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[QUOTE]Originally posted by mena7: [QB] [IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Head_of_Nectanebo_II-MBA_Lyon_H1701-IMG_0204.jpg/640px-Head_of_Nectanebo_II-MBA_Lyon_H1701-IMG_0204.jpg[/IMG] Pharaoh Nectanebo II [IMG]http://www.livius.org/site/assets/files/7250/egypt_nectanebo_ii_rmo.jpg[/IMG] Pharaoh Nectanebo II [IMG]http://i-cias.com/e.o/ill/nectanebo2_01.jpg[/IMG] Pharaoh Nectanebo II Nectanebo II (Manetho's transcription of Egyptian Nakhthorheb[1][a] (Nḫht-Ḥr-Ḥbyt, "Strong is Horus of Hebit"[2]), ruled in 360—342 BC[b]) was the third and last pharaoh of the Thirtieth dynasty, as well as the last native ruler of Ancient Egypt.[3] Under Nectanebo II, Egypt prospered. During his reign, the Egyptian artists delivered a specific style that left a distinctive mark on the relief sculpture of the Ptolemaic era.[4] Like his indirect predecessor Nectanebo I, Nectanebo II showed enthusiasm for many of the cults of the gods within ancient Egyptian religion, and more than a hundred Egyptian sites bear evidence of his attentions.[5] Nectanebo II, however, undertook more constructions and restorations than Nectanebo I, commencing in particular the enormous temple of Isis (Iseum). For several years, Nectanebo II was successful in keeping Egypt safe from the Achaemenid Empire.[6] Betrayed by his former servant Mentor of Rhodes, however, Nectanebo II was ultimately defeated by the combined Persian-Greek forces in the 343 BC Battle of Pelusium. In 342 BC, the Persians occupied Memphis and the rest of Egypt, incorporating the country back into the Achaemenid Empire. Nectanebo fled south and preserved his power for some time; his subsequent fate is unknown Rise to power In 525 BC Egypt was conquered by the Persian Achaemenid Empire. Because of internal struggles for the Persian royal succession, Egypt managed to regain independence in 404 BC. In 389 BC, pharaoh Hakor negotiated a treaty with Athens and for three years (from 385 to 383 BC) managed to withstand Persian aggression.[9] However, following the conclusion of the Peace of Antalcidas in 387 BC between Persia and the Greek city-states, Egypt and Cyprus became the only obstacles to Persian hegemony in the Mediterranean. At the beginning of 360 BC, Nectanebo's predecessor Teos started preparations for war against intruders. In the same year, the Egyptian army set off, travelling along the coast by land and sea. Nectanebo II accompanied his uncle Teos in that campaign and was in charge of the machimoi.[10] In an attempt to raise finances for the war quickly, Teos imposed taxes on Egyptians and seized temple property.[11] Egyptians, particularly the priests, resented those measures and supported Nectanebo II. Teos asked Spartan military leader Agesilaus and Athenian general Chabrias to preserve support for him.[12] Agesilaus, however, said he was sent to aid Egypt and not to wage war against it.[12] Chabrias with his mercenaries returned home.[12] Teos decided to flee to the Persian court, where he ultimately died of natural causes. Nectanebo further contended with an unknown[why?] pretender to the throne from the town of Djedet, who proclaimed himself pharaoh.[12] The revolt was probably led by one of the descendants of Nepherites I, whose family had ruled the town before.[13] The claimant sent messengers to Agesilaus in an attempt to persuade Agesilaus to his side.[12] Agesilaus remained loyal to Nectanebo, fearing to become a turncoat and betrayer. At one of the towns in the Nile Delta the troops of Nectanebo and Agesilaus were besieged by the usurper, who had gained many sympathisers. Despite the enemy's numerical superiority, Nectanebo and Agesilaus were victorious and the revolt was put down in the fall of 360 BC.[5] Acknowledging Agesilaus, Nectanebo sent him 220 talents of gold. Reign Obverse of gold stater of Nectanebo II. Religion played an important part in Nectanebo's domestic policy. He began his reign by officiating over the funeral of an Apis bull in Memphis. There Nectanebo added a relief decoration to the eastern and western temples of Apis.[14] Among notable sanctuaries, erected under Nectanebo II, are a temple of Khnum in Abu and a temple of Amun at Sekhtam. He also dedicated a diorite naos to Anhur-Shu (a fragment of it was found in the temples of Tjebnutjer).[4] Nectanebo II was responsible for the increasing popularity of the Buchis cult.[5] Under Nectanebo II a decree, forbidding the stone quarrying in the so-called Mysterious Mountains in Abydos, was issued.[15] Foreign affairs under Nectanebo II were thwarted by repeated Persian attempts to reoccupy Egypt. Before the accession of Nectanebo II to the throne, Persians attempted to reclaim Egypt in 385, 383, and 373 BC. Nectanebo used the peace to build up a new army and employed Greek mercenaries, which was a usual practice at the time. In about 351 BC the Persians embarked on a new attempt to reclaim Egypt. After a year of fighting Nectanebo and his allied generals Diophantus of Athens and Lamius of Sparta managed to defeat the Persians. Having scored a resounding victory over the Persians, Nectanebo II was acclaimed as "Nectanebo the divine falcon" by his people and cults were set up in his name.[16] In 345/44 BC Nectanebo supported the Phoenician rebellion against the Persians, led by the king of Sidon Tennes[17] and dispatched a military aid of 4,000 Greek mercenaries, led by Mentor of Rhodes.[18] However, having heard of the approach of the forces of Artaxerxes III, Mentor opened communication with the Persians in collusion with Tennes.[18] At the end of 344 BC, ambassadors of Artaxerxes III arrived in Greece asking for the Greeks' participation in a campaign against Egypt.[19] Athens and Sparta treated the ambassadors with courtesy, but refrained from concluding an alliance against Egypt.[19] Other cities, however, decided to support the Persians: Thebes sent 1,000 hoplites and Argos 3,000.[19] In the winter of 343 BC Artaxerxes set off for Egypt. The Egyptian army, headed by Nectanebo, consisted of 60,000 Egyptians, 20,000 Libyans and as many Greek mercenaries.[20] In addition Nectanebo had a number of flat-bottomed boats to prevent an enemy from entering the Nile mouths.[21] The vulnerable points along his Mediterranean sea border and east boundary were protected by strongholds, fortifications and entrenched camps.[21] Persian forces were strengthened by Mentor and his men, well acquainted with the eastern border of Egypt, and by 6,000 Ionians.[18] Nectanebo II was ultimately defeated and, in the summer of 342 BC, Artaxerxes had entered Memphis,[22] where the Persians installed a satrap.[23] Nectanebo fled to Upper Egypt and finally to Nubia, where he was granted asylum. He, however, preserved a degree of power there for some time. With the help of Chababash Nectanebo made a vain attempt to regain the throne [/QB][/QUOTE]
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