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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Baalberith: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Nassbean: [qb] why do you portray north africans as niger-congo people ? do you have any genetic or historical evidence for this ? Or it's just for fun (i hope)? [/qb][/QUOTE] :rolleyes: Genetic Evidence "North Africa is quickly emerging as one of the more important regions yielding information on the origins of modern Homo sapiens. Associated with significant fossil hominin remains are two stone tool industries, the Aterian and Mousterian, which have been differentiated, respectively, primarily on the basis of the presence and absence of tanged, or stemmed, stone tools. Largely because of historical reasons, these two industries have been attributed to the western Eurasian Middle Paleolithic rather than the African Middle Stone Age. In this paper, drawing on our recent excavation of Contrebandiers Cave and other published data, we show that, aside from the presence or absence of tanged pieces, there are no other distinctions between these two industries in terms of either lithic attributes or chronology. Together, these results demonstrate that these two ‘industries’ are instead variants of the same entity. Moreover, several additional characteristics of these assemblages, [b]such as distinctive stone implements and the manufacture and use of bone tools and possible shell ornaments, suggest a closer affinity to other Late Pleistocene African Middle Stone Age industries rather than to the Middle Paleolithic of western Eurasia[/b]" Source: On the industrial attributions of the Aterian and Mousterian of the Maghreb, Harold L. Dibble et al. Journal of Human Evolution, 2013 Elsevier "In this study we analyzed 295 unrelated Berber-speaking men from northern, central, and southern Morocco to characterize frequency of the E1b1b1b-M81 haplogroup and to refine the phylogeny of its subclades: E1b1b1b1-M107, E1b1b1b2-M183, and E1b1b1b2a-M165. For this purpose, we typed four biallelic polymorphisms: M81, M107, M183, and M165.[b]A large majority of the Berber-speaking male lineages belonged to the Y-chromosomal E1b1b1b-M81 haplogroup. The frequency ranged from 79.1% to 98.5% in all localities sampled[/b]. E1b1b1b2-M183 was the most dominant subclade in our samples, ranging from 65.1% to 83.1%. In contrast, the E1b1b1b1-M107 and E1b1b1b2a-M165 subclades were not found in our samples. Our results suggest a predominance of the E1b1b1b-M81 haplogroup among Moroccan Berber-speaking males with a decreasing gradient from south to north." Source: Phylogeography of E1b1b1b-M81 haplogroup and analysis of its subclades in Morocco Anthropological Evidence "The extremely large skeletal samples that come from sites such as Taforalt (Fig. 8.13) and Afalou constitute an invaluable resource for understanding the makers of Iberomaurusian artifacts, and their number is unparalleled elsewhere in Africa for the early Holocene. Frequently termed Mechta-Afalou or Mechtoid, [b]these were a skeletally robust people and definitely African in origin[/b], though attempts, such as those of Ferembach (1985), to establish similarities with much older and rarer Aterian skeletal remains are tenuous given the immense temporal separation between the two (Close and Wendorf 1990). [b]At the opposite end of the chronological spectrum, dental morphology does suggest connections with later Africans, including those responsible for the Capsian Industry (Irish 2000) and early mid-Holocene human remains from the western half of the Sahara[/b] (Dutour 1989), something that points to the Maghreb as one of the regions from which people recolonised the desert (MacDonald 1998)." "[b]Another form of body modification was much more widespread and, indeed, a distinctive feature of the Iberomaurusian skeletal sample as a whole. This was the practice of removing two or more of the upper incisors, usually around puberty and from both males and females, something that probably served as both a rite of passage and an ethnic marker (Close and Wendorf 1990), just as it does in parts of sub-Saharan Africa today[/b] (e.g., van Reenen 1987). Cranial and postcranial malformations are also apparent and may indicate pronounced endogamy at a much more localised level (Hadjouis 2002), perhaps supported by the degree of variability between different site samples noted by Irish (2000)." Source: The First Africans: African Archaeology from the Earliest Toolmakers to Most Recent Foragers (Cambridge World Archaeology) "On the remains of the Phoenicians and Carthaginians: "The Phoenicians had nothing in common with the official Jewish type: brachycephal, aquiline or Hittite nose, and so on [...] skulls presumably Phoenician, have been found west of Syracuse [...] [b]but these skulls are dolichocephalic and proganthous, with Negroid affinities[/b]" "Other bones discovered in Punic Carthage, and housed in the Lavigerie Museum, come from personages found in special sarcophagi and probably belonging to the Carthaginian elite. [b]Almost all the skulls are dolichocephalic[/b]." Source: Source: Eugene Pittard "Les races et L' histoire." "The anthropological examination of skeletons found in tombs in Carthage proves that there is no racial unity [...] The so called Semitic type, characterized by the long, perfectly oval face, the thin aquiline nose and the lengthened cranium, enlarged over the nape of the neck has not been found in Carthage. On the other hand, another cranial form, with a fairly short face, prominent parietal bumps, farther forward and lower down than is usual is common [...] [b]most of the Punic population in Carthage had African and even Negro ancestors[/b]" Source: Charles Picard "Daily Life in Carthage at the time of Hannibal" "[b]The race which gave birth to the Moroccans can be no other than the African negroes because the same black type[/b] [...] is found all the way to Senegal upon the right bank of the river without counting that it has been recognized in various parts of the Sahara [...] and from there comes black Moors who still have thick lips as a result of negro descent and not from intermixture [...] As to the white, bronze, or dark Moors, they are no other than the near relations of black Moors with whom they form the varieties of the same race; and as one can also see among the Europeans, blondes, brunettes, and chestnuts, in the midst of the same population so one may see Moroccans of every color in the same agglomeration without it being a question of their being real mulattos." Source: “Sur des races noires indigènes qui existaient anciennement dans l’afrique septentrionale” "Snowden (1970) and Desanges (1981) reference various writers’ physical descriptions of the ancient Maghreb’s inhabitants. In various writers’ physical descriptions of the ancient Maghreb’s inhabitants. In addition to the presence of fair-skinned blonds, various “Ethiopian” or “part-Ethiopian” groups are described, near the coast and on the southern slopes of the Atlas mountains. “Ethiopians,” meaning dark-skinned peoples usually having “ulotrichous” (wooly) hair, are noted in various Greek accounts and European coinage (Snowden, 1970). Hiernaux (1975) interprets the finding of “[b]subsaharan” population affinities in living Maghrebans as being solely the result of the medieval transsaharan slave trade; it is clear that this is not the case. Furthermore, the blacks of the ancient Maghreb were apparently not foreign or a caste[/b]." Source: (S.O.Y Keita, "Studies of Ancient Crania From Northern Africa," American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 83:35-48 (1990) Documented Evidence "North African, Berber," late 14c., from Old French More, from Medieval Latin Morus, from Latin Maurus "inhabitant of Mauretania" (northwest Africa, a region now corresponding to northern Algeria and Morocco), from Greek Mauros, perhaps a native name, or else cognate with mauros "[b]black[/b]" (but this adjective only appears in late Greek and may as well be from the people's name as the reverse). [b]Being a dark people[/b] in relation to Europeans, their name in the Middle Ages was a synonym for "[b]Negro[/b];" later (16c.-17c.) used indiscriminately of Muslims (Persians, Arabs, etc.) but especially those in India Source: http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=moor "Mauri, the inhabitants of Mauritania. This name is derived from their [b]black complexion[/b]" Source: A classical dictionary: containing a copious account of all proper names mentioned in ancient authors, with the value of coins, weights, and measures used among the Greeks and Romans, and a chronological table (1822) by John Lemprière Coat of Arms of Sardinia. As with the heraldry of families named with variants of Mori or Moor, several countries in Europe have flags and coat of arms with the heads of Moors on them. Military historian, Yaacov Lev in the article , “Army Regime and Society in Fatimid Egypt” (1987) wrote of Nasir Khusroes of the 11th century who speaks of the "20,000" Masmuda men that made up part of the Fatimid troops in Egypt in his time saying, “Masamida were Berbers from the Western Maghreb. [b]Nasir-i Khusrau, however, says that they were blacks[/b] and characterized them as infantry who used lances and swords” Source: (from International Journal of Middle East Studies, 19(3), 337-365) "The [b]blacks[/b] are more numerous than the [b]whites[/b]. The whites at most consist of the people of Persia, Jibal, and Khurasan, the Greeks, Slavs, Franks, and Avars, and some few others, not very numerous; the blacks include the Zanj, Ethiopians, [b]the people of Fezzan[/b], [b]the Berbers[/b], [b]the Copts[/b], and the Nubians, the people of Zaghawa, [b]the Moors[/b], Sind and India, Qamar and Dabila, China (Southeast Asia), and Masin, the islands in the seas between China (Southeast Asia) and Africa are full of blacks, such as Ceylon, Kalah, Amal, Zabij, and their islands, as far as India, China (Southeast Asia), Kabul, and those shores." Source: Al-Jahiz (776-869): Al-Fakhar al-Sudan min al-Abyadh (Superiority Of The Blacks To The Whites) “Ham, having become [b]black[/b] because of a curse pronounced against him by his father, fled to the Maghrib to hide in shame.... [b]Berber[/b], son of Kesloudjim [Casluhim], one of his descendants, left numerous posterity in the Maghrib Source: Ibn Khaldun, Histoire I, 177–178 "Now the real fact, the fact which dispenses with all hypothesis, is this: [b]the Berbers[/b] are the children of Canaan, [b]the son of Ham[/b], son of Noah." Down this line came Berr who had two sons, Baranis and Madghis al-Abtar. All Berber tribes descended from one or the other of these brothers and were classified as either Baranes or Botr" Source: Histoire I, 173–185 Marcus Valerian Martial was one of the earliest Europeans to use the phrase “[b]woolly hair like a Moor[/b]” also translated "[b]a Moor with his crisp hair[/b]" Source: Book 6 of "The Epigrams" "Long ago, after Noah, [b]Blacks inhabited our country[/b]: they went up as far as [b]Morocco[/b] until from Syria came the first [b]white conquerors[/b]: they were [b]light skinned men[/b] with [b]grey eyes[/b]." Source: La tradition chez les Ida Aghzeinbou [/QB][/QUOTE]
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