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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Doug M: [QB] You still have not identified what "features" are Levantine for the Ramessids. Here is a scientific observation on the facts: [QUOTE] James Harris and Edward Wente conducted an x-ray analysis of the New Kingdom royal mummies with the results published in their book X-ray Atlas of the Royal Mummies (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1980). Included in the work were cephalograms of Pharaohs of the XVII-XX Dynasties and their queens. The angular measurements presented in tabular form in pp. 358-363 will be used here to compare the Pharaohs in craniofacial terms to tropical African types such as the Nubians. We will analyze all the data of the New Kingdom Pharaohs in terms of ANB (A point-nasion-basion) and SN - Mand. Pl. (sella-nasion/gonion-menton). Also, the three images available on Edward Wente's website, Who was Who among the Royal Mummies, will be analyzed in more details for their correspondence with Africans to the south. Harris and Wente note the prevalence of dental prognathism among Nubians. Often this is combined with malocclusion. Similar incidence can be found in other African peoples. For example, one study found that a sample taken from the Kenya showed 61.3% of Maasai had diastema; 84% of Kikuyu had overbite and 99% had overjet; and 24% of Kalenjin had anterior open bite. (J. Hassanali, GP Pokhariyal, "Anterior tooth relations in Kenyan Africans, Archives of Oral Biology 38 [Apr 1993] 337-42). Although these dental traits can often be acquired through habits like thumb-sucking, as noted by Harris and Wente, the high frequency in the royal mummies indicates a genetic origin as found in Africans. Studies have shown that persons of African descent tend to have greater projection of the alveolar region as compared to the lower mouth. The difference in projection measured as ANB (A point-nasion-B point) and research on persons of African descent has shown ranges from 5.5 to 4.3. In comparison with Caucasians, the values were from about 1.5 to 2 times greater (see Alexander et al., 1978; Downs,1948; Fonseca et al.,1978; Steiner, 1959). After studying all the data, particularly after analyzing the computerized ethcings, one can certainly see that the royal mummies displayed high frequencies of African traits shared with most Africans. Thus, the royal mummies display a strong southern affinity just like other ancient Egyptians of all classes studied by Cheikh Anta Diop, Larry Angel and Shomarqa Keita. See the links below for the tables of data and results, or click on the detailed analysis of the three images from Who was Who among the Royal [b]SN-Mandibular Plane Subject SN-Mandibular Plane[/b] Seqenenre Tao 34 Ahmose I 27.2 Amenhotep I 33.7 Thutmose I 34 Thutmose II 37.4 Thutmose III 43.1 Amenhotep II 38.4 Thutmose IV 26.2 Amenhotep III 28 Smenkhkare 37.33 Seti I 32.22 Ramesses II 31.9 Merenptah 33.4 Seti II 41.9 Siptah 49 Ramesses III 28.9 Ramesses IV 31.8 Ramesses V 28.6 Ramesses IX (XI) 33.4 In the study of Alexander and Hitchcock of Alabama populations, the AA norm for SN-Mand. was 34.4 compared to 32.0 for Caucasians. The average for the Pharaohs is 34.23. If one includes the New Kingdom Queens the mean is 35.83! (Alexander TL, Hitchcock HP. Cephalometric standards for American Negro children. Am J Orthod 1978;74:298-304) [b]ANB Values (A point-Nasion-B point) Subject ANB (°)[/b] Seqenenre Tao 6.22 Ahmose I 7.5 Amenhotep I 5.56 Thutmose I 10.46 Thutmose II 3.41 Thutmose III 6.1 Amenhotep II 5.5 Thutmose IV 5.84 Amenhotep III 6 Smenkhkare 5.41 Seti I 5.49 Ramesses II 6.94 Merenptah 7.5 Seti II 3.7 Siptah -- Ramesses III 7.2 Ramesses IV 6.26 Ramesses V 3.14 Ramesses IX (XI) 4.74 The values here are almost all very high. The mean is 5.9428, which exceeds the means obtained for persons of African descent in previous studies and far exceeds the means obtained for Caucasians. (Downs WB. Variations in facial relationships: Their significance in treatment and prognosis. Am J Orthod 1948;34:812-840; Fonseca RJ, Klein WD. A cephalometric evaluation of American Negro women. Am J Orthod 1978;73:152-160; Steiner CC. Cephalometrics in clinical practice. Angle Orthod 1959;29:8-29). [/QUOTE]From: http://www.geocities.com/pinatubo.geo/data1.htm And [QUOTE] The XVIV Dynasty is higher in ANB and SN-M Plane than the XX Dynasty. Ramesses IV is the only one in these two dynasties with strong alveolar prognathism, at least, as indicated by SNA. However, dental alveolar prognathism is quite common in both dynasties. Also, both have ANB and SN- M Plane at mean angles higher than even African Americans. In terms of head shape, the XVIV and XX dynasties look more like the early Nubian skulls from the mesolithic with low vaults and sloping, curved foreheads. The XVII and XVIII dynasty skulls are shaped more like modern Nubians with globular skulls and high vaults. Merenptah, Siptah and Ramesses V all have pronounced glabellae. Ramesses IV has a bulging occiput similar to the "Elder Lady." Ramesses II and his son, Merenptah, both have rather weakly inclined mandibles with long ramus. Ramesses II's father, Seti I, does not possess this feature, though, suggesting that this was inherited from Ramesses II's mother, Queen Mut-Tuy. The gonial angle of Seti I is 116.3 compared to 107.9 and 109 for Ramesses II and Merenptah respectively. The XVIV and XX dynasty heads do not have steep foreheads, receding zygomatic arches or prominent chins. Generally, both glabella and occiput are rounded and projecting to varying degrees. The sagittal contour is usually flattened, at least to some degree, although this sometimes begins before the bregma rather than in post-bregmatic position. The whole mandible is rarely squarish, although the body sometimes has a wavy edge. The latter feature, though, is very common in both ancient and modern Nubians. According to Gill (1986), an undulating mandible is a characteristic of Negroids. [/QUOTE]From: http://www.geocities.com/pinatubo.geo/data7.htm So. Where are your scientifically observed facts and conclusions as opposed to eyeball analysis? Seti looks like an African. [IMG]http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/mummies1.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/seti1.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]http://cache.viewimages.com/xc/3291416.jpg?v=1&c=ViewImages&k=2&d=C06051C8BA2A5A2C7D187DA0A6A71EF9A55A1E4F32AD3138[/IMG] http://www.viewimages.com/Search.aspx?mid=3291416&epmid=1&partner=Google [/QB][/QUOTE]
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