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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Troll Patrol: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by -Just Call Me Jari-: [qb] Oh and when you decide to stap your game up Huy, come holler at me, Ill be glad to slap your ass around over this. And It gets worse dude, the religion, the customs, oh and the art... :D :D Just tell me when your ready, I noticed you comletly avoided my images of Greek/Non Egyptian images of Egyptians..Its ok, You're like Cassite a Paper Tiger [/qb][/QUOTE]The alcoholic will come to senses when the alcohol cleared. [QUOTE] "When the Elephantine results were added to a broader pooling of the physical characteristics drawn from a wide geographic region which includes Africa, the Mediterranean and the Near East quite strong affinities emerge between Elephantine and populations from Nubia, supporting a strong south-north cline." Barry Kemp. (2006) Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization. p. 54 [/QUOTE] [QUOTE] Science. 2006 Aug 11;313(5788):803-7. Epub 2006 Jul 20. Climate-controlled Holocene occupation in the Sahara: motor of Africa's evolution. Kuper R, Kröpelin S. Source Collaborative Research Center 389 (ACACIA), University of Cologne, Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, Africa Research Unit, Jennerstrasse 8, 50823 Köln, Germany. Abstract Radiocarbon data from 150 archaeological excavations in the now hyper-arid Eastern Sahara of Egypt, Sudan, Libya, and Chad reveal close links between climatic variations and prehistoric occupation during the past [b]12,000 years.[/b] Synoptic multiple-indicator views for major time slices demonstrate the transition from initial settlement after the sudden onset of humid conditions at [b]8500 B.C.E.[/b] to the exodus resulting from gradual desiccation since [b]5300 B.C.E.[/b] Southward shifting of the desert margin helped trigger the emergence of pharaonic civilisation along the Nile, influenced the spread of pastoralism throughout the continent, and affects sub-Saharan Africa to the present day. [/QUOTE] [QUOTE] [IMG]http://asiapacificuniverse.com/pkm/data7_files/data7_data/halfa.jpg[/IMG] [i][b]The male cranium above is from Wadi al-Halfa on the Sudan-Egypt border. Dating from the Mesolithic-Holocene period, it is typical of crania in Sudan and surrounding regions from that time frame.[/b] More recent Nubian crania from the Christian period have more rounded skulls without the sloping frontal bone. However, the vertical zygomatic arch, prominent glabella, sagittal plateau, and occipital bun (less pronounced) are retained. [b]The cranium above has pronounced facial prognathism, but moderate dental protrusion. The chin is vertical with a angular mandible and very squat ramus.[/b][/i] (Image from David Lee Greene and George Armelagos. The Wadi Halfa mesolithic population. (Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 1972) [/QUOTE] [QUOTE] [b]l-Barga reveals one of the most important necropoleis of the early Holocene in Africa.[/b] This site was discovered in 2001 during a survey concentrating on the zones bordering the alluvial plain. The name el-Barga is borrowed from a nearby mountain. The site is located on an elevation formed by an outcrop of bedrock (Nubian sandstone) less than 15 km from the Nile, as the crow flies. It includes a settlement area dated to circa [b]7500 B.C.[/b] and cemeteries belonging to two distinct periods. The habitation is a circular hut slightly less than five metres in diameter, its maximum depth exceeding 50 centimetres. This semi-subterranean structure contained a wealth of artefacts resulting from the site’s occupation (ceramics, grinding tools, flint objects, ostrich eggshell beads, a mother-of-pearl pendant, bone tools, faunal remains, shells). The abundance of artefacts discovered suggests a marked inclination towards a sedentary lifestyle, even though certain activities (fishing and hunting) necessitate seasonal migration. North of this habitation, about forty burials were dated to the Epipalaeolithic [b](7700-7000 B.C.)[/b] and generally do not contain any furnishings. On the other hand, the Neolithic cemetery ([b]6000-5500 B.C.)[/b] located further south comprises about a hundred burials often containing artefacts (adornment, ceramics, flint or bone objects). [IMG]http://www.kerma.ch/images/stories/kema/en/sitearch3o/elbarrga/07.%20Neolithic%20burial%20.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]http://www.kerma.ch/images/stories/kema/en/sitearch3o/elbarrga/06.%20Epipalaeolithic%20tomb%20.jpg[/IMG] [i]For further information, read the publications by M. Honegger. [/i] [/QUOTE]PLoS One. 2008 Aug 14;3(8):e2995. Lakeside cemeteries in the Sahara: [5000 years of holocene population and environmental change. Sereno PC et al. Abstract BACKGROUND: Approximately two hundred human burials were discovered on the edge of a paleolake in Niger that provide a uniquely preserved record of human occupation in the Sahara during the Holocene ( approximately [b]8000 B.C.E.[/b] to the present). Called Gobero, this suite of closely spaced sites chronicles the rapid pace of biosocial change in the southern Sahara in response to severe climatic fluctuation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Two main occupational phases are identified that correspond with humid intervals in the early and mid-Holocene, based on 78 direct AMS radiocarbon dates on human remains, fauna and artifacts, as well as 9 OSL dates on paleodune sand. The older occupants have craniofacial dimensions that demonstrate similarities with mid-Holocene occupants of the southern Sahara and Late Pleistocene to early Holocene inhabitants of the Maghreb. Their hyperflexed burials compose the earliest cemetery in the Sahara dating to approximately [b]7500 B.C.E.[/b] These early occupants abandon the area under arid conditions and, when humid conditions return approximately 4600 B.C.E., are replaced by a more gracile people with elaborated grave goods including animal bone and ivory ornaments. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The principal significance of Gobero lies in its extraordinary human, faunal, and archaeological record, from which we conclude the following: [b]The early Holocene occupants at Gobero (7700-6200 B.C.E.) [/b]were largely sedentary hunter-fisher-gatherers with lakeside funerary sites that include the earliest recorded cemetery in the Sahara.Principal components analysis of craniometric variables closely allies the early Holocene occupants at Gobero with a skeletally robust, trans-Saharan assemblage of Late Pleistocene to mid-Holocene human populations from the Maghreb and southern Sahara.Gobero was abandoned during a period of severe aridification possibly as long as one millennium [b](6200-5200 B.C.E). More gracile humans arrived in the mid-Holocene (5200-2500 B.C.E.) [/b]employing a diversified subsistence economy based on clams, fish, and savanna vertebrates as well as some cattle husbandry.Population replacement after a harsh arid hiatus is the most likely explanation for the occupational sequence at Gobero.We are just beginning to understand the anatomical and cultural diversity that existed within the Sahara during the Holocene. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2515196/pdf/pone.0002995.pdf [IMG]http://www.biomedsearch.com/attachments/display/00/18/70/19/18701936/pone.0002995.g003.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]http://www.biomedsearch.com/attachments/display/00/18/70/19/18701936/pone.0002995.g004.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]http://www.biomedsearch.com/attachments/display/00/18/70/19/18701936/pone.0002995.g009.jpg[/IMG] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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