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[QUOTE]Originally posted by mena7: [QB] [IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Khufu_CEM.jpg[/IMG] Pharaoh Khnum Khufu [IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Khufu_statue.jpg[/IMG] Pharaoh Khnum Khufu [IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cheops_head_2600_BC%2C_Munich.jpg/376px-Cheops_head_2600_BC%2C_Munich.jpg[/IMG] Pharaoh Khnum Khufu [IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Khufu2.jpg/450px-Khufu2.jpg[/IMG] Khnum Khufu Khufu (/ˈkuːfuː/ KOO-foo), originally Khnum-Khufu (/ˈknuːmˈkuːfuː/ KNOOM-koo-foo), is the birth name of a Fourth Dynasty ancient Egyptian pharaoh, who ruled in the first half of the Old Kingdom period (26th century BC). He is equally well known under his Hellenized name Khêops or Cheops (/ˈkiːɒps/, KEE-ops; Greek: Χέοψ, by Diodor and Herodotus) and less well known under another Hellenized name, Súphis (/ˈsuːfɨs/ SOO-fis; Greek: Σοῦφις, by Manetho).[4][9] A rare version of the name of Khufu, used by Josephus, is Sofe (/ˈsɒfiː/ SO-fe; Greek: Σοφe).[10] Khufu was the second pharaoh of the 4th dynasty; he followed his possible father, king Sneferu, on the throne. He is generally accepted as having built the Great Pyramid of Giza, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, but many other aspects of his reign are rather poorly documented.[4][9] Khufu's origin[edit] The royal family of Khufu was quite large. It is uncertain if Khufu was actually the biological son of Sneferu. Mainstream Egyptologists believe Sneferu was Khufu's father, but only because it was the common tradition that the eldest son or a selected descendant inherit the throne.[8] In 1925 the tomb of queen Hetepheres I, G 7000x, was found east of Khufu's pyramid. It contained many precious grave goods, and several inscriptions giving her the title of "Mother of a king" (Mut-nesut), together with the name of king Sneferu. Therefore it seemed clear at first that Hetepheres was the wife of Sneferu, and that they were Khufu's parents. More recently, however, some have doubted this theory, because Hetepheres is not known to have bore the title of "king's wife" (Hemet-nesut), a title indispensable to confirming a queen's royal status.[8][11] Instead of the spouse's title, Hetepheres bore only that of a "biological daughter of a god" (Sat-netjer-khetef, litt. daughter of his divine body), a title mentioned for the first time.[11] As a result, researchers now think Khufu may not have been Sneferu's biological son, but that Sneferu legitimised Khufu's rank and familial position by marriage, and by apotheosizing his mother as the daughter of a living god. Another clue that could support this theory lies in that Khufu's mother was buried close to her son, i.e., not in the necropolis of her husband as was usual Length of reign[edit] It is still unclear how long Khufu ruled over Egypt. The Royal canon of Turin gives 23 years of rulership, the ancient historian Herodotus gives 50 years and the ancient historian Manetho even credits him 63 years of reign. These figures are now considered an exaggeration or a misinterpretation of earlier sources.[4] Sources contemporary to Khufu's time give two key pieces of information: One of them was found at the Dakhla Oasis in the Libyan Desert. Khufu's serekh name is carved in a rock inscription reporting the "Mefat-travelling in the year after the 13th cattle count under Hor-Medjedu".[14] The second source can be found in the relieving chambers inside Khufu's pyramid above the burial chamber. One of these inscriptions mentions a workmen's crew named "friends of Khufu"; however, no known inscription "mentions a Year of the 17th time of cattle count" as Flinders Petrie mentioned in 1883. Petrie's claim of a 17th year of Khufu[15] was perhaps based on a misreading of Karl Richard Lepsius in Denkmaeler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien. Abtheilung II., vol. 1 from 1842, which shows a 16th year count in a quarry mark from one of the Dahshur pyramids of king Sneferu, together with quarry marks in the 'relieving chambers' of the Great Pyramid.[16] Therefore, Khufu's highest known and certain preserved date is the Year after the 13th cattle count -or Year 27- of his reign, if the cattle count was held every second year (as it was tradition at least until the end of Snefru's reign). This could prove that Khufu ruled for at least 26 years, and possibly for over 34 years Political activities There are only few hints about Khufu's political activities within and outside Egypt. Within Egypt, Khufu is documented in several building inscriptions and statues. Khufu's name appears in inscriptions at Elkab and Elephantine and in local quarries at Hatnub and Wadi Hammamat. At Saqqara two terracotta figures of the goddess Bastet were found, at their bases the horus name of Khufu is incised. They were deposited at Saqqara during the Middle Kingdom, but their creation can be dated back to Khufu's reign.[21] At the Wadi Maghareh in Sinai a rock inscription depicts Khufu with the double crown. Khufu sent several expeditions in an attempt to found turquoise and copper mines. Like other kings, such as Sekhemkhet, Sneferu and Sahure, which are also depicted in impressive reliefs there, he was looking for those two precious materials.[22] Khufu also entertained contacts with Byblos. He sent several expeditions to Byblos in an attempt to trade copper tools and weapons for precious Lebanese Cedar wood. This kind of wood was essential for building large and stable funerary boats and indeed the boats discovered at the Great Pyramid were made of it. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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