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[QUOTE]Originally posted by The Explorer: [QB] Andrew Lancaster writes: [i]But Lionel Bender (1997), a leading expert on Ethiopian languages, [b]proposed a scenario upon linguistic grounds wherein Semitic languages originated in Ethiopia and crossed the Red Sea[/b]. We can note that although this linguistic theory would be in line with these very particular and unsurprising genetic links between the Horn of Africa and the Southern Arabian Peninsula, [b]it does not correspond to much else in genetics or archaeology, and there is no reason to invoke such a theory in order to explain genetic links between the Horn of Africa and nearby Southern Arabia[/b].[/i] Well in that case, maybe Andrew Lancaster can provide the answers to this, which has been elusive, as far as my memory takes me: The 800 BC or so date, or even if one were to extend this to the beginning of the south Arabian influences coinciding with the emergence of the the D'mt complex, suggests that an already differentiated and fully developed south Arabian "Semitic" language that has diffused into the African Horn would have been adopted [i]as is[/i], meaning in the very shape or form the language was brought in, and expected to be no different especially in the era it was introduced. However, from archaeology, we have [recap from a [URL=http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=15;t=000050][b][i]previous discussion[/i][/b][/URL]]: "The inscriptions dating from this period in Ethiopia are apparently written in two languages, [b][i]pure[/i] Sabaean[/b] and another [b]language with [i]certain aspects[/i] found [i]later[/i] in Ge`ez[/b] (Schneider 1976). All the royal inscriptions are in this second, presumably Ethiopian, language." - Stuart Munro-Hay What does this imply? "Pure" as used here, suggests that although "Epigraphic South Arabian" alphabets were used to convey a message in two different languages [one for south Arabian administrative centers, and the other for the comprehension convenience of the locals (aka "Ethiopian" people, i.e. Eritreans, Tigrinya or what have you)], one of the languages on the inscriptions was the south Arabian language that was brought in along with South Arabian immigrants, while the other was a local language aka a local "Ethiopian" language. Though both languages were written in ESA alphabets, evidence above suggests that the "Ethiopic" language very likely had [b]grammatical[/b] features that clearly distinguished it from its Sabean/south Arabian counterpart. The aforemention citation of Munro-Hay should be instructive, once again: "...and another [b]language with [i]certain aspects[/i] found **[i]later[/i]** in Ge`ez[/b] (Schneider 1976). Now, Ge'ez is considered to be Semitic, which therefore follows that this ancestral language was the proto-Semitic language of Ge'ez. Also, the era suggested in the present study [intro topic] implies that [b]the Neolithic J carriers[/b] of the region didn't already speak some form of proto-Semitic or Semitic, but rather, that this only come to being around the time of the D'mt complex, give or take. Now of course, the authors of the study at hand could attempt to move their dates and make it coincidental with these Neolithic era groups, but they have to come up with a good deal of "south-Arabian" imported Neolithic root terms for the EthioSemitic branch, which hasn't been produced to date, to my knowledge, especially given that the Neolithic in the African Horn has been more linked to those of the Nile Valley in the Sudanese region, in terms of influences, than those in the Levant or south Arabia as sources of inspiration. Furthermore, we are told: "another language with [i]certain aspects[/i] found [i]later[/i] in [i][b]Ge`ez[/b][/i] (Schneider 1976). [b]All[/b] the [b]royal inscriptions are in this second, presumably Ethiopian, language[/b]." - Stuart Munro-Hay The emphasized bit goes back to what I said above: [i][One for south Arabian administrative centers, and the [b]other for the comprehension convenience of the locals[/b] (aka "Ethiopian" people, i.e. Eritreans, Tigrinya or what have you)], one of the languages on the inscriptions was the south Arabian language that was brought in along with South Arabian immigrants, while the [b]other was a local language aka a local "Ethiopian" language[/b].[/i] Discussion: http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=15;t=001335 [i]"it does not correspond to much else in genetics..."[/i] On the genetic side, I dunno but this is what one would expect, due to drift and possibly, selective pressure, if the ancestors of said sampling candidates had first passed through an African "corridor" where relative prevalence of malaria might have jump-started a positive genetic drift to favor those X chromosomes bearing the G6PD-A allele in question: [i]Interestingly, when the molecular heterogeneity of the G6PD locus was compared between the Amman and the Dead Sea samples, [b]a lower number of different variants and a higher incidence of the African G6PD-A allele was detected in the latter[/b] (Karadsheh, personal communication). Another singularity of [b]the Dead Sea is its high frequency (31%) of E3b3a-M34, a derivative of the E3b3-M123 that is only found in 7% Bedouins[/b] (Cruciani et al. 2004). Until now, the [b]highest frequencies for this marker (23.5%) had been found in Ethiopians[/b] from Amhara (Cruciani et al. 2004). On the contrary, most Bedouin chromosomes (63%) belong to the haplogroup J1-M267 (Semino et al. 2004) compared with 9% in the Dead Sea. [b]All these evidences point to the Dead Sea as an isolated region perhaps with past ties to sub-Saharan and eastern Africa.[/b] Strong drift and/or founder effects might be responsible for its anomalous haplogroup frequencies.[/i] - Flores et al. It is true that the correlation of this X chromosome allele is not airtight, for besides any potential accompaniment with a Hg E-M35* dispersal, it could just as well be a relic of some migration involving R1*-M173 chromosomes -- the other chromosome type found in the Dead Sea sample, which like E-M34 chromosomes, reaches its frequency pinnacle only in Africa. Still, the fact that E-M34 has its highest frequency in the African Horn, is for example, not something that should be deemed as [i]"it does not correspond to much else in genetics."[/i] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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