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[QUOTE]Originally posted by mena7: [QB] [IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/MentuhotepII-FuneraryStatue-CloseUp_MetropolitanMuseum_c.jpg/455px-MentuhotepII-FuneraryStatue-CloseUp_MetropolitanMuseum_c.jpg[/IMG] Pharaoh Mentuhotep II [IMG]http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-L1Yte3LXeGI/UehNOQHFzHI/AAAAAAAAHTo/PQheoDx22k4/s1600/King+Mentuhotep.jpg[/IMG] Pharaoh Mentuhotep II [IMG]http://www.myartprints.com/kunst/egyptian/detail_statue_mentuhotep_enth_hi.jpg[/IMG] Pharaoh Mentuhotep II [IMG]http://www.hat.net/album/middle_east/004_egypt/day_48_egyptian_museum/020_mentuhotep_ii.jpg[/IMG] Pharaoh Mentuhotep II Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II (reigned ca. 2046 BC – 1995 BC) was a Pharaoh of the 11th dynasty who reigned for 51 years. Around his 39th year on the throne he reunited Egypt thus ending the First Intermediary Period. Consequently, he is considered the first pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom Reign Mentuhotep II is considered to be the first ruler of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt. The Turin Canon credits him with a reign of 51 years.[17] Many Egyptologists have long considered two rock reliefs, showing Mentuhotep II towering over smaller figures labeled king "Intef", to be conclusive evidence that his predecessor Intef III was his own father; this is, however, not entirely certain, as these reliefs may have had other propagandistic purposes, and there are other difficulties surrounding Mentuhotep's true origin, his three name-changes, and his frequent attempts to claim descent from various gods.[18] Early reign When he ascended the Theban throne, Mentuhotep II inherited the vast land conquered by his predecessors from the first cataract in the south to Abydos and Tjebu in the north. Mentuhotep II's first fourteen years of reign seem to have been peaceful in the Theban region as there are no surviving traces of conflict firmly datable to that period. In fact the general scarcity of testimonies from the early part of Mentuhotep's reign might indicate that he was young when he ascended the throne, an hypothesis consistent with his 51 years long reign. Reunification of Egypt In the 14th year of his reign, an uprising occurred in the north. This uprising is most probably connected with the ongoing conflict between Mentuhotep II based in Thebes and the rival 10th dynasty based at Herakleopolis who threatened to invade Upper Egypt. The 14th year of Mentuhotep's reign is indeed named Year of the crime of Thinis.This certainly refers to the conquest of the Thinite region by the Herakleopolitan kings who apparently desecrated the sacred ancient royal necropolis of Abydos in the process. Mentuhotep II subsequently dispatched his armies to the north. The famous tomb of the warriors at Deir el-Bahari discovered in the 1920s, contained the linen-wrapped, unmummified bodies of 60 soldiers all killed in battle, their shroud bearing Mentuhotep II's cartouche. Due to its proximity to the Theban royal tombs, the tomb of the warriors is believed to be that of heroes who died during the conflict between Mentuhotep II and his foes to the north.[19] Merykara, the ruler of Lower-Egypt at the time may have died during the conflict, which further weakened his kingdom and gave Mentuhotep the opportunity to reunite Egypt. The exact date when reunification was achieved is not known, but it is assumed to have happened shortly before year 39 of his reign.[20] Indeed, evidence shows that the process took time, maybe due to the general insecurity of the country at the time: commoners where buried with weapons, the funerary stelae of officials show them holding weapons instead of the usual regalia [21] and when Mentuhotep II's successor sent an expedition to Punt some 20 years after the reunification, they still had to clear the Wadi Hammamat of rebels. Following the reunification, Mentuhotep II was considered by his subjects to be divine, or half divine. This was still the case by the end of 12th dynasty some 200 years later: Senusret III and Amenemhat III erected stelae commemorating opening of the mouth ceremonies practiced on Mentuhotep II's statues.[22] Military activities outside of Egypt Mentuhotep II launched military campaigns under the command of his vizier Khety south into Nubia in his 29th and 31st years of reign, which had gained its independence during the First Intermediate Period. This is the first attested appearance of the term Kush for Nubia in Egyptian records. In particular, Mentuhotep posted a garrison on the island fortress of Elephantine so troops could rapidly be deployed southwards.[23] There is also evidence of military actions against Canaan. The king reorganized the country and placed a vizier at the head of the administration. The viziers of his reign were Bebi and Dagi. His treasurer was Khety who was involved in organising the sed festival for the king. Other important officials were the treasurer Meketre and the overseer of sealers Meru. His general was Intef Reorganization of the government Throughout the first intermediary period and until Mentuhotep II's reign, the nomarchs held important powers over Egypt. Their office had become hereditary during the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt and the collapse of central power assured them complete freedom over their lands. After the unification of Egypt however, Mentuhotep II initiated a strong policy of centralization, reinforcing his royal authority by creating the posts of Governor of Upper Egypt and Governor of Lower Egypt who had power over the local nomarchs.[24] Mentuhotep also relied on a mobile force of royal court officials who further controlled the deeds of the nomarchs.[25] Finally the nomarchs who supported the 10th dynasty, such as the governor of Asyut, certainly lost their power to the profit of the king. In the mean time, Mentuhotep II started an extensive program of self-deification emphasizing the divine nature of the ruler [/QB][/QUOTE]
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