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West Africans discovered America before Columbus
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Clyde Winters: [QB] The glottal stop is associated with the pronunciation of vowels and consonants. See: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmS0zjuYkzs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=edxwQK1zBxw You attempt to make it appear that there is no relationship between the Mayan and Mande languages because of the glottal stop. You claim that you can not determine a relationship between these languages because the glottal stop in Mayan languages represent a consonant. This is not necessarially true. Granted there are five glottalized Mayan consonants ch’, k’, p’, t’ and ts’, but most glottal stops in the Mayan languages is associated with vowel sounds. See: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v83X3TE4-kU [QUOTE][list] [*] http://www.mostlymaya.com/IntroMayaLang.html A Brief Introduction to Yucatec Mayan Copyright D. R. Shreve, 1999 Also see English-Mayan dictionary To get a great phrase book by the late John Montgomery Pronunciation Relatively little time has passed between the current way of spelling Mayan words and how they are pronounced. For that reason alone, there has been little opportunity for the oral to diverge from the written, and so, it is usually important to pronounce each letter shown. Commonly contracted word combinations will be spelled as such. Most letters shown here are pronounced as in English, except that the following are always pronounced as follows: a, like the a in father. b, silent if at the end of a plural noun or verb. e, as the a in lake. i, as the ee in feel. o, as the o in bowl. x, the sh as in shoe. Two vowels in a row are longer than a single vowel. In any situation, this tends to give the syllable they are in an emphasis. For example, beetik (to do) has more accent in the first syllable. Two vowels with an accent on the first one slightly emphasize that first vowel. Note that this does not create a second syllable in the word, just a slight shift in emphasis. [b]Some consonants have an accent mark after them and are another matter. These are glottalized letters and are pronounced with a quick expulsion of air, for example: ch’, k’, p’, t’ and ts’ .[/b] One way to hear these letters glottalized is to go to your library and get a recording of Stephen Hawking speaking. When his artificial voice pronounces these letters at the end of a word, it glottalizes them. Barring this, the p’ is easiest to describe. Pretend you are disgusted with something, and spit out "Pah." Spit toward the ground and away from the wind. Now be a bit more amiable, and less explosive and try it in the word p’aak, or tomato, which is far different in meaning from paak, a verb meaning to double. With ch’, k’, t’ and ts’, what you need to do is to form the letters in your mouth as you normally would, but at the very beginning, force them out quickly. The k includes a clicking sound. Remember that in Yucatec, as far as pronunciation goes, the only difference between some words, such as kaax (a chicken) and k’aax (jungle) is the way you say the glottalized sound. This may not be a problem, since you are much more likely to refer to fried chicken (kaax tsabil) than to talk about felling some jungle (luubsik k’aax), but it could be confusing if you are trying to say k beetik (or, we do) instead of k’abeetik (it is very necessary to...). Vowels with an apostrophe following them indicate a glottal stop, such as when a person quickly says "oh oh," though the actual stoppage may seem barely noticeable, and may, at other times, be better described as a glottal pause. At the end of a word you cut the vowel in two by shutting it off with your windpipe. In any word of more than one syllable, the stop will tend to emphasize the preceding portion of the word. For example, waye’ (here) pronounced wa-YEAH, though with the glottal stop it is more like wa-YE, because you must cut it short. Once you realize that most Maya place names seem to be heavily accented in the last syllable, it is easy to assume the same for the other words, but that is not the case. One situation is when the word is normally a one syllable word that you have added to, the root word will still be accented. For example, when bel (road) is plural, as in belo'ob or you are referring to that road, as in le belo or even those roads le belo'obo, the accent will normally remain on bel. There will be the slight emphasis caused by a double vowel or a glottal stop, but, other than that, the best bet with a word of more than one syllable is to pronounce them all with equal emphasis. [/list] [/QUOTE]Given this reality we can see a relationship between Mande Ku ‘sacre’ and Mayan K’u ‘god’ We still have the K sound, eventhough there is the glottal Mayan K’. See: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=qr9jx9ouwgI&NR=1 R. J. Sharer, The Ancient Maya, [URL=http://books.google.com/books?id=YdgXZao23l0C&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131&dq=maya+glottal+stop&source=bl&ots=zZewlRoxn8&sig=6hDTKJny6r0Bssr4HLjTQZwbHCw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lfETUIffCYL8qAH034CICA&ved=0CFYQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=maya%20glottal%20stop&f=false]http://books.google.com/books?id=YdgXZao23l0C&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131&dq=maya+glottal+stop&source=bl&ots=zZewlRoxn8&sig=6hDTKJny6r0Bssr4HLjTQZwbHCw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lfETUIffCYL8qAH034CICA& ved=0CFYQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=maya%20glottal%20stop&f=false[/URL] . [/QB][/QUOTE]
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