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Northern Arab Sudanese look like the average Black African
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Wolofi: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Chimu: [qb] Hmmmmm... No common ancestors in East Africans and the Near East? No admixture? [QUOTE]Here, both Ethiopian and Yemeni populations can be considered to be hybrids of gene flow from sub-Saharan Africa and the Near East. Therefore, the proximity of Yemenis to Ethiopian and Egyptian populations in the MDS plot and the insignificant southeastern African contribution revealed by the admixture analysis could reflect only the trivial fact that the northeastern African and Yemeni populations are all hybrids of the same basic components.[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]On the basis of autosomal polymorphic loci, it has been estimated that 60% of the Ethiopian gene pool has an African origin, whereas »40% is of Caucasoid derivation (Guglielmino et al. 1987; Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994, p. 174).[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Considering both paternal and maternal lineages, only 5.4% of the mtDNAs can be classified as Caucasoid (table 3), whereas 25.4% of the Ethiopian Y chromosomes have a clear Caucasoid origin (12f2–8 kb; table 6). If one also includes as Caucasoid mtDNA types the ambiguous haplogroup U and the 10 DdeI10394AluI10397 (22) haplotypes that did not show any tested non-Caucasoid feature, there could be a maximum of 27.0% of “Caucasoid-like” mtDNAs in the Ethiopian population. On the other hand, considering that the 12f2–8 kb allele can account for as much as 44% of the Caucasoid Y chromosomes (the highest observed incidence of this allele), a male genetic admixture of 57.7% between Caucasoids and Africans is obtained in Ethiopia. Interestingly, the average level of admixture estimated from our mtDNA and Y-chromosome data (42.3%) is very similar to estimates based on autosomal studies (40%) (Guglielmino et al. 1987; Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994, p. 174). However, our data suggest that Caucasoid gene flow into the Ethiopian gene pool occurred predominantly through males.[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]The frequency of the DdeI10394AluI10397 (11) haplotype is of interest in this regard. As shown in table 4, this haplotype is virtually absent in Caucasoid populations (Indians excepted) and other sub-SaharanAfricans. It has been found in India (Passarino et al. 1996c), in eastern Asia, and in peoples who migrated very early from eastern Asia (i.e., Australians, Papua New Guineans, and Amerindians: Ballinger et al. 1992; Torroni et al. 1992, 1993a, 1993b, 1994a, 1994c, 1994d). On the basis of its distribution and antiquity (estimated at 40,250–80,500 years ago [Chen et al. 1995] and 30,250–60,500 years ago [Passarino et al. 1996a]), we have suggested elsewhere that it preceded the split between proto-Indians and proto–eastern Asians (Passarino et al. 1996a, 1996c). This haplotype reaches a frequency of »20% in Ethiopia and has never been observed in mtDNA molecules of the other African or Caucasoid lineages (Torroni et al. 1994b, 1996; Chen et al. 1995; Passarino et al. 1996c; present study). Thus, it is likely that the Ethiopian Ethiopian and Asian DdeI10394–AluI10397 (11) haplotypes have a common origin. If so, then this marker either (1) has been acquired by Ethiopians through interchanges with Asians (indicating an Asiatic component in the Ethiopian genetic structure) or (2) was present in the ancient Ethiopian population and was carried by groups who migrated out of Africa. In the case of the second hypothesis, the very low (1%–2%) frequency of this marker in the Middle East (table 4; and A. S. Santachiara Benerecetti, unpublished data) would support the hypothesis of an early exit of Homo sapiens sapiens from Africa via the eastern Africa–western India route (Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1993; Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994, p. 195).[/QUOTE] [QUOTE]The present composition of the Ethiopian population is the result of a complex and extensive intermixing of different peoples of North African, Near and Middle Eastern, and south-Saharan origin. The two main groups inhabiting the country are the Amhara, descended from Arabian conquerors, and the Oromo, the most important group among the Cushitic people. With the exception of some surveys on the general Ethiopian populations, little is known about the degree of genetic differentiation between the Amhara and the Oromo. Aim : The study seeks to investigate the genetic structure of these two heterogeneous Ethiopian populations and to characterize their relationships with other African and Mediterranean peoples. Subjects and methods : Amhara and Oromo individuals ( n = 171) were analysed for three RFLPs (restriction fragment length polymorphisms) of the COL1A2 gene. To better define the genetic relationship between the two Ethiopian groups, and also between African and non-African peoples, genetic distances among Amhara, Oromo and other populations were estimated using the COL1A2 allele and haplotype frequencies, and the allele frequencies of 16 additional classical markers. Results : le2 analysis applied to the COL1A2 allele and haplotype frequencies showed a small but statistically significant degree of heterogeneity between the two Ethiopian populations. Combining the information obtained from the three RFLP markers, a significant level of differentiation (Fst = 0.0147, p = 0.036) was also detected between Amhara and Oromo. The genetic distance analysis showed the separation between African and non-African populations, with the Amhara and Oromo located in an intermediate position. This pattern is consistent with the location of the two Ethiopian groups in other genetic analysis and with cultural data. Conclusions : The present findings suggest the presence of a differential level of genetic relatedness with south-Saharan peoples in the two Ethiopian groups, which could reflect their different history and seems to indicate the existence of genetic sub-structure within the country.[/QUOTE][/qb][/QUOTE]I kind of figured Ethiopians weren't really true Africans. I am actually glad, I think this will benefit African studies and help keep Africa "pure" and keep people from begging for highly mixed people as brethren :cool: [/QB][/QUOTE]
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