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Chinese Civilization is of Recent African Origin
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Clyde Winters: [QB] [IMG]http://olmec98.net/lit4.gif[/IMG] Shania [QUOTE] I have heard of no such thing as a proto-saharan script. The Harrapan script has yet to be deciphered, so for the moment we do not know what language they spoke. How can you link one language to another despite the fact that the other is still unknown ? [/QUOTE]Maurice Pope in THE STORY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL DECIPHERMENT, has made it clear that before an unknown language can be deciphered you must have the right theoretical structure to base your inquiry upon. Pope found that in the historical decipherments of ancient languages three preliminary conditions must be met: 1) confidence that a script can be deciphered; 2) location of proper names must be determined; 3) the grammatical rules of the target language/ script must be found . Using the methodology of Pope we were able to make three assumptions/hypothesis leading to the decipherment of the Harappan writing. One, it was assumed that Harappan script was written in the Dravidian language because speakers of this family of languages continue to live in the region. Two, it was assumed that the Draviidan language shares linguistic and cultural affinities with the Elamites, Manding and Sumerians--all of whom used a similar writing system. My third hypothesis was that the Harappan writing probably operated on the same principles as the related scripts, due to a probable common origin. Using this information I was able to decipher the Indus Valley writing. We will discuss these hypothesis below. Archaeological and linguistic evidence indicates that the Dravidians were the founders of the Harappan culture which extended from the Indus Valley through northeastern Afghanistan, on into Turkestan. The Harappan civilization existed from 2600-1700 BC. The Harappan civilization was twice the size the Old Kingdom of Egypt. In addition to trade relations with Mesopotamia and Iran, the Harappan city states also had active trade relations with the Central Asian peoples. We believe they were Dravidians because of the Dravidian placenames in the Indus Valley area. Today there are isolated pockets of Dravidian speaking groups surrounded by Indo-Aryan speakers. Dravidian languages are spoken by tribal groups in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal and Bihar. The Dravido-Harappans occupied over 1,000 sites in the riverine Indus Valley environments where they had soil and water reserves. The Harappan sites are spread from the Indus Valley to Ai Kharnoum in northeastern Afghanistan and southward into India. In Baluchistan and Afghanistan Dravidian languages are still spoken today. Other Harappan sites have been found scattered in the regions adjacent to the Arabian sea, the Derajat , Kashmir and the Doab. The Indus script is written in a Dravidian language. I deciphered this writing long ago. The Harappans have left us thousands of written documents. These documents are called seals by archaeologists. The Harappan seals are written in a Dravidian language anologous to Tamil (Winters,1990). Scholars early recognized that the Harappans may have spoken a Dravidian language. This view was supported by 1) the fact that in the West Indus , Brahui , a Dravidian language is spoken in Baluchistan and Afghanistan; 2) the Rig Veda is written in a form of Dravidian called SumeroTamil; and 3) the presence of Dravidian loan words in Sanskrit indicated that Dravidian speakers probably occupied northern India and Pakistan before the Aryan invasion of the area after 1000 BC with their grey ware. Using the evidence of cognate scripts and the analogy between the Dravidian language, and the languages spoken by peoples using cognate scripts it was able to make three assumptions leading to the decipherment of the Harappan writing. One, it was assumed that Harappan script was written in the Dravidian language. Two, it was assumed that the Draviaind language shares linguistic and cultural affinities with the Elamites, Manding and Sumerians--all of whom used a similar writing system. This led to a corollary hypothesis that the Harappan writing probably operated on the same principles as the related scripts, due to a probable common origin. [IMG]http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dH3ZETZ8ZlM/SKezKav4jsI/AAAAAAAAAI4/ivtIzYHAdvo/s400/lit2.gif[/IMG] . Three, it was assumed that since the Harappan script has affinity to the Proto-Manding writing (Libyco-Berber) and the Manding language, the Harappan script could be read by giving these signs the phonetic values they had in the Proto-Manding script as preserved in the Vai writing, since the northernManding languages like Bambara and Malinke are genetically related to Dravidian languages like Tamil. The discovery of cognition between Vai and Harappan signs ont the one hand, and the corresponding relationship of sign sequences in the Harappan and Vai scripts helped lead to a speedy reading and decipherment of the Harappan signs. This made it possible to use symbols from the Manding-Vai script to interpret Harappan signs. The only difference, was that when interpreting the phonetic values of the Harappan script, they were to be read using the Dravidian lexicon. The terms used to express the translation of Harappan signs are taken from Burrow and Emeneau's, Dravidian Etymological Dictionary. Once the seals were broken down into their syllabic values, we then only had to determine if the Harappan term was a monosyllabic word, or if it was a term that was made up of only one syllable. A comparison of the Harappan signs, Brahmi and Vai writing show that the signs have similar phonetic value. It is the similarity in phonetic value that allows us to read the Indus Valley writing use Vai signs Many would-be deciphers of dead languages have assumed that you can not read ancient language using contemporary or comparatively recent time-depth lexical material. This is a false view of archaeological decipherment. For example, Jean Champollion used Coptic to read the Egyptian hieroglyphics; and Sir Henry Rawlinson, used Galla ( a Cushitic language spoken in Africa) and Mahra (a South Semitic language) to decipher the cuneiform writing. Moreover, we know from the history of the cuneiform writing several different languages (Eblate, Elamite, Sumerian, Assyrian, Akkadian, etc.) were used written in the cuneiform script. This meant that if cuneiform could be used to write different languages, why couldn't the Proto-Saharan script used in ancient middle Africa (and later Asia and Europe), be used to write genetically related languages like the Manding and Dravidian groups. This decipherment Harappan seals (Winters, 1984a, 1984b, 1987a, 1985, 1987b, 1989) shows that they do not contain the names and titles of their owners. They are talismans, with messages addressed to the Harappan gods requesting blessings. This is in sharp contrast to the Mesopotamian seals which were used for administrative and commercial purposes. The Harappan seals illustrate that the Harappan Believer wanted from his god 1) a good fate; 2) spiritual richness; 3) virtue; 4) humility; and 5) perserverance. They were protective amulets found in almost every room in the city of Mohenjo-Daro. . The seals were usually worn as amulets. [IMG]http://olmec98.net/mesoseal3.jpg[/IMG] The first seal reads from Right to Left: Ga i ta paka i uss uss Translation: Mayest thou experience a healthy social life, and security as thou (superior) fate. In this inscription reduplication is used in relation to uss uss “(superior) fate [IMG]http://olmec98.net/mesoseal4.jpg[/IMG] In this inscription we see the use of reduplication several times in the text The transliteration is as follows: Tu ta tu tu ta tu te-i po tu po tu tu me tu tu me tu i al-papa tu tu-i. Translation To experience the gift of virtue bring thou abundant flourishing condition of purity. To see excellence and virtue. Give the servant the distribution of gods mercy and abundant purity. [IMG]http://olmec98.net/mesoseal5.jpg[/IMG] You can find the signs in my dictionary of Harappan signs. http://olmec98.net/HarWRITE.pdf . [/QB][/QUOTE]
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