The southern most Neanderthal in the world (Amud Cave, Israel)
![[Big Grin]](biggrin.gif)
quote:http://smnh.tau.ac.il/eng/gallery/anthropoligia
The southern most Neanderthal in the world (Amud Cave, Israel)
quote:~HARUN YAHYA.THE NEANDERTHALS:
To the above can be seen the Homo sapiens neanderthalensis Amud 1 skull, discovered in Israel. It is estimated that the owner of this skull would have stood 1.80 meters (5 feet, 11 inch es) tall. Its brain volume is the largest so far encountered for Neanderthals, at 1,740 cubic centimeters.
quote:~H. Valladas. et al.
Age-estimates ranging from 50 to 70 ky were obtained for the Mousterian deposits of Amud Cave in Israel from thermoluminescence measurements performed on 19 burnt flints. The late dates obtained for the stratigraphic layers bearing hominid remains confirm the evidence for the late presence of Neanderthals in the Levant. The dates enable a more effective comparison of the lithic assemblages from Amud Cave with those of other contemporaneous sites and underline the variability within Mousterian lithic industries at the end of the Middle Palaeolithic in the Levant.
quote:~Dibble HL et al.
North Africa is quickly emerging as one of the more important regions yielding information on the origins of modern Homo sapiens. Associated with significant fossil hominin remains are two stone tool industries, the Aterian and Mousterian, which have been differentiated, respectively, primarily on the basis of the presence and absence of tanged, or stemmed, stone tools. Largely because of historical reasons, these two industries have been attributed to the western Eurasian Middle Paleolithic rather than the African Middle Stone Age. In this paper, drawing on our recent excavation of Contrebandiers Cave and other published data, we show that, aside from the presence or absence of tanged pieces, there are no other distinctions between these two industries in terms of either lithic attributes or chronology. Together, these results demonstrate that these two 'industries' are instead variants of the same entity. Moreover, several additional characteristics of these assemblages, such as distinctive stone implements and the manufacture and use of bone tools and possible shell ornaments, suggest a closer affinity to other Late Pleistocene African Middle Stone Age industries rather than to the Middle Paleolithic of western Eurasia.
quote:~Cremaschi, Mauro, et al. "Some Insights on the Aterian in the Libyan Sahara: Chronology,
Aterian and Mousterian in North Africa
The sites in Northern Africa in country of Libya were researched because of the multiple Aterian stone tools found in the surrounding areas. The Aterian is another specialized industry similar to the Mousterian and the Levallois found in the Middle Paleolithic. The hominid species that occupied this area (modern humans) appeared to be "modern" by the types of artifacts that they
left behind.
quote:~Israel Hershkovitz et al.
Extended Data Figure 4: Dating results for Area C.
A key event in human evolution is the expansion of modern humans of African origin across Eurasia between 60 and 40 thousand years (kyr) before present (BP), replacing all other forms of hominins1. Owing to the scarcity of human fossils from this period, these ancestors of all present-day non-African modern populations remain largely enigmatic. Here we describe a partial calvaria, recently discovered at Manot Cave (Western Galilee, Israel) and dated to 54.7 ± 5.5 kyr BP (arithmetic mean ± 2 standard deviations) by uranium–thorium dating, that sheds light on this crucial event. The overall shape and discrete morphological features of the Manot 1 calvaria demonstrate that this partial skull is unequivocally modern. It is similar in shape to recent African skulls as well as to European skulls from the Upper Palaeolithic period, but different from most other early anatomically modern humans in the Levant. This suggests that the Manot people could be closely related to the first modern humans who later successfully colonized Europe. Thus, the anatomical features used to support the ‘assimilation model’ in Europe might not have been inherited from European Neanderthals, but rather from earlier Levantine populations. Moreover, at present, Manot 1 is the only modern human specimen to provide evidence that during the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic interface, both modern humans and Neanderthals contemporaneously inhabited the southern Levant, close in time to the likely interbreeding event with Neanderthals2, 3.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v520/n7546/images/nature14134-st2.jpg
Extended Data Table 2 | Manot 1 calvaria morphology compared with an Upper Palaeolithic European specimen, Neanderthals and present- day humans
quote:~Robert A. Foley er al.
Originally, the Aterian was considered to be the final phase of the local Mousterian/Middle Palaeolithic tradition, and thus mostly younger than 40 ka. Current data support a more asynchronous view. Integrating new dates for the sites of El Harhoura and El Mnasra with those from other sites published recently (Barton et al., 2009; Richter et al., 2010; Schwenninger et al., 2010; Jacobs et al., 2011) suggest an older chronology, with a range of between 112 and 50 ka. Sub-divisions within the Aterian have been also recognized for some time, but based entirely on typology (Ruhlmann, 1945; Antoine, 1950a, b; Balout, 1955; Roche, 1969). Recently, Jacobs et al. (2012) proposed four phases to the MP/Aterian history in the Maghreb:
The traditional interpretation has been that the Aterian represents a local facies of the North African Mousterian, sometimes described as an ‘evolved Mousterian’ (Tixier, 1959; Balout, 1965), or as an ‘Epi- Mousterian’ (Bordes, 1961). From a technological perspective, the characterization of the generalized North African MP/MSA is not simple. Techno-typological definitions of the non-Aterian MP/MSA industries in the Maghreb are unclear: Aumassip (2001) suggests a relative rarity of retouched tools and a relatively high frequency of sidescrapers, while for others abundant and diversified side- scrapers mainly produced on Levallois blanks are what characterize non-Aterian MP/MSA assemblages in the area (Wengler, 2010: 68). However, non-Aterian regional variation in the MSA is high. Aumassip (2004) identifies a number of traditions within a scheme of Mousterian variation very similar to European Mousterian facies e (a) Mousterian of Acheulean tradition, rich in small bifaces and Levallois debitage, frequent in Morocco and the Maghrebian Sahara; (b) Denticulate Mousterian in Egypt and the Maghreb, rich in denticulates and notches; (c) Typical Mousterian across North Africa; (d) Ferrassie-type Mousterian in the Maghreb, rich in scrapers and points and without bifaces; (e) Nubian Mousterian in Egypt and Sudan, characterized by the Levallois production of Nubian points, as well as (f) the Khormusan, a distinct facies of the Sudanese record (Marks, 1968; Goder-Goldeger, 2013). However, Aumassip’s classification of the non-Aterian MP/MSA of North Africa has been criticized on the grounds that it uses a European rather than African framework, and specifically excludes a number of sites from this North African ‘Mousterian’ variation e those described by Clark and others as ‘Middle Stone Age’ in Niger and Mali, and a set of very localized industries, such as those from M’zab and Dede in Algeria. To these, one could add the Pre-Aurignacian of Cyrenaica (McBurney, 1967). This highlights the point made earlier, that to understand the Aterian and its relationship to the MSA requires a broader comparative approach to technology, and that comparative framework must be Africa.
Aterian origins have usually been thought to lie in the Maghreb (Debènath et al., 1986; Pasty, 1997), although this view has been strongly criticized (Kleindienst, 1998: 8). Alternative origins have been suggested in sub-Saharan Africa, pointing to affinities with industries with foliates, such as the Lupemban and Sangoan (Caton- Thompson, 1946; Clark, 1982, 2008; Kleindienst, 1998; Wengler, 2010; Garcea, 2012). Sub-Saharan links are pertinent, since all human fossil remains found in association with the Aterian are those of H. sapiens, thus representing one of the main regional early human populations of Africa prior to the colonization of Eurasia.
We would argue that the Central Sahara occupies a pivotal place in the origins and dispersals of modern humans, and that the MSA of Africa is the context in which we should be developing hypotheses. Following the re-dating of key Maghrebian sites, the recognition of the North African MSA diversity, and of its place within a broader complex of Mode 3 African industries, the Aterian could be considered as one among several MSA traditions that may have existed in North Africa.
Although these need chronological definition, MSA-making hominins could have occupied North Africa and the Sahara during several wet phases, both before and after MIS5, while the expansion of the Aterian during this latter period is consistent with the expansion of modern humans, and MSA sites and traditions, throughout Africa. Furthermore, Aterian and non-Aterian MSA assemblages are temporally interstratified at certain sites as Ifri N’Ammar in Morocco (Mikdad and Eiwanger, 2000; Jacobs et al., 2011) or El Guettar in Tunisia (Aouadi- Abdeljaouad and Belhouchet, 2008, 2012). Such dynamic demographic responses to changes in socio-ecological environments have been mapped in other MSA traditions of Africa, such as the Howieson’s Poort (Jacobs et al., 2008).
quote:https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jan/16/spain.science
Spanish investigators believe they may have found proof that neanderthal man reached Europe from Africa not just via the Middle East but by sailing, swimming or floating across the Strait of Gibraltar.
[…]
Cabililla de Benzú, in the Spanish north African enclave of Ceuta, are remarkably similar to those found in southern Spain, investigators said. Stone tools at the site correspond to the middle palaeolithic period, when neanderthal man emerged, and resemble those found across Spain.
"This could break the paradigm of most investigators, who have refused to believe in any contact in the palaeolithic era between southern Europe and northern Africa," investigator José Ramos explained in the University of Cadiz's research journal.
[…]
quote:Next:
Originally posted by BlessedbyHorus:
Good **** Ish.
quote:~Fernando L. et al.
This is ∼2.1 (95% CI: 1.7–2.9) times longer than the TMRCA of A00 and other extant modern human Y-chromosome lineages. This estimate suggests that the Y-chromosome divergence mirrors the population divergence of Neandertals and modern human ancestors, and it refutes alternative scenarios of a relatively recent or super-archaic origin of Neandertal Y chromosomes.
quote:~Michael F. Hammer Fernando L. Mendez et al.
Genotyping of a DNA sample that was submitted to a commercial genetic-testing facility demonstrated that the Y chromosome of this African American individual carried the ancestral state of all known Y chromosome SNPs. To further characterize this lineage, which we dubbed A00 (see Figure S1, available online, for proposed nomenclature), we sequenced multiple regions (totaling ∼240 kb) of the X-degenerate portion of this chromosome, as well as a subset of these regions (∼180 kb) on a chromosome belonging to the previously known basal lineage A1b (which we rename here as A0).
quote:This topic is obviously too overwhelming for you.
Originally posted by the lioness,:
If there were Meanderthals in Africa and they mixed with humans in Africa thatn humans in Africa would carry Neanderthal DNA and it would be of a different type than Neanderthal DNA from a different region
quote:Well observed, "old and an African form of Neanderthals"
Originally posted by xyyman:
In 1960, mining operations in the Jebel Irhoud massif 55 km southeast of Safi, Morocco exposed a Palaeolithic site in the Pleistocene filling of a karstic network. An almost complete skull (Irhoud 1) was accidentally unearthed in 1961, prompting excavations that yielded an adult braincase (Irhoud 2)4, an immature mandible (Irhoud 3)5,
an immature humeral shaft6, an immature ilium7 and a fragment of a mandible8, associated with abundant faunal remains and Levallois stone-tool technology6. Although these human remains were all reported to come from the bottom of the archaeological deposits, only the precise location of the humeral shaft was recorded. The interpretation of the Irhoud hominins has long been complicated
by persistent uncertainties surrounding their geological age. They were initially considered to be around 40 thousand years (kyr) old and an African form of Neanderthals9. However, these affinities have been challenged5,10,11 and the faunal8 and microfaunal12 evidence supported a Middle Pleistocene age for the site. An attempt to date one
of the hominins directly by uranium series combined with electron spin resonance (U-series/ESR)3 suggested an age of 160 ± 16 kyr (ref. 13).
Consistent with some genetic evidence14,
quote:Of course the eurocentrist was going to announce this, so it still can be used against Africa (Africans) as a premise for back migration.
Originally posted by xyyman:
"If"? And I agree there weren't "Meanderthals" in Africa and no where else. Just kidding i know it ia typo.
How can still argue that there weren't Neanderthal IN Africa when neanderthal originated IN Africa. Neanderthal is a DEAD line and as many other "homos".
quote:The clue here is that during those days small pockets of homo sapiens sapiens roamed Africa. Most most likely never interacted with one another. Some did mix with "Neanderthals" and others did not.
Originally posted by the lioness,:
The Neanderthals, like humans were also probably varied in appearance according to regions they were in.
If there were Neanderthals in Africa and they mixed with humans in Africa than humans in Africa would carry Neanderthal DNA to that extent.
If there were Neanderthals in Africa they may not have mixed with humans.
quote:~Iosif Lazaridis et al. 2016, Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East, Nature 536, 419–424, (25 August 2016)
Basal Eurasian is a genetic component of an early, prehistoric branch of West Eurasian of Near Easterners, that was notably lacking in Neanderthal admixture compared to other Out of Africa populations.[1]
quote:~Iosif Lazaridis et al. (2016 )
The ‘Basal Eurasians’ are a lineage hypothesized
quote:~Iosif Lazaridis et al. (2016)
By extrapolation, we infer that the Basal Eurasian population had lower Neanderthal ancestry than non-Basal Eurasian populations and possibly none (ninety-five percent confidence interval truncated at zero of 0-60%; Fig. 2; Methods). The finding of little if any Neanderthal ancestry in Basal Eurasians could be explained if the Neanderthal admixture into modern humans 50,000-60,000 years ago 11 largely occurred after the splitting of the Basal Eurasians from other non-Africans
quote:http://www.nature.com/news/human-evolution-the-neanderthal-in-the-family-1.14932
Ghost populations also lurk in ancient DNA. While analysing high-quality genomes of a Neanderthal and a Denisovan, a team led by Reich and Montgomery Slatkin at the University of California, Berkeley, noticed a peculiar pattern: present-day sub-Saharan Africans are more closely related to Neanderthals than they are to Denisovans 4. But evidence from other ancient genomes suggested that the two archaic groups were equally related to present-day Africans. After weighing the possibilities, the scientists realized that they might have uncovered another ghost population.
[…]
These discoveries are only the beginning. The Akey and Reich teams found that the genomes of east Asians possess, on average, slightly more Neanderthal DNA than do people of European ancestry. Akey sees this as possible evidence that Neanderthals interbred with ancient humans on at least two separate occasions: once with the ancestors of all Eurasians, and later with a population ancestral only to east Asians. And Akey believes that humans are likely to bear genetic scraps from other extinct species, including some that interbred with the ancestors of humans in sub-Saharan Africa.
[…]
quote:--Peter A. Underhill , Toomas Kivisild - 2007
"haplogroup CF and DE molecular ancestors first evolved inside Africa and subsequently contributed as Y chromosome founders to pioneering migrations that successfully colonized Asia. While not proof, the DE and CF bifurcation (Figure 8d ) is consistent with independent colonization impulses possibly occurring in a short time interval."
quote:To get back to this, I've noticed something very ironic in the crania.
Originally posted by xyyman:
In 1960, mining operations in the Jebel Irhoud massif 55 km southeast of Safi, Morocco exposed a Palaeolithic site in the Pleistocene filling of a karstic network. An almost complete skull (Irhoud 1) was accidentally unearthed in 1961, prompting excavations that yielded an adult braincase (Irhoud 2)4, an immature mandible (Irhoud 3)5,
an immature humeral shaft6, an immature ilium7 and a fragment of a mandible8, associated with abundant faunal remains and Levallois stone-tool technology6. Although these human remains were all reported to come from the bottom of the archaeological deposits, only the precise location of the humeral shaft was recorded. The interpretation of the Irhoud hominins has long been complicated
by persistent uncertainties surrounding their geological age. They were initially considered to be around 40 thousand years (kyr) old and an African form of Neanderthals9. However, these affinities have been challenged5,10,11 and the faunal8 and microfaunal12 evidence supported a Middle Pleistocene age for the site. An attempt to date one
of the hominins directly by uranium series combined with electron spin resonance (U-series/ESR)3 suggested an age of 160 ± 16 kyr (ref. 13).
Consistent with some genetic evidence14,
quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
.
1982 Version:
I didn't know Neanderthal is considered to be Homo Sapiens.... Homo sapiens? neanderthalensis
quote:Neanderthal can be considered either a separate species of human, Homo neanderthalis, or a subspecies of Homo sapiens, Homo sapiens neanderthalis. The concept of species is not well defined, different experts have different opinions.
Originally posted by Linda Fahr:
quote:This image says it all.
Originally posted by capra:
Anatomically modern humans did not lcome "after"quote:Neanderthal can be considered either a separate species of human, Homo neanderthalis, or a subspecies of Homo sapiens, Homo sapiens neanderthalis. The concept of species is not well defined, different experts have different opinions.
Originally posted by Linda Fahr:
quote:Did you not read what I have posted here in this thread. It also found in Africans. And it’s not sure if it was actually an African archaic species that left mark in all modern people.
Originally posted by Linda Fahr:
Why historians and geneticists insist to say that Neanderthal is extinct if Modern humans, mostly European and Asians still carry their DNA?
They are not extinct, they still alive and well, in billions of modern humans!
quote:~Ki-Zerbo,J. (1981). Unesco General History of Africa Vol. 1: Methodology and African Prehistory
Between 139kya and 125kya the Neanderthals migrated back into africa and spread from Morocco to East Africa (Ki-Zerbo, 1981,p.572).
The African Neanderthal people used the common Levoiso-Mousterian tool kit originally discovered in Europe. The Nenderthal skeletons mainly come from Djebel Irhoud and El Guettar (Ki-Zerbo,1981). Later Neanderthal people used the Aterian tool kit.
quote:I said the opposite, meaning I do not consider them Homo sapiens sapiens.
Originally posted by Linda Fahr:
Actually, I do not considered a hominid to be a Homo Sapiens. Neanderthal was a "Hominid". But, you have the rights to elevated Neanderthal as Homo Sapiens as you wishes...
quote:Why? Reddit is known for being a white right-wing/ racist white suprematist platform.
Originally posted by Autshumato:
Can we take these discussions to a Reddit sub? The mods here are way aggressive.
But for the most part, Linda is on the right path.
code:https://www.marres.education/haplogroups.htmA000T A8835
A000 A10805
A000a A21565
A000b A10801
A000b1 A10765
A00-T PR2921
quote:~Rene J. Herrera, Ralph Garcia-Bertrand
Recent data on Y chromosomes by Mendez et al 43 found evidence to support a model that placed the Neanderthal lineage as an outgroup to the modern human Y chromosomes, including A00,...
quote:I assume Hg R is considered the Eurasian Basal, that was hypnotized about?
We investigate its divergence from orthologous chimpanzee and modern human sequences and find strong support for a model that places the Neandertal lineage as an outgroup to modern human Y chromosomes—including A00, the highly divergent basal haplogroup.
We called bases for both the Neandertal and A00 sequences by using SAMtools
quote:Also:
To reduce the potential impact of postmortem DNA damage, we restricted this analysis to coordinates covered by at least three sequencing reads. We further restricted to the subset of Poznik et al.19 regions in which the human reference sequence is based on bacterial artificial chromosome clones derived from the RP-11 individual, 20 a known carrier of haplogroup R1b. This left ∼7.83 Mb of sequence within which to assign variants to the appropriate branches (Figure S2, Appendix A). Using the known age of the Ust’-Ishim individual and the constrained optimization procedure described in Rasmussen et al., 21 we obtained parametric bootstrap estimates for TAR as well as for the mutation rate and the TMRCA of haplogroup K-M526 (Appendix A). Briefly, we sampled from the process that generated the observed tree (Figure S2) by simulating the number of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) on each branch as a Poisson draw with mean equal to the observed number of mutations. To obtain bootstrap samples of the three parameters, we maximized their joint likelihood for each tree replicate.
quote:Further more:
The 17 sites that are incompatible with the tree are principally due to recurrent and back mutations. Because the reference has accumulated more mutations than Ust’-Ishim since their common ancestor, it is expected that more incompatible sites unite A00 and Ust’-Ishim than unite the reference and A00. Indeed, 10 of the 13 mutations map to branches ancestral to the reference sequence (but not Ust’-Ishim) in the 1000 Genomes Project (see Web Resources). Likewise, one of the other four mutations could have recurred in the reference and A00. Our approach cannot detect mutations that occurred on both the lineage leading to A00 and on the lineage leading to K-M526; however, the expected number of such mutations is quite small.
quote:~Fernando L.Mendez
Recurrent Mutations
Four mutations were inconsistent with tree ii in Figure 1A. Non-A0 lineages in the 1000 Genomes panel34 share the reference allele at coordinate 2,710,154, and individuals in haplogroups B through T share the reference allele at 23,558,260. The two others were at coordinates 9,386,241 and 15,024,530.
quote:no it isn't
Originally posted by Ish Gebor:
Reddit is known for being a white right-wing/ racist white suprematist platform.
quote:Yes it is. lol
Originally posted by the lioness,:
quote:no it isn't
Originally posted by Ish Gebor:
Reddit is known for being a white right-wing/ racist white suprematist platform.
quote:https://www.businessinsider.com/reddit-bans-coontown-2015-8?international=true&r=US&IR=T
"Reddit finally bans its most infamous racist communities because they 'made recruiting here more difficult'"
"There was one surprise, though: Huffman announced that "CoonTown," probably Reddit's most notorious racist community, was officially banned from the site, as of Wednesday — a reversal from his original position that it would stay on Reddit, merely quarantined away."
quote:You are posting an 5 year old article.
Originally posted by Ish Gebor:
quote:Yes it is. lol
Originally posted by the lioness,:
[qb]quote:no it isn't
Originally posted by Ish Gebor:
Reddit is known for being a white right-wing/ racist white suprematist platform.
"Reddit finally bans its most infamous racist communities because they 'made recruiting here more difficult'"
"There was one surprise, though: Huffman announced that "CoonTown," probably Reddit's most notorious racist community, was officially banned from the site, as of Wednesday — a reversal from his original position that it would stay on Reddit, merely quarantined away."
https://www.businessinsider.com/reddit-bans-coontown-2015-8?international=true&r=US&IR=T
quote:Don't be silly,
Originally posted by the lioness,:
quote:You are posting an 5 year old article.
Originally posted by Ish Gebor:
quote:Yes it is. lol
Originally posted by the lioness,:
[qb]quote:no it isn't
Originally posted by Ish Gebor:
Reddit is known for being a white right-wing/ racist white suprematist platform.
"Reddit finally bans its most infamous racist communities because they 'made recruiting here more difficult'"
"There was one surprise, though: Huffman announced that "CoonTown," probably Reddit's most notorious racist community, was officially banned from the site, as of Wednesday — a reversal from his original position that it would stay on Reddit, merely quarantined away."
https://www.businessinsider.com/reddit-bans-coontown-2015-8?international=true&r=US&IR=T
Do you know what "banned" means? it means prohibited it in 2015
That doesn't means its a right wing platform
_____________________________
![[Embarrassed]](redface.gif)
quote:September 21, 2017
"Analysis of 500 million Reddit comments shows how the alt-right made the alt-left a thing"
quote:12-05-19
I became part of the alt-right at age 13, thanks to Reddit and Google
An anonymous teenager writes about his brief infatuation with the alt-right, which made him critical of how big tech platforms influence the way we think.
quote:AUGUST 29, 2019
"Users of a Major Online Trump Hub Expect They’ll Be Kicked off Reddit—and They Don’t Know Where to Go"
The community is very active, with over 774,000 members, and it boasts that memes created for or spread on the board have been reposted by President Trump and his son Donald Trump Jr. As perhaps the closest thing the online Trump political universe has to a hub, the subreddit offers a distilled version of the president’s most toxic, troll-prone supporters, whose habits of regularly posting noxious, violent, and racist content ended up earning the board its quarantine. This spring, The_Donald users posted bigoted content condoning violence against Muslims following the Christchurch shootings, and, during a GOP walkout from Oregon’s state senate, again advocated for violence."
quote:not true at all
Originally posted by Ish Gebor:
every racist supports Trump.
quote:This is metaphor. smh
Originally posted by the lioness,:
quote:not true at all
Originally posted by Ish Gebor:
every racist supports Trump.
