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Egypt under Rome and Byzantium, 30 B.C.-A.D. 640
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [QB] [URL=http://www.ephotobay.com/share/picture-27-15.html] [IMG]http://www.ephotobay.com/image/picture-27-15.png[/IMG][/URL] Slave market, from Muslim manuscript of 13th c.. Published on L'Illustration, Journal Universel, Paris, 1860, drawing of Parent from collection of M. Schefer, professor at school of oriental languages [/QUOTE]Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: He-N edited by Siegbert Uhlig [URL=http://www.ephotobay.com/share/picture-23-16.html] [IMG]http://www.ephotobay.com/image/picture-23-16.png[/IMG][/URL] [URL=http://www.ephotobay.com/share/picture-24-18.html] [IMG]http://www.ephotobay.com/image/picture-24-18.png[/IMG][/URL] [URL=http://www.ephotobay.com/share/picture-25-10.html] [IMG]http://www.ephotobay.com/image/picture-25-10.png[/IMG][/URL] Yemen's medieval history is a tangled chronicle of contesting local Imams. The Fatimids of Egypt helped the Isma'ilis maintain dominance in the 11th century through the Sulayhid dynasty founded and brought to peak by Ali al-Sulayhi between 1047-1063. Turan-Shah annexed Yemen to the Ayyubid Empire of Saladin in 1173. The Rasulid dynasty ruled Yemen, with Zabid as its capital, from about 1230 to the 15th century. In 1516, the Mamluks of Egypt annexed Yemen; but in the following year, the Mamluk governor surrendered to the Ottomans, and Turkish armies subsequently overran the country. They were challenged by the Zaidi Imam, Qasim the Great (r.1597–1620), and were expelled from the interior around 1630. From then until the 19th century, the Ottomans retained control only of isolated coastal areas, while the highlands generally were ruled by the Zaidi Imams. Besides being the capital of Yemen from the 13th to the 15th century, the city of [b]Zabid[/b] played an important role in the Arab and Muslim world for many centuries because of its Islamic university. The Ayyūbids of Egypt, when they invaded Yemen in 1173, found it parceled out among several dynasties. Ayyūbid objectives were probably part political, to find themselves a haven and destroy the Ismāʿīlites, and part economic, to control the India trade route. They remained in power until about 1229 From 1216 until 1429, Rasulid rulers encouraged learning and built schools for teaching the Koran and the sciences (madrasas ), along with the necessary hostels for students, all over the region: of the 62 madrasas recorded in Zabid, 22 still survive. The Rasulids were a Muslim dynasty that ruled Yemen and Hadhramaut from 1229 to 1454. The Rasulids assumed power after the Egyptian Ayyubids left the southern provinces of the Arabian Peninsula. The Rasulids descended from the eponymous Rasul (his real name is Muhammad ibn Harun), a Turkmen Oghuz chief. Later, they assumed an Arab lineage, claiming descent from an ancient Arabian tribe. Rasul came to Yemen around 1180 while serving as a messenger for an Abbasid caliph. His son Ali was governor of Mecca for a time, and his grandson Umar bin Ali was the first sultan of the Rasulid dynasty. [b]Zabid lost its political and economic importance under the Tahirid dynasty (1454-1538), but retained its role as a university. With the establishment of Ottoman rule, Zabid was completely neglected in favour of the capital city, Sana'a.[/b] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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