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West Africans discovered America before Columbus
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Quetzalcoatl: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Clyde Winters: [qb] The fact remains that Black people lived among the Maya and black was the symbol for royalty and civilization. . . [/qb][/QUOTE]As usual, Clyde makes claims derived solely from his fevered idiosyncratic imagination. Provide us with some authoritative [b]quotes[/b] not paraphrases or truncations from scholars who have really published on the Maya to the effect that black was the symbol for royalty. In fact, the colors associated with royalty were the [b]white[/b] headband and the green of the quetzal Joel Skidmore 2010 [b]The Rulers of Palenque[/b]. Fifth edition. Mesoweb: [URL=http://www.mesoweb.com/palenque/resources/rulers/PalenqueRulers-05.pdf.]www.mesoweb.com/palenque/resources/rulers/PalenqueRulers-05.pdf.[/URL] [QUOTE]p. 8 Thus a total of twenty-two years and 114 days are added to K’uk’ Bahlam’s birth (indicated by the “upended frog” at P7) to arrive at the date of his accession. The verb for accession (at Q7) is a “flat hand” holding out two glyphs, the one on the left being the color “white” and the one on the right representing the headband of rulership. “White” is sak in Mayan, and the headband is huun. Sak Huun is the name of the headband and also a name of the Jester God, a Maya deity associated with rulership.[/QUOTE]%%%%%%%% UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE A Study of Classic Maya Rulership A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology by Mark Alan Wright August 2011 [QUOTE]p. 151 In general, accession phrases fall into two categories; those that refer to the office itself and those that refer to the accoutrements of power received by the ruler during his accession (Eberl and Grańa-Behrens 2004:102). The statements that refer to the office itself include chumlaaj ti/ta ajawlel ―to sit down in rulership‖ and joy?-aj ti/ta ajawlel ―to be ‗encircled‘ in rulership‖ (‗encircling‘ may make reference to the headband being wrapped around the head). The statements explicitly referring to the accoutrements that the ruler received include ch’am/k’am k’awiil ―to take or receive the K‘awiil scepter‖ or k’al u sak hu’unal tu b’ah ―to wrap the white headband around oneself‖ (ibid.). . . . . p. 156 Janab Pakal‘s son, K‘inich Kan Bahlam II, also displayed a restorationist (or perhaps revisionist) bent. He hearkens back to deep time in order to associate himself with the mythical founders of Palenque. On the Tablet of the Cross (Figure 3.9), he uses the T713/757 k’al sak juun (―the white headband was tied‖) expression to declare the accessions of the purely mythical Muwaan Mat (the Triad Progenitor; at F7-F8), . . . . p. 176-77 Perhaps the most common headdress across the Maya area is the sak hu’n, or ―white headband, which typically has a ―Jester God diadem attached to it (Figure 3.29). The cloth headband was the principal symbol of the status of ajaw (Stuart 2004b:263). As discussed earlier, the T713/757 compound makes reference to the tying of a headband upon the ruler‘s head as part of the accession ceremony, and this phrase is most commonly found in the Western Maya region. Although the glyphic phrase is the same and the iconography is similar, it should be noted that the headdress itself differs at each site, although they almost all share some form of the Jester God as a component (Le Fort 1994:50). The taking of a headdress at accession has considerable time depth, with presentation scenes appearing among the Late Preclassic Maya at San Bartolo and the wearing of trefoil headbands by rulers extending back to the Middle Formative period among the Gulf Coast Olmec (Figure 3.31) (Fields 1991) and continuing into Preclassic Nakbe (Hansen 1994:30).[/QUOTE]and Sharer, R. J. 1994 [b]The Ancient Maya[/b] 5th ed Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press [QUOTE]p. 725-726 The color symbolism used in highland Guatemalan textile designs still bears some relation to that used by the ancient Maya. Black, the color of obsidian, represents weapons; yellow, the color of corn, symbolizes food; red represents blood; and blue means sacrifice. The royal color is green, because that is the color of the quetzal bird’s plumage, which was reserved for rulers.[/QUOTE] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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