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DO THESE RUSSIAN ICONS SHOW BLACK PEOPLE?
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Mike111: [QB] [b]Lorenzo II di Piero de' Medici[/b] [IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Duke-Lorenzo.jpg[/IMG] Lorenzo II di Piero de' Medici (September 12, 1492 – May 4, 1519) was the ruler of Florence from 1513 to his untimely death from syphilis in 1519. He was also Duke of Urbino from 1516 to 1519. Born in Florence, he was a son of Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici and Alfonsina Orsini. His paternal grandparents were Lorenzo the Magnificent and Clarice Orsini. His maternal grandparents were Roberto Orsini, Conte Tagliacozzo and Catherine San Severino. Niccolò Machiavelli dedicated The Prince to Lorenzo to inform him of tactics to use in unifying Italy, though the entire intent behind this dedication is shrouded in mystery. Lorenzo II di Piero de' Medici Married Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne (c. 1495? – April 28, 1519) was a penultimate representative of the senior branch of the house de La Tour d'Auvergne. She married Duke Lorenzo II de' Medicis in Château d'Amboise on May 5, 1518. Madeleine's parents were Jean III de La Tour (1467–March 28, 1501), Count of Auvergne and Lauraguais, and Jeanne de Bourbon-Vendôme (1465–1511). She died in Italy shortly before her husband, of the plague, having just given birth to a daughter, Catherine de' Medici (1519–1589), the future Queen Consort of France. Madeleine's elder sister Anne, who inherited Auvergne and married John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany, outlived Madeleine by five years but died childless, after which the Counties of Auvergne and Boulogne as well as the barony of La Tour passed to Madeleine's daughter Catherine de' Medici and then to the French crown. [b]Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne[/b] [IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Madeleine_de_la_Tour.jpg[/IMG] They had two children Catherine de' Medici and Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence (said to be illegitimate) [b]Catherine de' Medici[/b] [IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Catherine-de-medici.jpg[/IMG] Catherine de' Medici (April 13, 1519 – January 5, 1589) was born in Florence, Italy, as Caterina Maria Romula di Lorenzo de' Medici. Her parents, Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, and Madeleine de la Tour d'Auvergne, Countess of Boulogne, both died within weeks of her birth. In 1533, at the age of fourteen, Caterina married Henry, second son of King Francis I of France and Queen Claude. Under the gallicised version of her name, Catherine de Médicis, she was queen consort of King Henry II of France from 1547 to 1559. [b]Alessandro de' Medici[/b] [IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Allessandro-the-moor.jpg[/IMG] Alessandro de' Medici (July 22, 1510 – January 6, 1537) called "il Moro" ("the Moor"), Duke of Penne and also Duke of Florence (from 1532), ruler of Florence from 1530 until 1537. Though illegitimate, he was the last member of the "senior" branch of the Medici to rule Florence and the first to be a hereditary duke. Born in Florence, he was recognized as the illegitimate son of Lorenzo II de' Medici (grandson of Lorenzo de' Medici, the Magnificent), but many scholars today believe him to be in fact the illegitimate son of Giulio de' Medici (later Pope Clement VII)- nephew of Lorenzo de' Medici, the Magnificent. Historians (such as Christopher Hibbert) believe he had been born to a black or Moorish serving-woman in the Medici household, identified in documents as Simonetta da Collavechio. The nickname is said to derive from his features When Emperor Charles V sacked Rome in 1527, the Florentines took advantage of the turmoil in Italy to reinstall the Republic; both Alessandro and Ippolito fled, along with the rest of the Medici and their main supporters, including the Pope's regent, Cardinal Silvio Passerini, with the exception of the eight-year-old Caterina de' Medici, who was left behind. Michelangelo, then occupied in creating a funerary chapel for the Medici, initially took charge of building fortifications around Florence in support of the Republic; he later temporarily fled the city. Clement eventually made his peace with the Emperor, and with the support of Imperial troops, the Republic was overwhelmed after a lengthy siege, and the Medici were restored to power in the summer of 1530. Clement assigned Florence to nineteen-year-old Alessandro, who had been made a duke, an appointment that was purchased from Charles. He arrived in Florence to take up his rule on July 5, 1531, and was created hereditary Duke of Florence 9 months later by the Emperor (for Tuscany lay outside the Papal States), there by signalling the end of the Republic the Emperor supported Alessandro against the republicans. In 1533, he married his natural daughter Margaret of Austria to Alessandro. For his own inclinations, Alessandro seems to have remained faithful to one mistress, Taddea Malespina, who bore his only children Giulio de' Medici (c. 1540-1600), who also had illegitimate issue, and Giulia de' Medici, who married her cousin Bernardetto de' Medici, Signore di Ottaiano, and had issue. Four years later his distant cousin Lorenzino de' Medici, nick-named "Lorenzaccio" ("bad Lorenzo"), assassinated him. (This event is the subject of Alfred de Musset's play "Lorenzaccio.") Lorenzino entrapped Alessandro through the ruse of a promised arranged sexual encounter with Lorenzino's sister Laudomia, a beautiful widow. For fear of starting an uprising if news of his death got out, Medici officials wrapped Alessandro's corpse in a carpet and secretly carried it to the cemetery of San Lorenzo, where it was hurriedly buried. Lorenzino, in a declaration published later, said that he had killed Alessandro for the sake of the republic. When the anti-Medici faction failed to rise, Lorenzino fled to Venice, where he was killed in 1548. The Medici supporters (called "Palleschi" from the balls on the Medici arms) ensured that power then passed to Cosimo I de' Medici, the first of the "junior" branch of the Medici to rule Florence. Alessandro was survived by two natural children of Taddea's: a son, Giulio (aged four at the time of his father's death) married to Lucrezia Gaetani, and a daughter, Giulia married firstly to Francesco Cantelmo, the Count of Alvito and the Duke of Popoli and then Bernadetto de' Medici, prince of Ottaiano. [b]Giulia de' medici - age 24[/b] [IMG]http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/art/jmedici.jpg[/IMG] Giulia Romola di Alessandro de' Medici[1] (c. 1535 – c. 1588) was the illegitimate, possibly biracial, daughter of Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence and his mistress Taddea Malaspina who was an Italian marchesa, (an Italian noblewoman next in rank above a count : a marquess). Her mother Taddea Malaspina (1505 - ?) was an Italian marchesa. She was the mistress of Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence from the early 1530s to about 1537 and was likely the mother of at least two of his children, Giulio di Alessandro de' Medici and Giulia de' Medici. Giulio de' Medici was associated with the Malaspina family at different points throughout his life.[1] Taddea was the younger daughter of Antonio Alberico Malaspina, sovereign marchese of Massa,[2] and Lucrezia d'Este. She married Count Giambattista Boiardo di Scandiano.[3] After his death and the death of her father, Malaspina lived with her mother in Florence and had a number of lovers, including Alessandro. Her sister Ricciarda inherited the title after their father's death. Through Ricciarda's marriage, the family was related to Pope Innocent VIII. Ricciarda was probably also one of Alessandro de' Medici's lovers. Giulia, following her father's assassination, she was reared at the court of Cosimo I de' Medici and married advantageously twice. She is an ancestor of many of today's European royal houses. A second advantageous marriage was arranged for her soon after with Bernadetto de' Medici, a first cousin of Cosimo I. She married him on August 14, 1559. Their son Alessandro, who was named for her father, was born the following year on December 17, 1560. During the early years of her marriage to Bernadetto, they entertained lavishly and she may have accompanied her husband on diplomatic missions.[3] Sometime in the 1560s, her relationship with her former guardian may have cooled when Giulia insisted that she be treated as an equal to Cosimo I's mistress, who was regarded with general disdain at court. Other sources indicate that she and her husband were still in good standing with the court when they moved to Naples in 1567. There they battled successfully to win the title and lands to the principality of Ottaiano, which their descendants hold today. Through her son's descendants, Giulia is an ancestor of most Italian noble houses and of the Habsburg and Bonaparte royal lines. Giulia also had an older full brother, Giulio di Alessandro de' Medici, and at least one half-sister, Porzia de' Medici. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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