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Breaking! Fake scholar Clyde Winters gets academically smashed!
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Quetzalcoatl: [QB] The basic question seems to be whether there was one or two migration waves to the New World. I, and others, have serious doubts about the accuracy of craniometry in distinguishing phylogenetic from genetic drift and environmental adaptation. A much better source of information is genetics, and here the evidence is in favor of one source population. Here is a paper strongly supporting a single population source K. B. Schroeder , K. B, et al. 2007 “A private allele ubiquitous in the Americas,” [b]Biol. Lett.[/b] 3,: 218–223 [QUOTE]Abstract The three-wave migration hypothesis of Greenberg et al. has permeated the genetic literature on the peopling of the Americas. Greenberg et al. proposed that Na-Dene, Aleut-Eskimo and Amerind are language phyla which represent separate migrations from Asia to the Americas. We show that a unique allele at autosomal microsatellite locus D9S1120 is present in all sampled North and South American populations, including the Na-Dene and Aleut- Eskimo, and in related Western Beringian groups, at an average frequency of 31.7%. This allele was not observed in any sampled putative Asian source populations or in other worldwide populations. Neither selection nor admixture explains the distribution of this regionally specific marker. The simplest explanation for the ubiquity of this allele across the Americas is that the same founding population contributed a large fraction of ancestry to all modern Native American populations. p. 222 Irrespective of the evolutionary history of other unlinked loci, the remarkable distribution of 9RA severely constrains the possible evolutionary histories of modern Native American populations. The simplest explanation for the homogeneous frequency of 9RA across the Americas is that the Americas were settled by a single founding population in which 9RA was present and from which all modern Native American populations descend. While homogenization can occur through selection or gene flow, we show it is unlikely either of these processes is solely responsible for the distribution of 9RA. . . . . The presence of 9RA in the Koryaks and Chukchi is consistent with other genetic evidence of shared ancestry between Western Beringians and Native Americans (e.g. Karafet et al. 1997; Lell et al. 1997; Schurr et al. 1999). The observed geographical distribution of 9RA is quite similar to that of two other alleles that descend from unique mutational events, the 16111T and DYS199T transitions which define Native American mtDNA lineage A2 and Y-chromosome lineage Q-M3 (Underhill et al. 1996), respectively. Hence, three independent lines of genetic evidence support the claim (Shields et al. 1993) of an ancient gene pool that included the ancestors of the modern inhabitants of Western Beringia and the Americas.[/QUOTE] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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