act of resistance to South Africa’s apartheid policies, 1986.



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Eartha Kitt and James Dean taking Katherine Dunham’s dance class


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REBECCA HUGER was a slave in her father’s house in New Orleans. This portrait of her was taken by Charles Paxson, ca. 1864. Rebecca was eleven years old at the time.

Following emancipation, abolitionists launched a fundraising campaign to raise money for public education of freed black slaves. The premise: tug at the heartstrings of anti-slavery whites in the North with images of slave children w
ho looked like their own. The photos, which featured mixed-race children like Rebecca Huger, were sold for 25 cents to one dollar each, depending on size. The proceeds were donated to freedman schools in Louisiana.

Photo: Gladstone Collection, Library of Congress
 
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African American dancer Katherine Dunham dancing the Florida East-Coast shimmy with dancer Ohardieno during show “Shore Exursion”. New York, NY. 1943.


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Nina Simone and her daughter.


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Formation of black soldiers in the Spanish-American War, 1898.Photograph was originally titled “Some of our brave colored boys who helped to free Cuba.”. Library of Congress via LEARNNC.org



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On a cold afternoon in February 1919, thousands of New Yorkers lined up on Fifth Avenue to celebrate the veterans of the famous 369th Colored Infantry Regiment upon their return from France. The all-black unit was among the first regiments to arrive in France in 1917, and among the most highly decorated when it returned. The 369th earned the nickname “Harlem Hellfighters” for their ferocity in battle.


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A group of African American children posing on sliding board ladder at playground on Kennard Field with Terrace Village housing, c. 1949. Courtesy of Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, PA.

“Teenie Harris photographed for the Pittsburgh Courier for almost 40 years, documenting life in the African-American community. His approximately 70,000 negatives, recently acquired by the museum, form one of the richest-known archives of Black life in an American city from the 1930s to the 1970s.” ——- Carnegie Museum of Art


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Killlens, John Oliver (1916-1987)

Twice nominated for the Pulitzer Prize, John Oliver Killens was an editor, essayist, activist, critic and novelist who inspired a generation of African American writers through his Harlem Writers Guild. He inspired such literary artists as Rosa Guy, Maya Angelou, Ossie Davis and Audrey Lorde. The great grandson of former slaves, whose stories he heard first hand,
Killens was born in Macon, Georgia in 1916. The segregated, racist world of his youth in the South and the military during young adulthood, in which he served during World War II, became the backdrop and central themes of his work. He attended Morris Brown College, Howard University, Columbia University and New York University. He later taught at Fisk and Howard Universities and was writer-in-residence at New York’s Medgar Evers College.

Writing within the tradition of the protest novel created by Richard Wright, Killens published his first novel, Youngblood (1954), which, set in Crossroads, Georgia, tells the story Youngblood family’s effort to live with dignity in the Jim Crow South rather than migrating to the North. Killens’ second novel, And Then We Heard the Thunder (1962), details the experiences of a soldier, Solly Saunders, in the segregated military. Killens traces Saunders’ route from basic training in Georgia to battlefields throughout the South Pacific. Killens’s third novel, ‘SIPPI (1967), begins with the history making Supreme Court 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education, which declared illegal segregation in education. Wishing to enact his own end to segregation, the protagonist, Jesse Chaney, a black sharecropper, confronts Charles Wakefield, a Mississippi plantation owner and so-called “friend of the Negro.” Wakefield calls him “nigger,” to reveal his disapproval of the Court’s decision. Killens, like Wright, rips the veil off black and white relationship in the South that remained a legacy of slavery. Set in the North, Killens’s fourth novel, The Cotillion, Or One Good Bull Is Half the Herd (1971), satirizes and critiques intra-racial issues he associates with the black middle class and class division within the black community through his heroine, Yoruba, a black militant. Killens wrote two screenplays, Odds Against Tomorrow (1959) and Slaves (1969), which was also published as a novel.

A major proponent of the value of a black aesthetics, Killens published in such journals as The Black Scholar, Negro Diges and Black World. He also published Black Man's Burden (1965), a collection of essays. He collaborated with Jerry Ward to compile Black Southern Voices: An Anthology of Fiction, Poetry, Drama, Nonfiction, and Critical Essays (1992). John Oliver Killens died of cancer in Brooklyn, New York at the age of 71.


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Frankie Manning, leading dancer at Harlem’s Savoy Ballroom, and Ann Johnson (1941)


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White House kitchen, take between 1891 and 1893.Frances Benjamin Johnston, photographer.Johnston Collection, Library of Congress.
 
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Black Harlem Voters, 1936


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Portrait of “Bright” Oscar Moore
Anderson, New York, ca. 1875


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Flora is full of vim, with remarkably retentive memory.”
Portrait of Flora Stewart, a 117-year-old former slave, November 5, 1867


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Arminta Wilson with grandson Paul Davis, Winnipeg, Manitoba, March 22, 1919.


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Edmond Fortier's journey through Mali in 1905/06

French colonization of West Africa started by the end of the 19th century. Military men such as Louis Desplagnes (1878-1914) and Emile-Louis Abbat (1867-1916) brought back many exceptional photographs from their missions abroad. Desplagnes undertook his journey in 1904/05 and made us discover Dogon country for the very first time. His in-depth study has been published in a monumental book in 1907 (Le Plateau Central Nigérien). Edmond Fortier (1862-1928), on the other hand, was a professional photographer living in Dakar. He has published between 1900 and 1910 more than 4200 photos as postcards. In 1905/06, Fortier undertook a long trip that brought him from Guinea through Bamako, Ségou, Mopti and Dogon country to Timbuktu. On his way back he visited Djenné and Kayes. The photos of the postcards presented here were made during this trip. Some of the places visited are shown on the map to the right. The negatives of his photographs seem to have disappeared. Thanks to Fortier we know today what Timbuktu, Djenné and Bandiagara looked like a hundred years ago.


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Kayes: Ed. A.B.&C. Nancy, photographer anonymous before 1904.
Edmond Fortier's journey through Mali in 1905/06


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Portrait of two women clothed in various kangas and fine jewelry. Madagascar, circa 1890
 
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 - Niagara Movement (1905-1909)
Women of the Niagara movement
The Niagara Movement was a civil rights group organized by W.E.B. DuBois and William Monroe Trotter in 1905. After being denied admittance to hotels in Buffalo, New York, the group of 29 business owners, teachers, and clergy who comprised the initial meeting gathered at Niagara Falls, from which the group’s name derives.

The principles behind the Niagara Movement were largely in opposition to Booker T. Washington’s philosophy of Accommodationism. Trotter, editor of the Boston Guardian, had publicly reprimanded Washington at a Boston meeting in 1903. In The Souls of Black Folk, DuBois had also condemned Washington for his lowered expectations for African Americans. The Niagara Movement drafted a “Declaration of Principles,” part of which stated: “We refuse to allow the impression to remain that the Negro-American assents to inferiority, is submissive under oppression and apologetic before insults.”

The Niagara Movement attempted to bring about legal change, addressing the issues of crime, economics, religion, health, and education. The Movement stood apart from other black organizations at the time because of its powerful, unequivocal demand for equal rights. The Niagara Movement forcefully demanded equal economic and educational opportunity as well as the vote for black men and women. Members of the Niagara movement sent a powerful message to the entire country through their condemnation of racial discrimination and their call for an end to segregation.

While the movement had grown to include to 170 members in thirty-four states by 1906, it also encountered difficulties. W.E.B. DuBois supported the inclusion of women in the Niagara Movement, William Monroe Trotter did not. Trotter left the movement in 1908 to start his own group, the Negro-American Political League.

The Niagara Movement met annually until 1908. In that year a major race riot broke out in Springfield, Illinois. Eight blacks were killed and over 2,000 African Americans fled the city. Symbolically important because it was the first northern race riot in four decades and because it was in the hometown of Abraham Lincoln, black and white activists, including members of the Niagara Movement, felt a new more powerful, interracial organization was now needed to combat racism. Out of this concern the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was formed. The Niagara Movement was considered the precursor to the NAACP and many of its members, such as W.E.B. DuBois, were among the new organization’s founders.


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Sunday stroll 1920s


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Laney, Lucy Craft (1854-1933)
Lucy Craft Laney, educator, school founder, and civil rights activist, was born in Georgia on April 13, 1854 in Macon, Georgia to free parents Louisa and David Laney. David Laney, a Presbyterian minister and skilled carpenter, had purchased his freedom approximately twenty years before Lucy Laney’s birth. He purchased Louisa’s freedom shortly after they were marri
ed. Lucy Laney learned to read and write by the age of four and by the time she was twelve, she was able to translate difficult passages in Latin including Julius Caesar’s Commentaries on the Gallic War.

Laney attended Lewis (later Ballard) High School in Macon, Georgia and in 1869, at the age of fifteen, she joined Atlanta University’s first class. Four years later she graduated from the teacher’s training program at the University. After teaching for ten years in Macon, Savannah, Milledgeville, and Augusta, she in 1883 opened her own school in the basement of Christ Presbyterian Church in Augusta, Georgia. Originally intended only for girls, when several boys appeared she accepted them as pupils. For the first couple of years, only a handful of students attended, but by the end of the second year over 200 African American children were pupils at her school. Three years after the founding of the school, the state licensed it as Haines Normal and Industrial Institute. The school was named after Francine E.H. Haines, a lifetime benefactor of the school who donated $10,000 to establish the Institute. In the 1890s the Haines Institute was the first school to offer a kindergarten class for African American children in Georgia. By 1912 it employed thirty-four teachers, and had over nine hundred students enrolled. Among the graduates of Haines Institute were Mary McLeod Bethune, Charlotte Hawkins Brown, Nannie Helen Burroughs, Joseph Simeon Flipper, and Frank Yerby.

In Augusta in 1918, Lucy Laney helped to found the Augusta branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). She was also active in the Interracial Commission, the National Association of Colored Women, and the Niagara Movement. Laney helped to integrate the community work of the YMCA and YWCA. She served as the director of the cultural center for Augusta’s African American community.

Lucy Laney died on October 23, 1933 in Augusta. Because of her work in education, Laney was one of the first African Americans to have her portrait displayed in the Georgia state capital in Atlanta.


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Children playing leap frog on a Harlem Street (circa 1930)


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Try Police Not Huey opening day Huey P Newton trial - Oakland Court house - l969
 
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Portrait of sisters Janie (right) and Nettie Johnson - Macon, Georgia, 1899

Janie Johnson Nolley, the older sister, became the head of the household after her mother died from complications related to childbirth when Nettie Johnson Leapheart was 9 months old.

State Archives of Florida, Florida Memory


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Dance for African American enlisted personnel at Camp Rousseau Seabee Camp at Port Hueneme, CA. 1943.


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Eddie Kendricks(Temptation) Marlon,Mike,Ewart Abner Jr.(president Motown 73-74),Chris Jonz(vice president Motown and future manager of Stevie Wonder),Cecil Hale( DJ in Chicago) - 1973.


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The man pictured with Nimoy and Shatner was one of “only three black employees on the whole [Desilu] lot…Nichelle Nichols, [him]self, and the guy who had the food truck—who closed it up after lunch and then shined shoes.”

His name is Charles Washburn and he is the first ever African American to be Assistant Director in Hollywood, he was also the first African-American to apply and graduate from the Directors Guild of America Assistant Directors Training Program.

He passed away earlier in 2012.



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"A man has always wanted to lay me down, but never wanted to pick me up.” -Eartha Kitt


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Phyllis Hyman and Rick James


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Monk and Dizzy


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Dick Gregory, Bob Marley and Earl Lindo. Press Conference Amandla Festival, 1979
 
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Fritz Pollard was the first African-American coach in the NFL.

Many football fans probably recall the media coverage in 1989 when Art Shell became the first black head coach in the NFL’s modern era. Not too many fans likely remember the fine print in that announcement, that the first black head coach in the league predated Shell by about 70 years. That honor belongs to Fritz Pollard, who served a
s a player-coach with the Akron Pros in 1921. At the time, Pollard was much better known for his abilities on the field, primarily as a runner, but also in breaking the color barrier. While at Brown University, he became the first African-American to play in the Rose Bowl. He and another black player, Bobby Marshall, broke the color barrier in pro football in 1920. Pollard was first team all-pro in 1920, and led Akron to the league championship before moving on to play and coach with other teams in the league. Unfortunately, Pollard was kicked out of the NFL, along with other black players, in 1926 as the league opted for segregation. Pollard’s legacy might have been forgotten forever, had he not been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2005.


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Janis Joplin & Tina Turner


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Underdown Family Delicatessen circa 1904; Owners, Mr. & Mrs. Underdown, with two employees—14th & S St., N.W. Washington, D.C., ca. 1904


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The Children of Little Hayti, Durham, NC, 1966


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Nat King Cole and the beautiful Ms. Dorothy Jean Dandridge


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Portrait of jazz legends Thelonious Monk, Howard McGhee, Roy Eldridge, and Teddy Hill in front of Minton’s Playhouse in Harlem, N.Y, 1947, from the William Gottlieb Collection


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Alex Manly with his wife, Caroline Sadgwar Manly, and their infant son, Milo.

Alex Manly was editor of the Wilmington Daily Record, an African American newspaper in Wilmington, N.C., during the late 19th century. In 1898, he and his brother Frank were forced to flee the city on the eve of the Wilmington race riot. Manly later settled in Philadelphia, where this photograph was taken. ca. 1900 -
1910 (date approximated)
East Carolina University Library Digital Collections
 
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Nov 27th marks the birth in 1878, of "Major" Taylor. He was an African-American cyclist and one of the preeminent American sports pioneers of the 20th century. He first appeared as an amateur in races around Indianapolis and Chicago and later in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New York. Soon recognized as the "colored Sprint Champion of America," he turned professional and astonished everyone. He continued to work at the bike shop until prominent bicycle racer "Birdie" Munger coached him for his first professional racing success in 1896.


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Dr. King with young pickets. June, 1964.


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Nashville, Tennessee. February, 1960. Students busted for protesting segregation fill the Nashville jail to overflowing.


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Louis Armstrong and band (photo by Haywood Magee Hulton Archive


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Central Park 1970s


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Beta Chapter, Alpha Phi Alpha, Howard University
c. 1913 Collection: Lorenzo Dow Turner Papers, Anacostia Museum, Smithsonian Institution


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In the 1950s, the popular nightclub, Mocambo would not book Ella Fitzgerald because she was black. Fortunately for Ella, she had a powerful and unlikely benefactor Marilyn Monroe. “I owe Marilyn Monroe a real debt…it was because of her that I played the Mocambo, a very popular nightclub in the ’50s. She personally called the owner of the Mocambo, and told him she wanted me booked immediately, and if he would do it, she promised she would take a front table every night. She told him – and it was true, due to Marilyn’s superstar status – that the press would go wild. The owner said yes, and Marilyn was there, front table, every night. The press went overboard. After that, I never had to play a small jazz club again. She was an unusual woman – and ahead of her time and she didn’t know it.” – Ella Fitzgerald


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She became the silver screen’s hottest Black sex symbol and was described at one time as one of the five most beautiful women in the world. Her beauty, grace, good singing voice and acting ability all came into play during the transformation of her life into a classic Hollywood tale — one with a bittersweet mixture of joy and pain. First there was the fruit of her labor — the fame, the $100,000 per movie, a collection of jewels, a mansion in Hollywood Hills and a white Thunderbird car that was accentuated by the matching white beaver coat in which she wrapped herself. She was a star among stars.” - Walter Leavy on Dorothy Dandridge in the December 1993 issue of Ebony
 
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Sailors in their bunkroom aboard the U.S.S. Ticonderoga (CV-14) on eve of the Battle of Manila, PI. Thomas L. Crenshaw (STM1/c) looks at a picture of his three children, while a bunkmate writes a letter home.” November 4, 1944. Lt. Wayne Miller, photographer. National Archives and Records Administration


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Whites sit on a bus stop bench with blacks two weeks after the city of Johannesburg in South Africa allowed blacks to travel on ‘whites-only’ buses in February, 1990.


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1899 Seychelles Creole Music Player


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“More than 100 wounded Negro soldiers, sailors, marines and Coast Guardsmen were fed by The Equestriennes, a group of Government Girls, at an annual Thanksgiving dinner at Lucy D. Slowe Hall, Washington, D. C., Sunday afternoon, November 26, 1944; The veterans were greeted by Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt and heard addresses by Truman K. Gibson, Civilian Aide to the secretary of War; Mrs. Mary McLeod Bethune, President of the National Council of Negro Women; Dr. Marshall Shepard, Recorder of Deeds; Capt. [Captain] Herbert E. Carter of the famed 99th Pursuit Squadron; and Carlton Moss, writer and director of “The Negro Soldier”; Mrs. Lillie Brooks, mother of Sgt. [Sergeant] Joe Louis, was a guest at the dinner; Col. [Colonel] Campbell C. Johnson, Executive Assistant to the Director of Selective Service, served as master of ceremonies.” Helen Levitt, photographer


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A rare photo of John Coltrane on Drums!!


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Tuskegee airmen attending a briefing.
Foreground (left to right): Joseph L. “Joe” Chineworth (partial view, wheel cap) Memphis, TN, Class 44-E; Emile G. Clifton, San Francisco, CA, Class 44-B; Richard S. “Rip” Harder, Brooklyn, NY, Class 44-B.
Along back wall (back to front): Frank N. Wright, Elmsford, NY, Class 44-F; Robert J. Murdic, Franklin, TN, Class 44-F; Jimmie D. Wheeler.
Ramitelli, Italy, March 1945.
Source: Tuskegee Airmen 332nd Fighter Group pilots
Toni Frissell Collection, Library of Congress


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(1825-1890) Alexander Thomas Augusta was the highest-ranking black officer in the Union Army during the Civil War . He was also the first African American head of a hospital (Freedmen’s Hospital) and the first black professor of medicine (Howard University).

Augusta was born in Norfolk, Virginia in 1825 to free African American parents. He moved to Baltimore as a youth to work as a barber while pursuing a medical education. The University of Pennsylvania would not accept him but a faculty member took interest in him and taught him privately. In 1847 he married Mary O. Burgoin, a Native American. By 1850, Augusta and his wife moved to Toronto where he was accepted by the Medical College at the University of Toronto where he received an M.B. in 1856. He was appointed head of the Toronto City Hospital and was also in charge of an industrial school.

On April 14, 1863, Augusta was commissioned (the first out of eight other black officers in the Civil War) as a major in the Union army and appointed head surgeon in the 7th U.S. Colored Infantry. His pay of $7 a month, however, was lower than that of white privates. He wrote Massachusetts Senator Henry Wilson who raised his pay to the appropriate level for commissioned officers.
Augusta also experienced white violence when he was mobbed in Baltimore for publicly wearing his officer’s uniform. When his white assistants, also surgeons, complained about being subordinate to a black officer, President Lincoln placed him in charge of the Freedman’s Hospital at Camp Barker near Washington, D.C. Augusta wrote a letter to his commanding general protesting his segregation on trains when he left Baltimore and requested the protection of the President for other black soldiers and families In 1865, Augusta was promoted to lieutenant colonel, at the time the highest-ranking black officer in the U.S. military. He was mustered out of service in 1866.

After the military, Augusta was in charge of the Lincoln Hospital in Savannah, Georgia until 1868 when he started his own practice in Washington, D.C. He then became the first black medical professor as one of the original faculty members of the newly formed Medical College at Howard University in Washington, D.C. Despite the financial hardships of the young institution, Augusta remained there until 1877. He also served at the Smallpox Hospital and Freedman’s Hospital, both in D.C. Despite being denied recognition as a physician by the American Medical Association, Augusta encouraged young black medical students to persevere and helped make Howard University an early success. Alexander T. Augusta died in Washington in 1890. He was the first black officer to be buried in the Arlington National Cemetery.


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Malcolm X speaks at a rally in Durham, April 18, 1963. The event was originally scheduled for the N.C. Central University campus but was banned there and moved to a lodge on N. Roxboro Street.

Photo courtesy of the Durham Herald Sun.
 
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Senator Robert F. Kennedy (D-NY) and Central Brooklyn Coordinating Council’s Donald F. Benjamin join children on a playground. February 5, 1966
Bedford Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, New York

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New York City - first annual ball of the Skidmore Guard, a colored military organization, at the Seventh Avenue Germania assembly rooms”
February 24, 1872
Illustration appeared in: Frank Leslie’s Weekly, an illustrated literary and news publication founded in 1852 and continued until 1922.


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Young Dancers, Frederick Douglass Housing Project in Anacostia, Washington DC, 1942 - photo by Gordon Parks


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Ella Fitzgerald singing with children at Christmas party of South Central Community Child Care Center in Watts, Calif., 1975
December 25, 1975
Los Angeles Times photographic archive, UCLA Library. Copyright Regents of the University of California, UCLA.


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The SS George Washington Carver, second liberty ship to be named for an outstanding Negro American, was launched at the Richmond (Cal.) Shipyard No. 1 of the Kaiser Company on May 7, 1943; Montrose Carrol, a chipper who worked on the 10,500-ton liberty ship, was the lucky man who received a kiss from Lena Horne, sponsor, in behalf of all of the Richmond shipyard workers.”
E. F. Joseph, photographer


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Fashion Mart—Jackie Robinson being fitted
ca. 1940 - 1950
Scurlock Studio (Washington, D. C.), photographers


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Young Miles Davis
 
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Vintage Quincy Jones


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Eugene Von Grona coaches dancers from the First American Negro Ballet, 1937.


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John B. Vashon


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Rev. Josiah Henson (July 15, 1789 - May 15, 1883) and his wife Nancy.
After he escaped to Canada in October 1830, it is said Rev. Henson aided more than 600 slaves to freedom. He founded a settlement and school for other fugitive slaves called the Dawn Settlement in Ontario.
Rev. Henson is believed to be the inspiration for Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin. He himself was the author of three autobiographical works:
Truth Stranger Than Fiction. Father Henson’s Story of His Own Life (1858)
The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada, as Narrated by Himself (1849)
Uncle Tom’s Story of His Life: An Autobiography of the Rev. Josiah Henson (1876)


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Jane M. Bolin was the first Black woman graduate of Yale Law School and the first Black woman in the United States to become a judge. She is pictured here in July 1939, shortly after her appointment by New York City mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia, which made news all over the world. Judge Bolin retired in 1979 after 40 years as a judge - but only because she had reached the mandatory retirement age of 70. She died at age 98 in 2007.


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June Jordan, Alice Walker, Lucille Clifton and Audre Lorde sing together at the Phillis Wheatley Poetry Festival in 1979.


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University of Oregon football player Bobby Robinson taken in 1929. Robinson, along with Charles Williams, were the first two African American athletes at the University of Oregon. Robinson also participated in track and field and was a standout pole vaulter.
University of Oregon Libraries, Eugene Oregon


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Jones, Gilbert Haven (1881-1966)
Image Courtesy of Edwin Robinson
In 1909 Gilbert Haven Jones became the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from a German university. After completing his doctoral studies in philosophy, Jones returned to the United States to take up teaching and administrative positions, primarily at Wilberforce University. Jones was also the first African American with
a Ph.D. to teach psychology in the United States.

Gilbert Haven Jones was born in Fort Mott, South Carolina on August 21, 1881, to Bishop Joshua H. Jones and Elizabeth “Lizzy” (Martin) Jones. Bishop Jones held multiple positions in the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church and was also a prominent figure at AME-supported Wilberforce University. When Gilbert Haven graduated from Wilberforce with his Bachelor of Arts (1902) and Bachelor of Science (1903) degrees, his father was president of the institution.

After Wilberforce, Jones took up a teaching position at the local black high school in Carlisle, Pennsylvania while simultaneously pursuing a Masters degree in philosophy from nearby Dickinson College. Upon receiving his degree in 1906 Jones traveled to Europe and studied briefly at the Universities of Göttingen, Berlin, Leipzig, Halle, as well as Toulouse and the Sorbonne in Paris before settling in at the University of Jena. There he successfully completed his Ph.D. in two years with a dissertation entitled Lotze und Bowne: Eine Vergleichung Ihrer philosophischen Arbeit (Lotze and Bowne: A Comparison of their Philosophical Work).

Jones returned to the United States where he taught at Wilberforce and nearby Central State University. During his time at Wilberforce he was a professor of philosophy and psychology as well as Dean of the College of Liberal Arts (1914-1924) and the University’s fourth president (1924-1932).

Jones’s dedication to education was solidified in his one book Education in Theory and Practice (1919). Therein he lays out the various techniques, pedagogical practices, and recourses necessary for a successful school system. Jones’s dedication to the field of philosophy and his recognition of its utility within education, psychology, and religion mark him as one of the most important African American philosophers of the early twentieth century.

Jones married Rachel Gladys Coverdale on June 8, 1910. Their union yielded four children: Gladys Havena, born in May of 1911, Gilbert Haven Jr., September of 1914, Ruth Inez born on May 1, 1919, and Donald Coverdale born on October 1, 1921.

Gilbert Haven Jones died in Chicago, Illinois on June 24, 1966. He was 85.
 
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Dr. Ralph J. Bunche with his wife, Ruth, and their daughters Jane, left, and Joan in 1938.

In 1950, Dr. Bunche became the first African-American Nobel Peace Prize winner. He was awarded the honor in recognition of his successful work as a United Nations mediator in Palestine.
Los Angeles, California


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Billie Holiday


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Duke Ellington


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Start of super heating union” Inventor Charles S.L. Baker and unidentified man standing behind heating (radiator) system. One man is holding a knob that is attached to two wires. St. Louis, Missouri, ca. 1906 Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division


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1927


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Malcolm X


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Photo of Eldridge Cleaver by William Klein, 1969.


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Cicely Tyson, James Baldwin, Arthur Mitchell (dancer and founder,Dance Theatre of Harlem) and Harry Belafonte attend the “To Be Young, Gifted And Black” gala on January 2, 1969 at the Cherry Lane Theater in New York City.
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Eunice Kathleen Waymon (February 21, 1933 – April 21, 2003) and John Elroy Sanford (December 9, 1922 – October 11, 1991) aka Nina Simone and Redd Foxx.


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Composing room of the Planet newspaper, Richmond, Virginia ca. 1899


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Duke and Dizzy




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Leaders of the Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C., August 28, 1963

(from right to left) Mathew Ahmann, Executive Director of the National Catholic Conference for Interracial Justice; (seated with glasses) Cleveland Robinson, Chairman of the Demonstration Committee; (beside Robinson is) A. Philip Randolph, organizer of the demonstration, veteran labor leader who helped to found the Brotherhood
of Sleeping Car Porters, American Federation of Labor (AFL), and a former vice president of the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO); (standing behind the two chairs) Rabbi Joachim Prinz, President of the American Jewish Congress; (wearing a bow tie and standing beside Prinz is) Joseph Rauh, Jr., a Washington, DC attorney and civil rights, peace, and union activist; John Lewis, Chairman, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee; and Floyd McKissick, National Chairman of the Congress of Racial Equality.


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Michael Jackson


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Bob and Rita Marley
 
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A family of griots. Mauritania, 1934.

'IN THE continent of Africa there are over 700 different languages representing distinct peoples and cultural groups. One cultural figure that is, however, common across West Africa is the griot for he carries the cultural knowledge and identity of each people. The griot legacy stretches back for hundreds, and in some cases, thousands of years.

The griot is a chronicler of history – keeping track of the history and developments of his people over time. The griot is also guardian of the knowledge of his people’s ancestry, or genealogy. This history may never be written down so the griot is crucial to keeping the records of the past.

Griots are also orators, lyricists and musicians and they train to excel in all three art forms.'


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THE LADY OF AL AZIZIA

'Slema Bent Maghawess was from the tribe A Nnawael. She became famous in February 1912 by partaking in every single battle against the Italian colonizers in the city of Tripoli since the invasion, alongside the Mujahedeen (Libyans who rebelled against the Italian occupation).

Slema didn’t let anything get in the way of her fight for her country’s liberation, not even a bullet in her chest. Two weeks after her recovery, she retook her position among the Mujahedeen.

She touched the heart of a Frenchman, Paul Tristan, correspondent of the french newspaper “Le Petit Marseillais”. He became so fond of her that he offered her a sword. Here, she poses with that sword in a picture taken by Georges Remond, correspondent of the Parisian newspaper “L’Illustration”. He wrote that twelve female fighters arriving from Fezzan joined Slema in the Al Azizia Mujahedeen camp.'


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'In 1965, at Jackson, Mississippi, Matt Herron took an iconic and ironic image from the civil rights era as a white policeman rips an American flag away from a young black boy, having already confiscated his ‘No More Police Brutality’ sign.'


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Ella Williams from South Carolina, who toured Europe as “Madam Abomah, the African Giantess” London, 1914.


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Nat Williamson and E.H. Anderson, Farm Security Administration official. Williamson was the first Negro in the U.S. to receive a loan under the tenant purchase program. Guilford County, North Carolina April 1938. John Vachon, photographer



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Chuck Berry & Bo Diddley

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Curtis Mayfield & Marvin Gaye


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Eartha Kitt ~~photo by Gordon Parks, 1952
 
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James Baldwin, Odetta, Ralph Ellison, Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee


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Midnight On a New York Subway, Bound for Harlem, 1956.


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Sidney Poitier at home with his Oscar, c. 1963.


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This remarkable photograph shows the then oldest living ex-slave, Mrs. Sally Fickland, viewing the Emancipation Proclamation in the Freedom Train at Philadelphia, on September 17, 1947. This moving image reminds us of the importance of exhibition lighting policies to control both the intensity and duration of light exposure. The National Archives carefully limits the light exposure of this landmark document to ensure that it survives for future generations to see. Emancipation Proclamation, RG 11, ARC # 299998


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Former slave Tom Lee and Czech farm worker Fred Svecina share a drink together, ca. 1910

Following the Civil War, former slaves in Fayette County, Texas found acceptance among and forged political alliances with German and Czech immigrants, most of whom had cared nothing for slavery, secession, or the war.

Winedale Photograph Collection, Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin


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History: Rarely seen image of African Americans after slavery just ended in the United States of America. Image credit: BBC Africa
 
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Students and their teacher standing in front of the James’ Plantation Freedmen’s School. This school is possibly one of the schools established by the Reverend Horace James on the Yankee or Avon Hall Plantation in Pitt County, North Carolina. James was an Assistant Commander of the North Carolina Freedmen’s Bureau. Taken between 1865-1868


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Billie Holiday with her mother Sadie Fagan.


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Billie & Ella


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Black Panther, Chicago, Illinois, 1969.
Image copyright © Hiroji Kubota/Magnum Photo



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Former travel train co-workers Malcolm Little aka Detroit Red and John Sanford aka Chicago Red, meet again some 20 years later as Malcolm x and Redd Foxx


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Max Roach


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Matzeliger, Jan E. (1852-1887)

Jan Ernst Matzeliger was born on September 15, 1852 in Surinam (South America), the child of a biracial marriage. His father was a white engineer from Holland and his mother was a black woman in the Dutch colony. By his third birthday Matzeliger was sent to live with his father’s sister. By the time he turned 10 years old, Matzeliger became a worker in the machine shop that his father owned. It was at this time that he quickly became aware of his talent for working with machinery.

Although he was skilled in this area, Matzeliger did not initially pursue a career in engineering or inventing. In 1871 at the age of 19 he left Surinam and worked as a sailor for two years. By 1873 he settled in Philadelphia where he worked in a variety of trades. In 1876 he moved to Lynn, Massachusetts, the emerging center of the American shoe manufacturing industry.

Matzeliger arrived in Lynn barely able to speak English. Nonetheless he began working in a shoe factory. Despite his language difficulties, Matzeliger began working on various innovations that would improve shoe manufacturing productivity. On March 20, 1883, Matzeliger received patent no. 274, 207 for a “Lasting Machine” that rapidly stitched the leather and sole of a shoe. Matzeliger’s invention quickly made Lynn the “shoe capital of the world.” Matzeliger became one of the founders of the Consolidated Lasting Machine Company which was formed around his invention.

Matzeliger’s work habits and his neglect of his health, however, soon took a toll. In the summer of 1887, he caught a cold then developed tuberculosis. Jan Ernst Matzeliger died on August 24 of that year at the age of 39.

Sources:
Rachel Kranz, The Biographical Dictionary of Black Americans (New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1992), pp. 102-103; A Salute to Black Scientists & Inventors (Chicago: Empak Publishing Company), 1993, pp. 22-23.


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The Temptations
 
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Stokely Carmichael & Bobby Seale [August 1968]


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Betty Shabazz, Coretta Scott King and Myrlie Evers-Williams


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A Black Hero in Vietnam

As the battle raged, Captain Pitts lobbed a hand grenade at his attackers. To his horror, it bounced back. The soldier threw his body over the bomb, which failed to explode. After a moments pause, Captain Pitts returned to the fray, fighting valiantly, until he was mortally wounded by a rocket propelled grenade. It was supposed to have been his last day in Vietnam. Captain Riley Leroy Pitts would become the first black officer in American history to receive the Medal of Honor.

“What this man did in an hour of incredible courage will live in the history of America as long as America endures. His valor under fire moved him forever into that select company where the heroes of our history stand.” (President Lyndon Johnson)

Photo credit: “MRS. RILEY L. PITTS and her two children received the Medal of Honor which her husband, Captain Riley Pitts won posthumously in Vietnam on December 31, 1967. Mrs. Pitts is one of a growing number of wives of an increasing number of Black war heroes. Captain Pitts was the first Black officer to win the Medal of Honor in United States history. (US Army Photo)”

Source: Johnson, Jesse L. (Ed.) Black Women in the Armed Forces, 1942-1974: A Pictorial History. Hampton, VA: Johnson, c. 1974


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Hayes ALVIS, Ivie ANDERSON, Duke ELLINGTON, Ella FITZGERALD


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Pam Grier


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Janet Jackson & Sammy Davis. Jr.


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Bernice Thompson, was the first African-American female disc jockey in Philadelphia Pennsylvania., having started at WDAS in 1952.


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Harry BELAFONTE and his daughter Shari 1957
 
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Haitian Revolution


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Women saluting, 1968, photo by Ruth Marion Baruch and Pirkle Jones

The original chapter of the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense was founded by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland, California, in 1966. Their first document, a list of demands for human rights called the Ten-Point Platform and Program, cited the Bill of Rights and the Declaration of Independence in support of its points. The Party’s first actions included patrolling the city streets, armed, in an effort to silently monitor Oakland police, a precaution meant to ensure that black citizens were either arrested or let go—but not beaten or waylaid on the way to the station, as had happened all too often.

The following year, in 1967, members of the party—wearing black jackets and sunglasses—appeared at the California State Legislature with guns to protest a bill intended to ban the display of loaded weapons. That same year, Huey Newton was critically wounded and arrested following a shoot-out on an Oakland street that left a police officer dead. These events, especially as they involved weapons, were well documented by an astonished press.

What never got as much attention were the Panther social programs—the clinics; the breakfast programs; the testing for sickle cell anemia, high blood pressure, and lead poisoning; and the community outreach and education on the legal rights of the individual.

The Portland chapter got its free children’s breakfast program up and running in fall 1969. Every school day for five years, the Panthers provided breakfast for up to 125 children in the dining room of Highland United Church of Christ. (To this day, it is not unusual in Portland for one of the former Panthers, now in their 60s and 70s, to have some 40-year-old come up to them and say, “Do you remember me? You used to give me pancakes in the morning before I went to school.”)

Also that fall, Kent Ford got a call at the new Party office on Union Avenue (renamed Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard in 1989), which would lead to Hamerquist’s third big favor for the fledgling chapter. “I hear you guys are thinking about opening up a health clinic,” he said. “I got just the guy you need to talk to.”

That was how the Party came to work with Jon Moscow ’69.

A Long Island native, Moscow had joined the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) after studying a front-page story in Newsday about a group of people who got arrested while demonstrating against school segregation. “I just thought it was something I wanted to be involved in,” Moscow recalls. He was 13 at the time.

He chose Reed for two reasons: he had fallen in love with the Pacific Northwest from listening to Woody Guthrie songs, and he wanted to get as far away from home as he could. “I didn’t even think about Hawaii,” he realizes today.

Reed accepted him as a freshman in 1965, when activism was still attractive to schools. “They hadn’t yet experienced students taking over their buildings,” Moscow points out. (The Columbia University uprising didn’t occur until 1968.)

He turned 18 in October of his sophomore year. It was 1966 and troop levels in Vietnam were inching up toward 400,000, but, in order to register as a conscientious objector, Moscow refused the 2S deferment he would have received automatically as a full-time student. His C.O. status denied, he eventually reported to Fort Hamilton, where he failed his physical because of asthma. “I didn’t want to get out that way,” Moscow says, “so I burned my draft card in Grant Park during the ’68 Democratic Convention and sent the ashes to the draft board.http://web.reed.edu/reed_magazine/winter2009/features/radical_treatment/2.html


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DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. AND YOUNG KWAME TURE


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MARTIN LUTHER KING WITH KWAME NKRUMAH IN GHANA


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ZORA NEALE HURSTON



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Born 2 January in 1911, the brilliant African-American sociologist and historian St. Clair Drake with Horace Cayton, was the author of the hallmark work Black Metropolis. Towards the end of his life he worked on his magnificent classic volume, Black Folk: Here and There. A learned and humble man, Dr. Drake served as special advisor to Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana.
 
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MARCUS MOSIAH AND AMY JACQUES GARVEY


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'31 DECEMBER IN 1895, AMY JACQUES GARVEY WAS BORN IN JAMAICA. SHE WAS THE SECOND WIFE OF THE HONORABLE MOSIAH GARVEY AND WAS A JOURNALIST AND ACTIVIST IN HER OWN RIGHT. SHE WAS THE EDITOR OF PHILOSOPHY AND OPINIONS OF MARCUS GARVEY. MRS. GARVEY DIED ON 25 JULY 1973.'


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'9 DECEMBER IN 1923 IN DIOURBEL, SENEGAL, AFRICA'S GREATEST MODERN-DAY SCHOLAR WAS BORN. HIS NAME WAS DR. CHEIKH ANTA DIOP. HE CAME TO BE KNOWN AS "THE PHARAOH OF NILE VALLEY STUDIES" AND WAS THE AUTHOR OF NUMEROUS SCHOLARLY WORKS ON AFRICAN PEOPLE, CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE. DR. DIOP DIED ON 7 FEBRUARY 1986. HIS IMPACT ON AFRICA AND AFRICANS WAS ENORMOUS. HIS LEGACY CONTINUES!'


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'27 DECEMBER IN 1831, ENSLAVED AFRICANS IN JAMAICA WERE IN THE MIDST OF WHAT HISTORY KNOWS AS THE CHRISTMAS REBELLION OR BAPTIST WAR. THEY WERE LED BY DEACON SAMUEL SHARPE (1801-1832), NOW ONE OF JAMAICA'S NATIONAL HEROES. MORE THAN 500 AFRICANS WERE KILLED DURING THE REVOLT, A DECISIVE EVENT THAT LED TO THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY IN THE BRITISH COLONIES. AFTER HIS CAPTURE, AS DEACON SHARPE WAS LED TO THE GALLOWS TO BE HANGED, HE EXCLAIMED "I WOULD RATHER DIE AMONG YONDER GALLOWS THAN TO LIVE IN SLAVERY." LET BOTH THE WORDS AND THE DEEDS OF OUR ILLUSTRIOUS ANCESTORS BE NEITHER FORGOTTEN OR DIMINISHED'


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'1 January in 1804, Jean-Jacques Dessalines declared independence for Haiti, reclaiming the indigenous Taíno name of Haiti ("Land of Mountains") for the new nation. Unlike Toussaint, Dessalines showed little equanimity with regard to the whites. In a final act of retribution, the remaining French were slaughtered by Haitian military forces. Jean-Jacques Dessalines is one of the greatest African patriots in the history of the Western Hemisphere.'

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' 23 DECEMBER IN 1815 AFRICAN-AMERICAN MINISTER, ABOLITIONIST, HISTORIAN AND RACE MAN REVEREND HENRY HIGHLAND GARNET WAS BORN. HIS MOST FAMOUS STATEMENT WAS: "LET YOUR MOTTO BE RESISTANCE!"'


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'A KANAK (KANAKY) WOMAN IN NEW CALEDONIA, MELANESIA. NEW CALEDONIA IS AN OVERSEAS TERRITORY OF FRANCE WITH AN OPPRESSED BLACK INDIGENOUS MINORITY'


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BLACK MAN IN NORTH AFRICA, CIRCA 1870
 
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KAMEHAMEHA I (KAMEHAMEHA THE GREAT) WAS BORN IN 1758 AND DIED IN 1819. FROM 1810 HE RULED AS KING OF HAWAII.


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Gordon Parks & Lena Horne


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Madame Wokie Massaquoi


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Pearl Eileen Primus (November 29, 1919 – October 29, 1994) was a dancer, choreographer and anthropologist.
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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MORE HISTORY CAPTURED IN PHOTOGRAPHS:
photo credit: Stephen Shames
The 70's had style even though the politics was volatile.
Panthers listen to huey p. newton give a radio talk during bobby seale's trial, new haven, may 1970


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The Black Panthers 1968
Photographs by Ruth-Marion Baruch
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Fratelli D’Alessandri, Rome, Carte-de-viste of Edmonia Lewis, ca. 1874-76, Albumen silver, print mounted on card stock, 10.2 x 6.3 cm.

BALTIMORE, MD.- The Walters Art Museum announces the discovery of a previously unknown photograph of Mary Edmonia Lewis (1844–1907), the first 19th-century African American sculptor to receive international recognition. Prior to this discovery, there existed only seven known photographs of Lewis, all taken at the same sitting in Chicago around 1868-70 by photographer Henry Rocher. This previously unknown image was shot in Rome between 1874-76 by the prestigious Italian studio of Fratelli D’Alessandri, photographer of Pope Pius IX. It sheds new light on the artist and her commitment to using photography to promote her image. The worn 4 x 2.5” photograph was the 19th-century equivalent of a visiting or calling card called a carte-de-visite or cdv.

While on a research sabbatical, Walters Deputy Director of Audience Engagement Jacqueline Copeland found the Lewis image in a box of photographs of unnamed African American men, women and children in a Baltimore antique shop that wishes to remain anonymous.

“I was ecstatic when I realized that this unidentified black woman standing proudly and confidently in a 19th-century dress was Edmonia Lewis since so few images of her exist,” said Copeland. “In 2002, the Walters acquired Edmonia Lewis’ 1868 bust of Dr. Diocletian Lewis (no relation) through a generous grant by Baltimore philanthropists Eddie and Sylvia Brown. It was one of the first works by an African American artist to enter the museum’s permanent collection. This newly discovered photograph will be added to the Walters’ archives for further study and scholarship about this artist.”

Marilyn Richardson, a leading scholar and researcher on Edmonia Lewis, congratulated the Walters on “having a sharp eye and an excellent discovery.”

Lewis was born in the village of Greenbush, near Albany, New York. Her father was Haitian of African descent, and her mother was partly Native American, of the Chippewa tribe, and partly African American. She attended Oberlin College in Ohio and in 1863 moved to Boston, where she received instruction from the sculptor Edward Brackett. In 1866, she left the United States for Rome, settling among other American expatriate artists saying, “The land of liberty had no room for a colored sculptor”. She adopted the prevailing neoclassical style of sculpture, but softened it with a degree of naturalism.

She traveled to the United States from Europe several times, which was an arduous task for a woman at this time. Copeland’s research shows that Lewis had two other cdvs taken by Boston photographers, perhaps prior to the Rocher photographs taken in Chicago. She also discovered a photocopy of a cdv in the archives of the Oblate Sisters of Providence in Baltimore. It is unknown why Lewis’ carte de visites were found in Baltimore. It is possible that she brought the “calling cards” with her to Baltimore in 1883 when she installed and unveiled the bas-relief, Adoration of the Magi for the “colored” Chapel of St. Mary the Virgin on Baltimore’s Orchard Street.
 
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LORD LUGARD, The man who named Nigeria after a suggestion from his wife, posing in front of decapitated Africans from a revolt.
 
Posted by mena7 (Member # 20555) on :
 
Shocking and barbaric picture of white British coloniser Lugard posing savagely in front of decapitated African heads.Those people were preaching Christianity back then now their new hustle is democracy and free trade.
 
Posted by Bettyboo (Member # 12987) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by TruthAndRights:
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Labeled a mulatto, her name was Amanda Robinson-Wilkinson, isn't she beautiful!?!? We are all very proud of this pic & our ancestry! It is rumored that her father, was indeed the slave master, & that she was allowed to join the "white family" during holidays & special occasions & that "the masta" was especially fond of her because of her beauty! year unknown.


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The U.S First Lady Michelle Obama family picture. The baby in the picture is the First lady with her parents and brother.


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Sara Forbes Bonetta.

^The story is bullshyt. If she's labeled as Mulatto during that time then she was most definitely indigenous/native not mixed (black & white). Mulatto was a term that was given to the native indigenous populations. That girl carries the traits of many of the indigenous/native populations of the southern U.S. versus someone who is biracial (black/white).
 
Posted by Bettyboo (Member # 12987) on :
 
quote:
Originally posted by TruthAndRights:

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Christian women with their children, in Cameroon. circa 1920/ 1940


Phewww!! Beastly features. Those bytches look like monsters.
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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ELLA SINGS TO THE CHILDREN
Publication:Los Angeles Times
Bonus Music track:
Ella Fitzgerald - A House Is Not a Home, 1969


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"My great-grandad Jacob Greene,(top left)Tromboned with Bessie Smith, and Fats Waller
BACK IN THE DAY - preserved through Photography."


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Gordon Parks American Gothic 1942
Gelatin silver print 24 x 20 inches
Lent by The Capitol Group Foundation, 2002.05.
© 2006 The Gordon Parks Foundation


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Rediscovered: Photographer Richard Samuel Roberts
witnessed some of the most interesting economic, political, and social change in US History. During the 1920s and 1930s.


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Gordon Parks photographed everyone from every walk of life, Black and White.
Gordon Parks Black Muslim Rally New York, 1963
Gelatin silver print 16 x 20 inches
Lent by The Capitol Group Foundation, 2002.05.
© 2006 The Gordon Parks Foundation


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'The Greats' of humor.


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Henrietta Burgess Bowens. circa 1918


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Richard and Carrie Burgess Frazier. Circa 1922
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
quote:
Phewww!! Beastly features. Those bytches look like monsters.
Your asspinion is irrelevant- no photograph I post here, nor in any other thread for that matter, is being posted for your critique nor for your asspinon...in other words, who gives a dam what you think...that being said, please

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Now where was I...oh yes-

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Alberta Virginia Scott, Radcliffe’s first African-American graduate, ca. 1898

“By the second decade of the century, Radcliffe graduated more than one black woman each year. By 1920, four black women graduated in the same class. This was unheard of at the other Seven Sister colleges, where such numbers would not be achieved until the 1940s and 1950s. By 1950, Radcliffe had graduated 56 African-American undergraduates and 37 African-American graduate students.” (Linda Perkins,”The Racial Integration of the Seven Sister Colleges,” The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education)
(Radcliffe College Archives)


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Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Rare Photo: The Claude McLin combo backs Billie Holiday at the Pershing Ballroom, probably during the last quarter of 1948. Ed McLin is on trumpet and Wild Bill Davis is at the piano. Photo courtesy of Greg McLin.


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Stan Levy, Leonard Gaskin, Charlie Parker, Miles Davis and Dexter Gordon at the Spotlite on 52nd Street (1945).


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Spelman Students, 1895


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Jitterbugging in Clarksdale, Mississippi 1939.


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Sometimes it seem like to tell the truth today is to run the risk of being killed. But if I fall, I'll fall five feet four inches forward in the fight for freedom. I'm not backing off.
Fannie Lou Hamer


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Paris Albums 5
courtesy of the Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress

In his groundbreaking sociological study on race and society, The Souls of Black Folk, published in 1903, W.E.B. Du Bois describes a dual sense of identity and internal conflict created by the notion of double-consciousness:

One ever feels his two-ness, -- an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder.


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JAMES EARL JONES, DIANA ROSS, AND MICHAEL JACKSON


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This photograph shows First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt in New York City on 12 January 1942, mingling with soldiers at a pageant paying tribute to African Americans' contributions to America.
 
Posted by TruthAndRights (Member # 17346) on :
 
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Beautiful Young Woman - Tallahassee, Early 1900s


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JOYCE BRYANT modelling a Zelda gown. Photograph by Carl Van Vechten (1953 Singer and ModeL)


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The world meets Donyale Luna. Richard Avedon Photographer
Crabwalking in Galanos dress, head intact. This photo by Richard Avedon appeared in the landmark April 1965 Harper's Bazaar.


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Donyale Luna, the first black supermodel, left the US for London in December, 1966 largely because Negroes were less discriminated against there. But in November 1968 racism raised its ugly head in the posh Cavendish Hotel.

Donyale, Mia Farrow and three male companions were asked to leave the hotel restaurant at 4 am, ostensibly because the men weren’t wearing ties. When they pointed out that men at the other tables were tieless, management called the police. A fracas ensued and Donyale’s date, Canadian photographer Iain Quarrier, was arrested and charged with assaulting a bobby.

A few days later, in a courtroom scene in which Mia and Donyale stole the show, Quarrier was found guilty and fined $24.



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Talented Mary Edmonia Lewis
African/Haitian & Ojibwe heritage
July 4, 1843 – September 17, 1911?

Mary Edmonia Lewis was a talented American sculptor of African/Haitian and Ojibwe heritage. She is the first credited Black American Indian female sculptor in the U.S. Lewis gained fame and recognition as a sculptor in the international fine arts world. Lewis was inspired by the lives of abolitionists and Civil War heroes.

Her father was Haitian of African descent, while her mother was of Mississauga Ojibwe and African descent. Lewis’s mother was known as an excellent weaver and craftswoman. Lewis was nicknamed “wildfire” by her mother’s Native community, the Ojibwe. Her family background inspired Lewis in her later work.

Mary E. Lewis fell on hard criticism and was accused of several crimes at Oberlin, including the theft of paintbrushes by her art teacher, and even the murder of two female students. The girls apparently drank bad wine that was served by Lewis. Although she was not convicted of either crime, the school revoked her chances of graduation.

In 1863, Edmonia Lewis found friendship with abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison. Through Garrison, she was introduced to Edward Brackett who mentored her in her craft. She would become one of the most famed artists in Boston. Her first creations were medallions with portraits of white anti-slavery leaders and heroes of the Civil War. The replicas from her 1865 bust of Black battalion leader, Robert Gould Shaw, earned her enough money to travel abroad and study in Rome. The bust is now owned by the Museum of Afro-American History in Boston.

Using inspiration from the Emancipation Proclamation, Edmonia Lewis would make her masterpiece and best known sculpture called “Forever Free” in 1867. Then ten years later, the art world would praise her piece called “The Death of Cleopatra,” because it showed a strong, powerful Cleopatra after death, unlike other artists who made her look weak. The piece is held by the National Museum of American Art in Washington, D.C.


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Diana Fletcher (1838?-?)
Seminole/African/Kiowa heritage

Diana Fletcher was the daughter of an enslaved African who ran away to seek freedom in Florida, and a Seminole woman who died on "The Trail of Tears," the forced relocation of American Indians to Oklahoma. It is said that she was separated from her father, once in Oklahoma, then adopted and raised by a Kiowa family.

Diana learned traditional Kiowa crafts from her step-mother: sewing, cooking, tanning buffalo hides, making teepees, and basketweaving.

When the members of the tribe raised enough money, they built a small school and hired a teacher. The Black Indian schools were operated by what were known as The Five Civilized Tribes: the Creek, Chicasaw, Cherokee, Choctaw, and Seminole. Some sources say Diana taught fellow Native Americans.

Diana's main accomplishment was valuing and preserving her family's history, culture and values, while, at the same time, learning to adjust and adapt to white American society. Because of ignorance, prejudice and racial hostility, the U.S. government attempted to force American Indians with African heritage, as well as all Native Americans, to reject their heritage. Because people like Diana maintained their traditions, we can now learn about their important contributions to the history of America.

The Hampton government boarding school was opened for Black students in 1868, with the intent of educating by training "the head, the hand, and the heart" so pupils could return to their communities as leaders and professionals among their people. In 1878, the institute opened its doors to American Indians. The following year, in a grand experiment led by Capt. Richard Henry Pratt, the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Carlisle, Pennsylvannia, was opened as a way to assimilate Indians into "civilized" society, although without the intent of returning graduates to their communities.


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1920S


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Classy Mary Lou Harris - 1930s
 
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Shady Rest (Scotch Plains Township, NJ) was the first African-American golf and country club in the United States.

There were other black-owned or operated golf courses at the time, but none combined golf with other amenities typically associated with country club life, such as tennis, horseback riding, locker rooms and a dining room, according to Lawrence Londino, a Montclair State University professor who produced a documentary called "A Place For Us" about Shady Rest, and John Shippen, the resident golf pro who is believed to have been the first American-born golfer to play in the U.S. Open.


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Harry Tyson Moore
November 18, 1905 – December 25, 1951
"The first martyr of the 1950s-era civil rights movement."

Moore was a Black American teacher, founder of the first branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in Brevard County, Florida, and a pioneer leader of the civil rights movement in Florida and the southern United States.

Harry T. Moore and his wife, Harriette Vyda Simms Moore, were killed by Klu Klux Klan sneak-attack bombers who blew up the Moores' home on Christmas night 1951. The Moores were the first NAACP members to be murdered for their civil rights activism; Moore has been called the first martyr of the 1950s-era civil rights movement.

In the early 1930s Moore became state secretary for the Florida chapter of the NAACP. Through his registration activities, he greatly increased the number of members, and he worked on issues of housing and education.

He investigated lynchings, filed lawsuits against voter registration barriers and white primaries, and worked for equal pay for black teachers in public schools.


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Seven Young Black Women Photographed Near Missouri - 1890s


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From Tallahassee - Early 1900s

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From Tallahassee, Florida - Early 1900s


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Angela Davis, in Court with Ruchell Mcgee, one of the Soledad Brothers
 
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Black movement for integration. Teaching the illiterate to write so they can vote in Virginia, 1960. By Eve Arnold


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~Mohammed Ali Blossoming with joy and happiness as he welcomes his beautiful daughter: Leila~



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I hope you are saving all these pictures. It would not take that long to save all these pics to desktop and then put them on a disc or hardrive. Malcom and Ali, I never saw it before, great pic.
I wonder if as a thread it would do better on destee
 
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Horn Of Pain A former slave (name unknown) holds a horn once used to call slaves who were tolling out in the fields.


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PHOTO VINTAGE: PRETTY LITTLE GIRL-1938 CALIF


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1920's


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Harry Belafonte & Miriam Makeba.


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Cicely Tyson and James Earl Jones
 
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A family of African American migrant works on on Lady's Island, off the coast of Beaufort, South Carolina, 1936.


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Pin-up girls at the Sandpoint Naval Air Station in Seattle, Spring Formal Dance, April 10, 1944.


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The Liberation Schools, the Children’s House, the Intercommunal Youth Institute and the Oakland Community School


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Beautiful Edna Earl Gaston and her dolly friend.
Photo taken Sept. 25, 1925


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Gnawa People


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1902


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Chicago's Southside, 1941


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Antananarivo, Madagascar (c. 1907)
 
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The Merchant from Cayor, Senegal (c. 1910)


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James Ross' Store - Example of Black Retail Establishment in Buffalo, New York - 1899
From Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
 
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Len Horne, Paris 1947

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The Renaissance Ballroom in Harlem. The home of the Harlem Renaissance (Known as the RENs) during their basketball dominance from 1923 to 1948. The RENs home games would be the first event of the evening.......then after their game ended the floor would be cleared for a night of dancing & food (a Double-header)


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Billie Holiday dancing with the one and only Mr. Bojangles, Bill Robinson at Club Ebony at his 70th birthday celebration in 1948.


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'Valaida Snow conducting the orchestra on the set of the show Blackbirds at the Coliseum in London, October 5, 1934
Trumpeter, singer and dancer Valaida Snow was a pioneering woman in jazz and among the first to reach an international audience. Like fellow boasters Jelly Roll Morton and Sidney Bechet, her tall tales sometimes obscured the substantial accomplishments of her career, which took her from vaudeville to musical theater and cabaret, and stylistically, from early jazz through Swing to rhythm 'n' blues.'


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Bruce Davidson's powerful image from 1963 shows a black woman being held by two white police officers in front of a movie theater marquee sign that reads, 'Damn the Defiant'


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The Savings Bank of the Grand Fountain United Order of True Reformers was the first bank owned by African Americans in the United States. It was founded on March 2, 1888 by Reverend William Washington Browne and opened on April 3, 1889. Although the True Reformers bank was the first black-owned bank chartered in the United States, the Capitol Savings Bank of Washington, D.C. was the first to actually open on October 17, 1888


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Harvey Gantt, the first African American admitted to Clemson University, begins classes at the South Carolina school. He would graduate two years later with honors and a degree in architecture and go on to serve two terms in the 1980s as the first black mayor of Charlotte, N.C.


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Illustration from the February 15, 1862 Edition of Harper's Weekly Showing the First Safe Haven for Runaway Slaves in North Carolina

Courtesy of the Outer Banks History Center

Almost as soon as Union forces arrived on the Outer Banks, slaves sought refuge behind Federal lines. So many runaway slaves fled to the army that the New York Times of January 29, 1862 reported that a “Capt. Clark has erected a very commodious wooden house on the beach for the use of fugitives who have recently arrived from Roanoke Island. It is christened ‘Hotel de Afrique.’” The newspaper went on to describe the escaped slaves as “very expert boatmen, and are very useful in pulling about the inlet and working along the shore." Unfortunately, not all Union soldiers thought so highly of the former slaves. On March 11, 1862, Union Colonel James Nagle of the 48th Pennsylvania Regiment gave orders to Companies A, B, C, D, H, and I to reinforce General Ambrose Burnside at New Bern the following day. However, when the companies went to board the steamer George Peabody at Hatteras Inlet, they found it had run aground, and so with orders to establish a bivouac on the beach, they began to drink into the night. Soon fighting broke out, and officers were unable to control their men. Around midnight, some men from Company C broke into the Hotel de Afrique, an establishment for the shelter and protection of escaped slaves. Here, the men of Company C attacked the defenseless occupants with knives and bayonets, and fatally wounding one man. On the morning of March 13, James Wren wrote in his diary.
 
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Sister Rosetta Tharpe with Duke Ellington (at piano) and Cab Calloway, with trombonist J.C. Higginbotham ad trumpeter Hot Lips Page looking over the Duke’s shoulder, taken in 1939. Photo Credit: Photo taken by Charles Peterson. Courtesy Don Peterson.

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Elbert Frank Cox (December 5, 1895�November 28, 1969) was an American mathematician who became the first black person in the world to receive a Ph.D. in mathematics. He spent most of his life as a professor at Howard University in Washington, D.C., where he was known as an excellent teacher. During his life, he overcame various difficulties which arose because of his race. In his honor, the National Association of Mathematicians established the Cox-Talbert-Address, which is annually handed out at the NAM's national meetings. The Elbert F. Cox Scholarship Fund, which is used to help black students pursue studies, is named in his honor as well.


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In 1950, Dr. Helen Dickens was the first African American woman admitted to the American College of Surgeons. The daughter of a former slave, she would sit at the front of the class in medical school so that she would not be bothered by the racist comments and gestures made by her classmates. By 1969 she was associate dean in the Ofc for Minority Affairs at the University of PA, and within 5 yrs. had increased minority enrollment from 3 students to 64. Helen was born in 1909, in Dayton, OH.


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In 1966, Andrew Brimmer is the first African American to be appointed to the Federal Reserve Board


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Wesley Brown -- Endured intense racial hazing to become the first black graduate of the United States Naval Academy, Wesley Anthony Brown (April 3, 1927 – May 22, 2012) was the first African American graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy (USNA), in Annapolis, Maryland. He served in the Korean War and the Vietnam War and served in the U.S. Navy from May 2, 1944, until June 30, 1969


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A white girl follows an African-American girl down the slide at Thomas J. Semmes school in New Orleans during recess on Sept. 7, 1962. The children played together as the school went into its second day of integrated classes. (AP Photo/Jim Bourdier)

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Augusta Braxton Baker, librarian with The New York Public Library from 1937 to 1974, blowing out the story hour candle. Baker was a devoted storyteller who developed a groundbreaking list of stories that portrayed African Americans positively and established a collection of African American children’s literature at the New York Public Library.


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Instructor Gloria Hixon conducting Zoology class at Howard University
 
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Gilbert Hunt :: Through the Lens of Time Born a slave in King William County in 1780, Gilbert Hunt died a free man, educated, accomplished in his trade and remembered for acts of heroism. Hunt first gained public attention in 1811 when he helped save about a dozen women caught in a fire at the Richmond Theater. Excellent article in Times-Dispatch: www2.timesdispatc...


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Ella Fitzgerald and Willie Mays


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Born in Kent County, Delaware in 1808, Samuel Burris was a conductor on the Underground Railroad, helping slaves escape to freedom. He was captured and tried in Dover, Delaware, on a charge of aiding runaways and sentenced to be sold as a slave. Wilmington abolitionist Isaac Flint, disguised as a slave trader, bought Burris at auction and helped him return to freedom and his family in Philadelphia.


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Imagine that! - slaves who run away to freedom are suffering from mental illness. Give me a break?!!!


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Civil Rights Congress (1946-1956)
Paul Robeson & Civil Rights Congress Picketing
the White House, August, 1948

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Stephanie, Teddy & Stevie.


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Esther Rolle "I told them (the producers) I couldn`t compound the lie that Black fathers don`t care about their children. I was proud of the family life I was able to introduce to television." - referring to her show "Good Times" and her insistence on having a husband and father figure" ~ Esther Rolle
 
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Agnibilécro-Kangah, chief of the Anyi
Date: Early 20th century Geography: Côte d’Ivoire


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An elderly Bezanozano man, c 1841

The Bezanozano are believed to be one of the earliest Malagasy ethnic groups to establish themselves in Madagascar, where they inhabit an inland area between the Betsimisaraka lowlands and the Merina highlands. Their name means “those of many small plaits” in reference to their traditional hairstyle, and like the Merina they practice famadihana (the reburial ceremony).

The Bezanozano speak a dialect of the Malagasy language, which is a branch of the Malayo-Polynesian language group derived from the Barito languages, spoken in southern Borneo.
Name, date and photographer unknown


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Great chief of Balé (King Fonyonga II of Bali-Nyonga, r. 1901–40)
ca. 1935, Cameroon.

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Usumbura Women Dar Es Salaam 1906.


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Nandi warriors Kenya, 1940.



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(Matt Bransford pictured at Mammoth Cave)

Mammoth Cave/When the first European settlers entered the Green River Valley in the early 1790s, Kentucky was still a part of the state of Virginia. Mammoth Cave lay unknown to these early settlers, its entrance only one of many openings in the green hillsides surrounding the river.

Then in 1799 a tract of 200 acres along the Green River was surveyed and found to contain two caves described as saltpeter caves. Saltpeter is a mineral that can be obtained by leaching sediments with water (see Drawing 1), much like when water is poured over coffee grounds to make coffee. Mining saltpeter was an important activity on the frontier because it was a key ingredient in gunpowder, and the early settlers needed their guns to hunt game for food and to defend themselves against possible attackers.

During the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain, much of the large quantity of saltpeter needed to fight the war was mined at Mammoth Cave. The cave owners relied on a work force of approximately 70 African American slaves to mine this valuable mineral.


Matt Bransford was the grandson of the slave guide Mat Bransford of the Stephen Bishop era. Matt filled a certain niche that other guides had never done before. He owned and operated a hotel out of his own home. Despite the ending of the civil war blacks were still not welcome in many establishments. Among guides, segragation was nearly non-existent. However, outside of Mammoth Cave black visitors were often the victims of such a practice.

In fact operators of the Mammoth Cave Hotel were all too aware of visitors' expectations when it came to sharing social settings with African Americans. Blacks were not allowed to be on the same tours with whites much less stay in the same hotel. Matt traveled to larger cities to appeal to the African American community to visit the world famous Mammoth Cave.

Matt led Special tours so African Americans could experience the renowned Mammoth Cave. Matt and his wife, Zemmie, provided lodging and meals for black visitors at their home called the Bransford Resort. It was the first time in Mammoth Cave history the African American community could experience the same comforts and fasciantion of the cave white visitors had experienced for over a century.


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Nora Douglas Holt (1885-1974) - American musician and singer who composed over 200 pieces. In 1918 she was the first African American woman to earn her master’s degree from Chicago Musical College. During the roaring 1920s, Nora Holt was a wealthy socialite and party girl, Holt was a major player during the Harlem Renaissance. The photo is by an unidentified photographer c1930.


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tintype of James Weldon Johnson’s mother and sister Helen Louise Johnson and Agnes Marion Edwards, 1870.

James Weldon Johnson (June 17, 1871 – June 26, 1938) was an American author, educator, lawyer, diplomat, songwriter, and early civil rights activist. Johnson is best remembered for his leadership within the NAACP as well as for his writing, which includes novels, poems, and anthologies. He was also the first African-American professor at New York University. Later in life he was a professor of creative literature and writing at Fisk University
 
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 - Vivian Juanita Malone Jones (7-15-42 -10-13-2005) one of the first of two African American students (James Hood) to enroll at the University of Alabama in 1963 and was made famous when Alabama Governor George Wallace blocked them from enrolling at the all-white university. Her courage has served as inspiration to members of the University of Alabama community since the day she first enrolled at the Capstone. Ms. Jones was also was the sister-in law to the US Attorney General Eric Holder.


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quote:
Remembering Vivien Theodore Thomas
August 29, 1910 - November 26, 1985

Vivien was a Black-American surgical technician who developed the procedures used to treat blue baby syndrome in the 1940s. He was an assistant to surgeon Alfred Blalock in Blalock's experimental animal laboratory at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, and later at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland.

Without any education past high school, Thomas rose above poverty and racism to become a cardiac surgery pioneer and a teacher of operative techniques to many of the country's most prominent surgeons. Vivien Thomas was the first African American without a doctorate to perform open heart surgery on a white patient in the United States.

There is a television film based on his life entitled “Something The Lord Made” and it premiered in May 2004 on HBO. (http://youtu.be/UmiRohBSy5Y)

Thomas was born in New Iberia, Louisiana. The grandson of a slave, he attended Pearl High School in Nashville in the 1920s. Thomas had hoped to attend college and become a doctor, but the Great Depression derailed his plans. He worked at Fisk University in the summer of 1929 doing carpentry but was laid off in the fall. In the wake of the stock market crash in October, Thomas put his educational plans on hold, and, through a friend, in February 1930 secured a job as surgical research technician with Dr. Alfred Blalock at Vanderbilt University. On his first day of work, Thomas assisted Blalock with a surgical experiment on a dog. At the end of Thomas's first day, Blalock told Thomas they would do another experiment the next morning. Blalock told Thomas to "come in and put the animal to sleep and get it set up". Within a few weeks, Thomas was starting surgery on his own. Thomas was classified and paid as a janitor, despite the fact that by the mid-1930s, he was doing the work of a postdoctoral researcher in the lab.

Before meeting Blalock, Thomas married Clara and had two daughters. When Nashville's banks failed nine months after starting his job with Blalock and Thomas' savings were wiped out, he abandoned his plans for college and medical school, relieved to have even a low-paying job as the Great Depression deepened.

Thomas and Blalock did groundbreaking research into the causes of hemorrhagic and traumatic shock. This work later evolved into research on Crush syndrome and saved the lives of thousands of soldiers on the battlefields of World War II. In hundreds of flawlessly executed experiments, the two disproved traditional theories which held that shock was caused by toxins in the blood. Blalock, a highly original scientific thinker and something of an iconoclast, had theorized that shock resulted from fluid loss outside the vascular bed and that the condition could be effectively treated by fluid replacement. Assisted by Thomas, he was able to provide incontrovertible proof of this theory, and in so doing, he gained wide recognition in the medical community by the mid-1930s. At this same time, Blalock and Thomas began experimental work in vascular and cardiac surgery, defying medical taboos against operating upon the heart. It was this work that laid the foundation for the revolutionary lifesaving surgery they were to perform at Johns Hopkins a decade later.

By 1940, the work Blalock had done with Thomas placed him at the forefront of American surgery, and when he was offered the position of Chief of Surgery at his alma mater Johns Hopkins in 1941, he requested that Thomas accompany him. Thomas arrived in Baltimore with his family in June of that year, confronting a severe housing shortage and a level of racism worse than they had endured in Nashville. Hopkins, like the rest of Baltimore, was rigidly segregated, and the only black employees at the institution were janitors. When Thomas walked the halls in his white lab coat, many heads turned.

In 1943, while pursuing his shock research, Blalock was approached by renowned pediatric cardiologist Dr. Helen Taussig, who was seeking a surgical solution to a complex and fatal four-part heart anomaly called Tetralogy of Fallot (also known as blue baby syndrome, although other cardiac anomalies produce blueness, or cyanosis). In infants born with this defect, blood is shunted past the lungs, thus creating oxygen deprivation and a blue pallor. Having treated many such patients in her work in Hopkins's Harriet Lane Home, Taussig was desperate to find a surgical cure. According to the accounts in Thomas's 1985 autobiography and in a 1967 interview with medical historian Peter Olch, Taussig suggested only that it might be possible to "reconnect the pipes" in some way to increase the level of blood flow to the lungs but did not suggest how this could be accomplished. Blalock and Thomas realized immediately that the answer lay in a procedure they had perfected for a different purpose in their Vanderbilt work, involving the anastomosis, or joining, of the subclavian to the pulmonary artery, which had the effect of increasing blood flow to the lungs.

Thomas was charged with the task of first creating a blue baby-like condition in a dog, and then correcting the condition by means of the pulmonary-to-subclavian anastomosis. Among the dogs on whom Thomas operated was one named Anna, who became the first long-term survivor of the operation and the only animal to have her portrait hung on the walls of Johns Hopkins. In nearly two years of laboratory work, involving some 200 dogs, Thomas was ultimately able to replicate only two of the four cardiac anomalies involved in Tetralogy of Fallot. He did demonstrate that the corrective procedure was not lethal, thus persuading Blalock that the operation could be safely attempted on a human patient. Even though Thomas knew he was not allowed to operate on patients at that time, he still followed Blalock's rules and assisted him during surgery.

On November 29, 1944, the procedure was first tried on an eighteen-month-old infant named Eileen Saxon. The blue baby syndrome had made her lips and fingers turn blue, with the rest of her skin having a very faint blue tinge. She could only take a few steps before beginning to breathe heavily. Because no instruments for cardiac surgery then existed, Thomas adapted the needles and clamps for the procedure from those in use in the animal lab. During the surgery itself, at Blalock's request, Thomas stood on a step stool at Blalock's shoulder and coached him step by step through the procedure, Thomas having performed the operation hundreds of times on a dog, Blalock only once, as Thomas' assistant. The surgery was not completely successful, though it did prolong the infant's life for several more months. Blalock and his team operated again on an 11-year-old girl, this time with complete success, and the patient was able to leave the hospital three weeks after the surgery. Next, they operated upon a six-year-old boy, who dramatically regained his color at the end of the surgery. The three cases formed the basis for the article that was published in the May 1945 issue of the “Journal of the American Medical Association,” giving credit to Blalock and Taussig for the procedure. Thomas received no mention.

News of this groundbreaking story was circulated around the world by the Associated Press. Newsreels touted the event, greatly enhancing the status of Johns Hopkins and solidifying the reputation of Blalock, who had been regarded as a maverick up until that point by some in the Hopkins old guard. Thomas' contribution remained unacknowledged, both by Blalock and by Hopkins. Within a year, the operation known as the Blalock-Taussig shunt had been performed on more than 200 patients at Hopkins, with parents bringing their suffering children from thousands of miles away.

Thomas's surgical techniques included one he developed in 1946 for improving circulation in patients whose great vessels (the aorta and the pulmonary artery) were transposed. A complex operation called an atrial septectomy, the procedure was executed so flawlessly by Thomas that Blalock, upon examining the nearly undetectable suture line, was prompted to remark, "Vivien, this looks like something the Lord made."

To the host of young surgeons Thomas trained during the 1940s, he became a figure of legend, the model of a dexterous and efficient cutting surgeon. "Even if you'd never seen surgery before, you could do it because Vivien made it look so simple," the renowned surgeon Denton Cooley told Washingtonian magazine in 1989. "There wasn't a false move, not a wasted motion, when he operated." Surgeons like Cooley, along with Alex Haller, Frank Spencer, Rowena Spencer, and others credited Thomas with teaching them the surgical technique that placed them at the forefront of medicine in the United States. Despite the deep respect Thomas was accorded by these surgeons and by the many black lab technicians he trained at Hopkins, he was not well paid. He sometimes resorted to working as a bartender, often at Blalock's parties. This led to the peculiar circumstance of his serving drinks to people he had been teaching earlier in the day.
Eventually, after negotiations on his behalf by Blalock, he became the highest paid technician at Johns Hopkins by 1946, and by far the highest paid African-American on the institution's rolls. Although Thomas never wrote or spoke publicly about his ongoing desire to return to college and obtain a medical degree, his widow, the late Clara Flanders Thomas, revealed in a 1987 interview with Washingtonian writer Katie McCabe that her husband had clung to the possibility of further education throughout the Blue Baby period and had only abandoned the idea with great reluctance. Mrs. Thomas stated that in 1947, Thomas had investigated the possibility of enrolling in college and pursuing his dream of becoming a doctor, but had been deterred by the inflexibility of Morgan State University, which refused to grant him credit for life experience and insisted that he fulfill the standard freshman requirements. Realizing that he would be 50 years old by the time he completed college and medical school, Thomas decided to give up the idea of further education.

Blalock's approach to the issue of Thomas's race was complicated and contradictory throughout their 34-year partnership. On the one hand, he defended his choice of Thomas to his superiors at Vanderbilt and to Hopkins colleagues, and he insisted that Thomas accompany him in the operating room during the first series of tetralogy operations. On the other hand, there were limits to his tolerance, especially when it came to issues of pay, academic acknowledgment, and his social interaction outside of work.

After Blalock's death from cancer in 1964 at the age of 65, Thomas stayed at Hopkins for 15 more years. In his role as director of Surgical Research Laboratories, he mentored a number of African-American lab technicians as well as Hopkins' first black cardiac resident, Dr. Levi Watkins, Jr., whom Thomas assisted with his groundbreaking work in the use of the Automatic Implantable Defibrillator.

Thomas' nephew, Koco Eaton, graduated from the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, trained by many of the same physicians his uncle had trained. Eaton trained in orthopedics and is now the team doctor for the Tampa Bay Rays.

In 1968, the surgeons Thomas trained — who had then become chiefs of surgical departments throughout America — commissioned the painting of his portrait (by Bob Gee, oil on canvas, 1969, The Johns Hopkins Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives) and arranged to have it hung next to Blalock's in the lobby of the Alfred Blalock Clinical Sciences Building.

In 1976, Johns Hopkins University presented Thomas with an honorary doctorate. However, because of certain restrictions, he received an Honorary Doctor of Laws, rather than a medical doctorate, but it did allow the staff and students of Johns Hopkins Hospital and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine to call him doctor. Thomas was also appointed to the faculty of School of Medicine as Instructor of Surgery.

In July 2005, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine began the practice of splitting incoming first year students into four colleges, each named for famous Hopkins faculty members that had major impacts on the history of medicine. Thomas was chosen as one of the four, along with Helen Taussig, Florence Sabin, and Daniel Nathans.

Following his retirement in 1979, Thomas began work on an autobiography, “Partners of the Heart: Vivien Thomas and his Work with Alfred Blalock,” ISBN 0-8122-1634-2. He died on November 26, 1985, of pancreatic cancer, at age 75, and the book was published just days later. Having learned about Thomas on the day of his death, Washingtonian writer Katie McCabe brought his story to public attention for the first time in a 1989 article entitled "Like Something the Lord Made", which won the 1990 National Magazine Award for Feature Writing and inspired filmmaker Andrea Kalin to make the PBS documentary "Partners of the Heart," which was broadcast in 2003 on PBS's American Experience and won the Organization of American Historians's Erik Barnouw Award for Best History Documentary in 2004. McCabe's article, brought to Hollywood by Washington, D.C. dentist Irving Sorkin, formed the basis for the Emmy and Peabody Award-winning 2004 HBO film “Something the Lord Made.”

Thomas's legacy as an educator and scientist continued with the institution of the Vivien Thomas Young Investigator Awards, given by the Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesiology beginning in 1996. In 1993, the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation instituted the Vivien Thomas Scholarship for Medical Science and Research sponsored by GlaxoSmithKline. In Fall 2004, the Baltimore City Public School System opened the Vivien T. Thomas Medical Arts Academy, and on January 29, 2008, MedStar Health unveiled the first "Rx for Success" program at the Academy, joining the conventional curriculum with specialized coursework geared to the health care professions. In the halls of the school hangs a replica of Thomas's portrait commissioned by his surgeon-trainees in 1968. The Journal Of Surgical Case Reports (JSCR) announced in January 2010 that their annual prizes for the best case report written by a doctor and best case report written by a medical student would be named after Thomas.

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Malcolm X, Mecca, 1964.


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Josephine Baker & Lena Horne March on Washington 1963


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Mom & Me / 1914 Studio portrait of African American woman with her daughter by her side. Rufus Holsinger, photographer. 1914. Holsinger Studio Collection, University of Virginia.


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Moata Vamoa, a chief of the Lunda Early 20th century Angola, Lunda.


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His Highness Gi-Gia, king of Allada, and his advisers circa. 1905, Nigeria


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Sultan Njoya in the courtyard of his palace at Foumban (r. ca. 1885–1933) ca. 1917 Geography: Cameroon.
 
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Rollerskating, 1950s


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Eartha Kitt, June 1952, by Gordon Parks


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Queen Binao of the Sakalava kingdom, Diego Suarez (now Antsinarana) Madagascar; photo c. 1904; she reigned 1895-1927.


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Horace Tapscott (1934-1999)
Pianist, bandleader, and social activist Horace Tapscott committed his life to the empowerment of his South Central Los Angeles community. Tapscott founded the Pan Afrikan Peoples Arkestra and its umbrella organization, the Union of God’s Musicians and Artists Ascension (UGMAA), both of which were at the forefront of the vibrant community arts movement in black Los Angeles in the 1960s and 1970s.

Tapscott was born on April 6, 1934 in segregated Houston, Texas. His mother, Mary Malone Tapscott, was a professional singer and pianist. Seeking employment opportunities in the California shipyards, Tapscott’s family moved to Los Angeles in 1943. Tapscott spent his childhood learning piano and trombone, immersed in the richly diverse Central Avenue night club scene. After attending Jefferson High School and, later, Los Angeles City College, Tapscott served in the US Air Force, playing trombone in a service band. Upon his discharge, Tapscott returned to Los Angeles to find that the LAPD, operating under Chief William H. Parker, had dismantled the Central Avenue arts scene. While on tour with the Lionel Hampton orchestra in 1959, Tapscott determined to resettle in Los Angeles, hoping to reforge the communicative link between black artists and the community that had been lost on Central Avenue.

Tapscott envisioned an orchestra which could simultaneously preserve black culture, perform original music, and foster community involvement. With local musicians Tapscott formed the Underground Musicians Association (UGMA) in 1962, which then established the Pan Afrikan Peoples Arkestra (Ark as in Noah’s– to serve as a life raft for black history and culture). Responding to a perceived disconnect between black Los Angeles and its rich African history, the Arkestra engaged the youth through musical instruction, revised history courses, and remedial reading and math classes. The Arkestra frequently performed in public schools, parks, community centers, churches, hospitals, and prisons – places it felt its message was needed.

Although the Arkestra played in support of diverse political groups, internally it stressed only the importance of self-expression. The Arkestra did, however, develop a key relationship with the Black Panther Party. Tapscott and Elaine Brown composed “The Meeting,” which became the Panthers’ anthem, and the Arkestra performed original musical arrangements to back Elaine Brown on her albums Seize the Time (1969) and Elaine Brown (1973).

In 1975 Tapscott institutionalized the UGMAA as a nonprofit organization. This allowed the foundation to pursue grants and other forms of financial support, while also expanding its social programs. The Arkestra’s free breakfast program continued while free arts classes ranging from drama to music theory to painting and poetry were offered to the community.

Until his death from lung cancer in 1999, Tapscott continued to encourage any community member with an artistic spirit to perform in the Arkestra, embracing poets, dancers, and even improvisational martial artists. It was Tapscott’s hope that a positive experience in the arts would extend to other areas of life, and that these positive experiences would bind the community together.


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Mrs. King and her four children flew from Memphis back to Atlanta with Dr. King’s body for burial. As Dr. King’s body was being taken from the plane, there was just a moment when the family came together in the doorway. - by Harry Benson


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A barber at work in Cairo.. 1880
(Photo by P. Schoefft/Hultre Archive/Getty Images)
 
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Mrs. Medgar Evers and her children featured in the March 1965 edition of Ebony.


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Rogers, Timmie (1914-2006)

Timmie Rogers was a popular black comedian and entertainer from the 1940s through the 1990s. He was one of the first African American entertainers who refused to wear blackface or to dress in dirty tattered clothing while performing. Rogers also was one of the first entertainers to speak directly to the audience in his own voice. Previous black performers beginning in the Jim Crow era had always affected some variation of the Sambo and Coon type characters up to the mid-20th Century routine of Amos and Andy.

Rogers was born in Detroit, Michigan in 1914. His grandfather was a slave and his father ran away from home at the age of 12, finding a job as dishwasher in a kitchen on an Ohio River steamboat. Rogers’ mother ran a boarding house in Detroit where she sold liquor during Prohibition.

As a child, Rogers began dancing and performing on the street corners in Detroit for change and later took a job cleaning ashtrays at a ballroom where he was allowed to perform his acts before the main entertainment. By the 1940s Rogers was performing one of his first, which incorporated an anti- segregation theme titled, I’ve Got a Passport from Georgia. He also wrote a song for Nat King Cole called If You Can’t Smile and Say Yes.

In 1948, Rogers was one of the featured performers on the first all-black TV variety show that began as Uptown Jubilee and became Sugar Hill Times. The show aired three times on CBS before it was canceled. Later in the 1960s and 1970s, Rogers made appearances on a number of variety shows, including The Jackie Gleason Show and The Melba Moore-Clifton Davis Show. Rogers was often called the Jackie Robinson of Comedy because he was a pioneer television performer.

In the October 1960 issue of Ebony, Rogers was quoted as saying, “White comics can insult their audiences freely, but Negroes can’t insult white people. Negro comic works with wraps on, always behind the cultural ghetto.” Throughout his career, Rogers worked relentlessly to challenge the racial status quo and he succeeded in breaking through racist barriers, paving the way for the next generation of black comedians, such as Richard Pryor and Bill Cosby.

Rogers performed at the Apollo, often using his catch phrase, “Oh yeah!” During his long career, Rogers won several awards, including the first gold album for a black comedian. He was inducted into the National Comedy Hall of Fame in 1993.

Rogers continued performing into the 1990s, usually in nightclubs near his home in Los Angeles. Timmie Rogers died in Los Angeles in 2006, at the age of 92.

Sources:
Denise Watson Batts, “Timmie Rogers: a side-splitting revolutionary,” The Virginian Pilot and The Ledger-Star, Norfolk, VA. (February 3, 2008); Louie Robinson, “Why Negro Comics Don’t Make It Big,” Ebony Magazine 110 (October 1960); Tim Brooks and Earle Marsh, The Complete Directory of Prime Time Network TV Shows (New York: Ballantine Books, 1992); Alex McNeil, Total Television (New York: Penguin Books, 1996).


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March on Washington 1963.


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Frank Sinatra and Sammy Davis Jr


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Jenni Dennie-She was born a slave in northern Virginia’s Prince William County, but by the late 1880′s she finagled enough money from people like tycoon Andrew Carnegie to build an entire educational campus: classrooms, dormitories, dining halls, libraries and shops to teach both academic classes and trades like carpentry, animal husbandry, cooking and sewing to male and female black students from across the region, who had few other options for continuing their education.

Opened in 1894 with a small group of students and lasting in various forms until the original buildings were torn down in the 1960′s, Jennie Dean’s “Manassas Industrial School for Colored Youth” is testament to one woman’s determination and leadership. Her legacy lives on through the hundreds of students she touched, and their families.
 
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1938


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Muhammad Ali, hugging Michael and Marlon


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Children, Harlem, New York, 1932 by Ruth Bernhard.
 
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Mabel Fairbanks
(1916-2001)

In 1977, Mabel Fairbanks was the first African American inducted into the U.S. Figure Skating Hall of Fame. After watching a Sonja Henje movie, she became enthralled with figure skating. Bargaining for a pair of skates two sizes too large in a pawnshop, Mabel illustrated the perseverance and determination which were to become the hallmarks of her life. She stuffed the skates with cotton; gained her balance by walking up and down the stairs in her building; and a 6 foot by 6 foot makeshift rink was constructed in her room by her uncle using tin, wood and dry ice.

When she ventured to the local ice rink, she was denied entry. She continued to hone her skills while returning to the rink repeatedly. Her persistence paid off: the manager finally relented and the rest, as we say, is black history.

She developed into a formidable figure skater but she was barred from joining any figure skating clubs, which was the route to official competition. She also attempted to join ice shows but she was not allowed. Eventually, she traveled with ice shows to the West Indies and Mexico, with the knowledge that "they needed someone to skate in dark countries." Needless to say, she wowed her audiences with her spins and jumps. On her return to Los Angeles, the racial situation remained unchanged, and she continued to perform at nightclubs such as Ciro's and other local showrooms.

After her pro years passed her by, she became a teacher and coach, giving free lessons to those who could not afford to pay. She coached the first African American to win a national title (Atoy Wilson, 1966), and the first African Americans to win the national pairs title (Richard Ewell and Michelle McCladdie, 1972). Included among her students were some of the sport's luminaries such as Kristi Yamaguchi, Tiffany Chin, Rudy Galindo, and a young Scott Hamilton. Her knowledge and insight led to the unlikely pairing of Tai Babilonia and Randy Gardner, which resulted in this duo winning five national titles and the world championship.

Despite her skills and talent, she was never allowed to take part in official competition. Her tenacity and love for the sport gave her supreme satisfaction as she reflected: "If I had been allowed to go to the Olympics or Ice Capades like I wanted to then, I may not have helped other blacks like I did, and coached such wonderful skaters, and I think all that has been just as important and meaningful."

No jumps were named after her such as the Lutz (as in Alois Lutz) and the Salchow (as in Ulrich Salchow). Her spins—where you extend your leg back and above your head and another where you hold your leg straight up—which are commonplace today were dismissed as "spin variations." Yet she spun around and jumped over the obstacles that racism placed in her way.
Mabel Fairbanks: Breaking Down Barriers


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Children showing their dance moves
Belafonte TACOLCY Center, Miami, early 1970s
African Dance Festival


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Feb. 3 1956, Autherine J. Lucy became the first black student to attend the University of Alabama. However, three days later she was expelled, as what was referred to for "her own safety" in response to threats. In 1992, Autherine Lucy-Foster graduated from the University with a master’s degree in education.


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Colonial soldier with German women, 1919.

In the period following World War I, French colonial troops were used as part of the Allied occupation of the German Rhineland, in accordance with the Treaty of Versailles. German propaganda in response to the presence of these troops relied on racial stereotypes of primitive, sexually depraved “savages” who could not be trusted among white women. This rhetoric of “Black Shame” (Schwarze Schande) became an international phenomenon, spanning the political divide and gaining support from a broad coalition of groups in Europe and North America.

Hitler wrote about the Black Shame in Mein Kampf, decrying the “negrification” of Europe. His government would later sterilize 500 or so mixed-race children born of African servicemen and German women (the so-called “Rhineland Bastards”), and instances of Nazi atrocities against black French troops were recorded during the Battle of France.


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Morehouse College students in the late 1940s


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Dancer, actress, and dance instructor Jeni LeGon was born Jennie Ligon on August 14, 1916, in Chicago, Illinois. Later, in London, she learned that she was descended from General Henry Beauchamp Lygon, the 4th Earl of Beauchamp, through her father, Hector Ligon, a "Geechie" from the Georgia Sea Islands. LeGon grew up with her older sister Mary Belle in Chicago's overcrowded Black Belt. Practicing and performing with other children, LeGon received her first formal training from Mary Bruce's School of Dance. She often skipped school to learn new dance routines from the movies, and she graduated from Sexton Elementary School in 1928. In 1930, at age thirteen, she successfully auditioned for the Count Basie Orchestra's chorus line. Leaving Englewood High School a year later, LeGon was already a cutting edge professional dancer with a repertoire of knee drops, flips, slides, mule kicks, and flying splits, which she performed wearing pants.

In 1931, LeGon became a member of the family oriented Whitman Sisters troupe, which traveled the South. With her half sister, Willa Mae Lane, she formed the LeGon and Lane tap duo in 1933. In 1935 Hollywood, Earl Dancer, the former manager of Ethel Waters, discovered LeGon. Dancer helped LeGon to be the first black woman to sign an extended contract from MGM, though it was shortly cancelled. In her first screen role, LeGon danced with Bill "Bojangles" Robinson (the only black woman to do so on screen) in Hooray for Love, which also featured Fats Waller.

Her twenty-four film credits include: Broadway Melody of 1936, This Was Paris, (1937), Start Cheering, Fools for Scandal (1938), I Can't Give You Anything But Love (1940), Birth of the Blues, Sundown, Arabian Nights (1941), While Thousands Cheered, Stormy Weather (1943), Hi De Ho (1945), Easter Parade (1948), I Shot Jesse James (1949) and Somebody Loves Me (1952).

LeGon married composer Phil Moore in 1943 and they co wrote "The Sping" which Lena Horne sang in Panama Hattie. She also starred in Fats Waller's Broadway musical, Early to Bed and took African dance lessons from Katherine Dunham that same year. In 1953, LeGon appeared with Dorothy Dandridge and Harry Belafonte as a teacher in Bright Road. Her next U. S. film role would not come until Snoop Dogg's 2001 film, Bones. In the 1950's LeGon founded a school of dance and appeared in television's Amos and Andy. By the 60's she toured with Jazz Caribe. In 1969, LeGon settled in Vancouver, British Columbia teaching tap, point and Dunham technique. In the 1970s, LeGon worked with Troupe One, a youth theatre group and traveled to London with the Pelican Players in the 80s.

The Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame and the National Congress of Black Women have honored LeGon. In 2002, Oklahoma City University conferred upon her a doctorate of performing arts in American Dance. In 1999, the National Film Board of Canada released Grant Greshuk's prize-winning documentary, Jeni LeGon: Living in a Great Big Way.
Jeni Legon passed away on December 7, 2012
 


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