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[QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Faheemdunkers: [qb] "Old Arab descriptions of "blacks" also reveal that what they meant by "black" is not necessarily what we understand it to mean today. Some medieval Arab writers such as al-Jahiz applied the term "blacks" to practically all peoples darker than the average Arab, and "whites" to peoples lighter than the norm: "The blacks are more numerous than the whites. The whites at most consist of the people of Persia, Jibal, and Khurasan, the Greeks, Slavs, Franks, and Avars, and some few others, not very numerous; the blacks include the Zanj, Ethiopians, the people of Fazzan, the Berbers, the Copts, and Nubians, the people of Zaghawa, Marw, Sind and India, Qamar and Dabila, China, and Masin... the islands in the seas between China and Africa are full of blacks, such as Ceylon, Kalah, Amal, Zabij, and their islands, as far as India, China, Kabul, and those shores" Jahiz's inclusion of Indians, Sindhi, and Chinese as "blacks" reinforces the point that color terms taken out of their cultural contexts are too ambiguous to determine the physical characteristics of peoples with much accuracy." http://www.angelfire.com/md/8/moors.html [/qb][/QUOTE]Europeans, as with the term "berber" applied the term "Moor" loosely and that these were not terms that the people called this called themselves. I'm of the opinion that European applied the term "Moor" to a range of ethnicities of people who had been living in North Africa and who took over Spain, muslims including Arabs, black Africans and mixtures of these people as well as smaller amounts of Greek, Roman and Phoenician mixed in and comprising a range of skin tones form yelowish light brown to dark and black African. etc, All could be called Moors. (although dana says they have to be "true negroes" with "coal black" skin [IMG]http://catholicusnascens.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/santiago_matamoros.jpg[/IMG] ^^^ Here is a picture of St James the Moorslayer, 17th century But there is also quite a bit of pitch black African looking heads used in European heraldry going back to the 13th century. " [i] The emblem has connections to the Crusades, reflecting associating individual families with victories over the moors. Heraldic devices and emblems were included on objects like those featured here to indicate ownership. The device may also have connections with the Hohenstaufan dynasty, which ruled the Holy Roman Empire from 1138 to 1254. The Emperor Henry VI (1165–97) kept black African retainers. His son Frederick II (1194–1250), who was also king of Sicily, took a keen interest in the black Muslim population that had remained in Sicily after the island's return to Christian rule in 1061. He established an enclave for these Muslims near his palace in Lucera in southern Italy, and recruited his musicians and elite bodyguard from the community. Frederick's use of black Africans can be explained by his desire to present himself as a 'world ruler'. Their presence symbolised the extent of his power. Other families may have adopted the moor's head on their arms to associate themselves with the Hohenstaufan dynasty. By 1400 a moor, as a crowned head in profile, or occasionally as a full figure, was relatively common in German heraldry. In time, its usage spread to almost every European country. By the 16th century, the moor's head had become a conventional motif. The moor's head device was also used in Italian heraldry, especially by families in the north and centre of the peninsula. The earliest known example appears in the 11th century. Its use by families such as the Saraceni of Siena, the Morandi of Genoa, the Morese of Bologna, the Negri of Vicenza and the Pagani of Saluzzo suggests that the device was intended as a pun on surnames similar to the Italian words for moor, negro and saracen. However, the Pucci family also used it. The moor in Italian art was usually depicted wearing a white band tied above the eyes, instead of the German imperial crown, to represent victory over the moors during the Crusades. These families may have originally acquired their surnames from crusader ancestors. The moor's head motif is still in use today. The coat of arms of the current pope, Benedict XVI, features the profile of a black man wearing a crown and gold earring. [/i] Obvioulsly Blacks have been included in descriptions of Moors for a few hundred years. In Italy the earliest known heraldic example appears in the 11th century. So why are there so many blacks included in what Euroepans were calling "Moors" in their herladry? Even the word "blackamoor" which dates back to 1540 has the word "moor" in it. This indicates blacks can be considered Moors. [IMG]http://images2.bridgemanart.com/cgi-bin/bridgemanImage.cgi/400wm.LAM.701260.7055475/58928.jpg[/IMG] Arms of Arthur Annesley, Earl of Annesley, with a Roman knight and a Moorish prince supporting and a moor's head in the crest, from the Lambeth Palace Heraldry Manuscript, 1664 (pen & ink and w/c on paper) The invasion of Iberia was carried out by a mixture of berber and Arab soldiers from North Africa. [IMG]http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/suttonlink/almoravid.gif[/IMG] ^^^ this is the Almoravid empire, Moors ^^^ These berbers were also called "Moors" > They were alreadly a mixed people. Their empire went down as far as the Senegal River as you can see on the map and they also conquered Ghana. These more Southerly areas certainly had dark black Africans in them. They converted many of them to Islam and married into their noibility. All of these people including dark Black African converts would have been called Moors. [IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Almoravid_general_Abu_Bakr_in_1413_Mecia_Viladestes_map.jpg[/IMG] Depiction of the 11th C. Almoravid general Abu Bakr ibn Umar, in the 1413 portolan chart of Mecia Viladestes. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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