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Enrique Cardova says Nkrumah, Nyerere, Kaunda failures all,
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by lamin: [QB] Nyrere's economic/agricultural policies generally described as "ujaama" were just idealistic and wrong. Collectivisation village agricultural units were ineffective. Zarahan, I don't think understand economics or economic history at all. That's why you easily succumb to the nonsene written by Ayitteh. The problem that places like the Soviet Union and China faced at the start of the 20th century was that they lacked the industrial base to compete with the West--i.e. Britain and the U.S especially. The local business classes were parctically non-existent--thereby making their countries vulnerable to Western capitalist penetration. The solution was industrialise as quickly as possible and to prevent their states from being colonised as Africa and parts of Asia had experienced. That was the pratical function of the 1917 and 1949 revolutions in Russia and China. After the revolutions the centralised states took over the job of economic and technological development. In Russia it was heavy industry under Lenin and in China it was heavy industry plus the collectivisation of the rural farms. This served the Soviet well in WWII and China in eventually blocking penetration by the West. Russia eventually industrialised: heavy industries and an indienous war machinery: tanks, fighter jets, sputnik, nuclear weapons, etc. Taiwan: the Chinese business classes fled to Formosa(Taiwan) and they developed their nation becausde the U.S. provided them with almost free capital. Same for South Korea. Seriousmindedeness plus free capital--to counteract China and North Korea--led to industrialisation and technological development. The North Korean famine thing was grossly exaggerated--all in the name of U.S. propaganda. It's all in the game. Under Nkrumah Ghana was trying the same thing but the plan was stymied by the West--when the job was just 25% done. Note that in both cases of China and Taiwan the state played a central role in harnessing capital in bulk for developmental purposes. Here's how you do it: 1) You harness bulk capital which you use to establish basic industries. This cuts back on the import bill. 2)You block imports of same with tariffs while your infant industries develop. 3)Spend massively on technological education plus liberal arts such as history, economics, engineering, etc. 4) Stage 2: You invest in a machine tools industry--so that you can manufacture the tools and technology to produce the more advanced technological goods. This again cuts back on the import bill. You can then manufacture items such as bicycles, radios, refrigerators, etc. Recall that in Stage 1 you were just able to manufacture basic things like batteries, torches, lamps, etc. 5) You begin exporting Stage 2 products now. You undercut the West because your costs of production are much lower. 6) With the accumulated reserves--i.e. surplus capital you again develop you technological base so that you start producing things like computers, ships, automobiles, etc. [b]This was Nkrumah's blueprint but unfortunately it did not come to fruition[/b] In the meantime you use your surplus capital for universal health care and education for all. The goal is to keep the technological development going. This has not happened in Africa because of a number of factors including an inability to implement Nkrumah's policies: regional integration, single currencies, regional High Commands, free movement labour and peoples across the artificial colonia borders, etc. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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