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Breaking! Fake scholar Clyde Winters gets academically smashed!
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by The Explorer: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Quetzalcoatl: [QUOTE]Evergreen Writes: Crucial statement, Explorer. While the Olmecs may not have been Black **Africans**, the evidence does indicate that there were two waves from Asia and that Blacks from Asia did inhabit Mesoamerica as late as the Olmec period. [/QUOTE]Exactly what "evidence" more Wuthenau pictorials?[/QUOTE]From earlier studies like the following, mainly focusing on North American specimens... Abstract [i]The limited morphometric work on early American crania to date has treated them as a single, temporally defined group. This paper addresses the question of whether there is significant variability among ancient American crania. A sample of 11 crania (Spirit Cave, Wizards Beach, Browns Valley, Pelican Rapids, Prospect, Wet Gravel male, Wet Gravel female, Medicine Crow, Turin, Lime Creek, and Swanson Lake) dating from the early to mid Holocene was available. Some have recent accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dates, while others are dated geologically or archaeologically. All are in excess of 4500 BP, and most are 7000 BP or older. Measurements follow the definitions of Howells [(1973) Cranial variation in man, Cambridge: Harvard University). Some crania are incomplete, but 22 measurements were common to all fossils. Cranial variation was examined by calculating the Mahalanobis distance between each pair of fossils, using a pooled within sample covariance matrix estimated from the data of Howells. The distance relationships among crania suggest the presence of at least three distinct groups: 1) a middle Archaic Plains group (Turin and Medicine Crow), 2) a Paleo/Early Archaic Great Lakes/Plains group (Browns Valley, Pelican Rapids, Lime Creek), and 3) a spatially and temporally heterogeneous group that includes the Great Basin/Pacific Coast (Spirit Cave, Wizards Beach, Prospect) and Nebraska (Wet Gravel specimens and Swanson Lake). These crania were also compared to Howells' worldwide recent sample, which was expanded by including six additional American Indian samples. [b]None of the fossils, except for the Wet Gravel male, shows any particular affinity to recent Native Americans[/b]; their [b]greatest similarities are with Europe, Polynesia, or East Asia[/b]. Several crania would be [b]atypical in any recent population for which we have data[/b]. Browns Valley, Pelican Rapids, and Lime Creek are the most distinctive. [b]They provide evidence for the presence of an early population that bears no similarity to the morphometric pattern of recent American Indians or even to crania of comparable date in other regions of the continent.[/b] The heterogeneity among early American crania makes it inadvisable to pool them for purposes of morphometric analysis. Whether this heterogeneity results from different early migrations or one highly differentiated population cannot be established from our data. [b]Our results are inconsistent with hypotheses of an ancestor-descendent relationship between early and late Holocene American populations[/b]. They suggest that the pattern of cranial variation is of recent origin, at least in the Plains region.[/i] - Jantz et al. (2001) While more recent analysis from say, Neves et al. (2005) [which examines ancient southern American specimens], tells us... [i]The increasing evidence that all late Pleistocene/ early Holocene human groups from South America are [b]characteristically non-Mongoloid[/b] has major implications for the colonization of the Americas, as argued by one of us (WAN) since the end of the 1980s. Even if few studies with large samples from single sites have been carried out so far with [b]Paleo[/b]indians (see Neves et al., 2003, 2004, as examples of these studies), it is evident by now that South America Central America and possibly North America, were populated by human groups with a more [b]generalized cranial morphology[/b] before the arrival of the Mongoloids.[/i] Like Stringer, they too see the generalized pattern as that akin to that seen in cranial morphology of tropical adapted groups like Australians, Melanesians and Africans: [i]Since this more [b]generalized morphology[/b] ([b]Australo-Melanesian[/b]- like) was also present in East Asia at the end of the Pleistocene, transoceanic migrations are not necessary to explain our findings.[/i] [i]As presented in detail elsewhere (Neves et al., 2003) the arrival of an [b]Australo-Melanesian-like[/b] population in the Americas is easily accommodated under what is presently known about the place of origin and the routes taken by modern humans in their first long-distance dispersions (Lahr and Foley, 1998).[/i] What Neves et al. tells us next, pretty much sums up why Upper Paleolithic African specimens show affinities with Upper Paleolithic 'Eurasians', as well as Paleo-Indians: 1) [i]Accordingly, a population that [b]began to expand from Africa around 70 ka[/b] reached southeast Asia by the middle of the late Pleistocene, [b]carrying with it a cranial morphology characterized by long, narrow neurocrania and narrow, projecting faces[/b].[/i] And then this [i]When the classical Mongoloid cranial morphology appeared in northeastern Asia, either as a local response to extreme environmental conditions, or as the product of a migration from northern Europe, a new expansion of northern Asians reached the New World, bringing with it a [b]cranial morphology characterized by short, wide neurocrania and broad, retracted faces.[/b][/i] 2) [i]We postulate that after [b]reaching southeast Asia[/b], this stem population gave rise to at least [b]two different dispersions[/b].[/i] [b]50 Ky ago[/b] [i]One took a southward direction and arrived at Australia around 50 Ka.[/i] [b]Between 50 and 20 Ky ago[/b] [i]Sometime between 50 and 20 Ka a second branch [b]dispersed towards the north[/b], and [b]arrived in the Americas by the end of the Pleistocene[/b], bringing with it the [b]same cranial morphology[/b] that characterized the [b]first[/b] modern humans.[/i] The two patterns are further described as follows... [i]The three different quantitative analyses undertaken in this study demonstrate that the first South Americans exhibit a cranial morphology that is:[/i] 1 [i][b]very different[/b] from late and modern Northeastern Asians and Amerindians ([b]short and wide neurocrania; high, orthognatic faces; and relatively high and narrow orbits and noses[/b])[/i] 2 [i]but [b]very similar[/b] to present Australians/Melanesians and Africans, especially with the former ([b]narrow and long neurocrania; prognatic, low faces; and relatively low and broad orbits and noses[/b]).[/i] Source: Neves et al. 2005; [i]Cranial morphology of early Americans from Lagoa Santa, Brazil: Implications for the settlement of the New World.[/i] ...more on this posted here: [URL=http://exploring-africa.blogspot.com/2008/09/crania-behind-generalized-modern-human.html]Link[/URL] Ps - Keep in mind, the proposed routes through which these early North and South American groups undertook to get to the Americas. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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