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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Clyde Winters: [QB] Doug you don't know what you are talking about. Researchers contend that the first Polynesia probably originated either in Southeast Asia or Taiwan. If they originated in either of these locations they can not be the original population of outer Oceania, where most Polynesians live. [IMG]http://www.yachtaragorn.com/photos/Gallery/PolynesianKidsBackToSchool.jpg[/IMG] [QUOTE] Mitochondrial DNA provides a link between Polynesians and indigenous Taiwanese 5/7/05. By PLoS Biology An analysis of mitochondrial DNA from nine Taiwanese tribes has revealed a genetic link between aboriginal Taiwanese and Polynesian populations, to the exclusion of mainland Asians. According to folklore, Polynesians originated from a mythical homeland called Hawaiki. The existence of such a place, however, as well as its location, has been the subject of much speculation. Significant research efforts have attempted to elucidate these claims through archeological, linguistic, and, more recently, biological evidence. Two main theories have previously emerged to explain the origins of modern day Polynesians: the 'express train' model and the 'slow boat' model. The express train model proposes that early ancestors migrated from mainland China and Southeast Asia, colonising Taiwan first and then spreading rapidly to the other Pacific Islands. The slow boat model assumes that Polynesian culture was influenced by gradual, complex interactions with neighboring islands before reaching Polynesia. Genetic techniques involving mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been used to compare the genetic profiles of Polynesians with people from mainland China, Southeast Asia, and Taiwan. Mitochondria reside in the cell cytoplasm and contain separate DNA that is inherited only from the mother. This means that while a person's nuclear DNA comes from a large number of ancestors, mtDNA can be traced back to a single ancestor. In theory, every person should have a copy of mtDNA identical to this original ancestor. In practice, this is not the case because random errors occur in the replication process. Different populations will experience mutations at different locations in their mtDNA, and these will be passed on to future generations. The result is that some groups of people will end up with mtDNA that is very different from another group. By comparing how much mtDNA different populations have in common, an ancestral relationship can be determined and dated. Feature: Mitochondrial DNA and human history Jean Trejaut and colleagues analysed DNA from people in China, Southeast Asia, Polynesia, and Taiwan. The authors focused specifically on the aboriginal populations of Taiwan, thought to be ancestors of today's Polynesians, and looked for unique genetic markers that occurred in the aboriginal people. They then compared these markers to those found in mainland Chinese, Taiwanese, and other Southeast Asian peoples, and asked: do the aboriginal people of Taiwan have a common ancestor in mainland China, and if yes, how long ago? And do the aboriginal Taiwanese share a common ancestry with the Polynesians? The geographic distribution of nine indigenous tribes of Taiwan Although Taiwan is currently inhabited mainly by migrants of recent Chinese origin, this has not always been the case. Today, roughly 2 per cent of the inhabitants are direct descendents of the island's indigenous people and have a unique culture, language, and genetic makeup. And while the Chinese immigrants colonised Taiwan a mere 400 years ago, archeological records show that Taiwan may have been inhabited for the last 15 000 years. The researchers found that the indigenous Taiwanese, Melanesian, and Polynesian populations share three specific mutations in their mtDNA that do not occur in mainland east Asian populations. Furthermore, they showed that there were enough different mtDNA mutations between the mainland Chinese population and the aboriginal Taiwanese to support the archeological findings suggesting a long period of habitation. Taken together, these results suggest that Taiwanese aboriginal populations have genetically been isolated from mainland Chinese for 10 000 to 20 000 years, though the whereabouts of their origin in the Asian region is still unclear. These results also show that Polynesian migration most likely originated from people identical to the aboriginal Taiwanese. The findings provide the first direct evidence for the common ancestry of Polynesians and indigenous Taiwanese, and suggest that Taiwan genetically belongs to that region of insular Southeast Asia that might have been the point from where Polynesians started their migration across the Pacific, followed by later cultures that developed from their descendents in east Indonesia and Melanesia. Further research will be necessary to accurately determine the origins of the aboriginal Taiwanese; however, these results are a step towards clarifying the origins of Polynesians. Further reading PLoS Biology synopsis : Mitochondrial DNA Provides a Link between Polynesians and Indigenous Taiwanese. PLoS Biol 2005 3(8): e281 Trejaut JA, Kivisild T, Loo JH, Lee CL, He CL, et al. (2005) Traces of Archaic Mitochondrial Lineages Persist in Austronesian-Speaking Formosan Populations. PLoS Biol 3(8): e247. Full text . [URL=http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD020872.html]web page[/URL] . [/QUOTE][IMG]http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/1016/50197118.JPG[/IMG] . [QUOTE] Our study provides evidence for a dual genetic origin of Pacific Islanders in Asia and Melanesia. This is in agreement with the Slow Boat hypothesis of Polynesian origins (Kayser, Brauer et al. 2000) according to which Polynesian ancestors originated in Asia, moved eastward, and mixed extensively with local Melanesians before colonizing the Pacific Islands. Although dating methods revealed somewhat similar entries of NRY/mtDNA haplogroups into Polynesia, haplotype sharing suggests that haplogroups of Melanesian origin may have appeared earlier in Polynesia than those of Asian origin, although more extensive sampling in Melanesia is needed to confirm this observation. The striking difference observed here between Asian and Melanesian contributions to the paternal and maternal gene pool of Polynesians suggests an admixture bias toward more Melanesian men, perhaps as result of uxorilocal (matrilocal) residence and matrilineal descent in ancestral Polynesian society (Hage and Marck 2003). The identified east-west gradient in the frequency distribution of some NRY/mtDNA haplogroups suggests an increasing tendency for founder events as the more eastern islands were colonized and also implies that Pacific voyaging was regular rather than haphazard. The gradual west-to-east decrease of overall NRY/mtDNA diversity in addition to the frequency distribution of the Polynesian DYS385 triplication provide genetic evidence for a west-to-east settlement of Polynesia. Fiji has played a pivotal role in the history of Polynesia either by having had received an earlier migration wave from Melanesia or by subsequent intensive contacts with Melanesia. In order to differentiate between these scenarios, additional sampling between mainland New Guinea and Fiji (e.g., from the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia) is needed. Based on the data presented here, Polynesians can be regarded as an admixed population (especially Fijians), although it should be pointed out that autosomal data are needed in addition to the Y/mtDNA data presented here for a more comprehensive estimate of Polynesian genetic admixture. Nevertheless, we predict that Polynesians should be of interest for admixture mapping of disease genes. For example, Polynesians have an extraordinarily high frequency of Type 2 diabetes (Zimmet et al. 1990), which may reflect past selection on genes involved in nutrition metabolism for a "thrifty genotype" (Neel 1962). Polynesians thus may prove of interest not only because of their fascinating history and extraordinary accomplishments in colonizing the Pacific but also from what we may learn about complex diseases that affect other populations. [URL=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/23/11/2234]web page[/URL] [/QUOTE][IMG]http://www.thebigday.com/i/dest/2/Creations.jpg[/IMG] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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