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IS THE ESSENCE OF WHITENESS THE HATRED OF BLACKS?
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by alTakruri: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Gigantic: [qb] ^Whites gainsay Blacks because of the relative ease by which they were able to enslave them - it is borne of contempt. [/qb][/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Originally posted by alTakruri: [qb] This "relative ease" was due to some Africans offering other Africans for sale more so than any direct raiding. Whereas other peoples quit the abject enslaving of their co-continentals some Africans paid it no mind that only their fellows were still being outright marketed up to a century ago and are to this day "clandestinely" passing hands from one enslaver to the next. Look at the examples of Mauritania and Niger who have just passed laws within the last six years making slavery (African on African) illegal this late in history, i.e., the 21st century. See entries on slavery in the ESR [URL=http://egyptsearchreloaded.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=pol&action=display&thread=693]Politics&News forum[/URL] and [URL=http://egyptsearchreloaded.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=pav]Pictures&Videos forum[/URL]. [/qb][/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Gigantic: [qb] ^Relative ease was due to the gun. [/qb][/QUOTE]Yes, guns were the main item exchanged for enslaved Africans. Infinitesimally few Africans were directly enslaved by Euros. It's a myth that Euros roamed unfettered throughout the Atlantic shores of Africa raiding as they pleased. Africans made big business from the triangular trade. Euros were often made to wait for weeks on end, spending resource on food, drink, lodging, and entertainment while a deal for slaves was brokered. What follows is a mostly, though not completely, accurate essay. Bracketed words and hi-liting are my editing. Otherwise it appears as originally presented on [URL=http://www.netnoir.com]www.netnoir.com[/URL] in 1997. [QUOTE] [b]THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE The First Slav[ing] Expeditions to [West] Africa[/b] by [i]Anthony A. Lee[/i] Kidnapping [people] from the African coast was part of European practice even before Portuguese ships had explored the coast of the continent or discovered a new route to India. One of the first expeditions to the Senegal River, led by the Portuguese in 1444, brutally seized the black residents of several off-shore islands near the river and carried them off to be sold as slaves. Other expeditions from Europe about this time did more or less the same. But it was not long before [URL=http://www.]African armies became aware of the new dangers, and Portuguese ships began to meet their match[/URL]. [b] For example, in 1446, two years later, a ship commanded by Nuno Tristão attempted to land in the Senegal region. It was attacked by African fighters in canoes, and [i]the crew of the ship was wiped out[/i]. And in 1447, [i]a Danish raider commanding a Portuguese ship was killed, along with most of his crew,[/i] when local African boats attacked. [/b] Although African vessels -- mostly canoes -- were not designed for high-seas navigation, they were fully capable of protecting the coast, even in the 15th century. As a result, in 1456, the king of Portugal dispatched his ambassador, Diogo Gomes, to negotiate treaties of peace and trade with the African rulers along the coast. From that point on, and for 400 years, the African slave trade was conducted as a matter of international commerce among equals. [URL=http://www.]The notion of European sailors roaming through [West] Africa at will, kidnapping as many [people] as they wanted and shipping them off to America, is completely false -- and an insult to Africans, who kept European armies off their soil until the beginning of the 20th century.[/URL] Of course, this fact of history makes the Atlantic slave trade a bit more problematic, from a moral perspective. [b]It is not simply a question of black and white.[/b] Slavery was well known in [many] African societies, as much as it was a fact of life everywhere else in the world during those times. As soon as Diogo Gomes' diplomatic expedition to West Africa had succeeded, the export of slaves began to number in the thousands. During the bloody course, perhaps 10 or 15 million Africans had been delivered as slaves to the New World, and perhaps just as many more had died in the process. [i]These [people] were captured in Africa by Africans, shipped to the African coast by Africans, and only then sold to European traders[/i] in trade ships to begin the dreaded Middle Passage to America. African kings and rulers were active and willing participants in the slave trade, which made them rich[er], and which could not have existed without their full cooperation and support. Indeed, [URL=http://www.]when African kingdoms decided to stop trading in slaves -- for their own reasons -- there was no way for European nations to force them to continue.[/URL] The earliest example of this is the Kingdom of Benin on the West African coast (in what is now Nigeria) In the 1520's this state began to restrict the sale of slaves, finally cutting it off entirely by about 1550. This was probably not done for moral reasons, however. Records from this period show that the kingdom was becoming wealthi[er] from the export of cloth and pepper. Although it is only a guess, we can imagine that slaves were needed within Benin itself to produce these valuable products which could bring more wealth to the king than the sale of human beings. As uncomfortable as this aspect of black history may be, it at least explodes the [b]myth of a "dark," helpless and ignorant African continent that was [i]always at the mercy of European greed[/i][/b]. Nothing could be further from the truth. The more we learn about African history, going back even to the middle ages, the more we learn that Africans were full and active participants in the world -- on both sides of the Atlantic. [/QUOTE]Depots, like El Mina, were leased from the ruling African power. Often enough it was rented simultaneously to opposing European interests who then had no choice but to fight each other for actual possession and use as the African power broker refused to designate either claimant as the sole beneficiary. Do you know what happened between the time a slaving vessel sought docking permission and disembarked for American shores? Have you any idea how long it took? Slave trading was big profitable business for both the Euro buyers and the African sellers. The apologies issued by two of the biggest African profit reapers give lie to any assertion that Euros overpowered them to supply slaves or that lançados or other Afropeans numerically dominated the African end of the trade. Even a book as old as Basil Davidson's [b]Black Mother[/b] reveals the facts of the African power brokers of the slave trade. There were even some enslaved Africans who made it out of western hemisphere slavery only to repatriate back to Africa and then themselves procure people to enslave and sell to whites. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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