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[QUOTE]Originally posted by mena7: [QB] [IMG]http://www.raoul-mclaughlin.net/images/roman-indian-large.jpg[/IMG] Said to be an Indian in Roman attire. Probably a brown Roman Emperor. [IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gold_coin_of_Justinian_I_527CE_565CE_excavated_in_India_probably_in_the_south.jpg/640px-Gold_coin_of_Justinian_I_527CE_565CE_excavated_in_India_probably_in_the_south.jpg[/IMG] Gold coin of Roman Emperor Justinian 1 [IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sri_Lankan_imitations_of_4th_century_Roman_coins_4th_to_8th_century_CE.jpg/1024px-Sri_Lankan_imitations_of_4th_century_Roman_coins_4th_to_8th_century_CE.jpg[/IMG] Sri Lanka imitation of 4 cent CE Roman coin [IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/AugustusCoinPudukottaiHoardIndia.jpg/640px-AugustusCoinPudukottaiHoardIndia.jpg[/IMG] Indian Emperor Augustus coin with fleshy mouth [IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Indian_copy_of_an_aureaus_of_Faustina_2nd_century_CE.jpg[/IMG] Faustina coin with fleshy mouth [IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Coin_of_an_unknown_ruler.jpg/640px-Coin_of_an_unknown_ruler.jpg[/IMG] 1 cent bc Indian coin of Indian ruler wearing Roman helmet or Roman ruler wearing Roman helmet. [IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_the_Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.jpg/1024px-Map_of_the_Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.jpg[/IMG] Indian Ocean trade route http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_and_relations Roman trade with India (see also the spice trade and incense road) through the overland caravan routes via Anatolia and Persia, though at a relative trickle compared to later times, antedated the southern trade route via the Red Sea and monsoons which started around the beginning of the Common Era (CE) following the reign of Augustus and his conquest of Egypt in 30 BCE.[1] The route so helped enhance trade between ancient states of India and Rome, that Roman politicians and historians are on record decrying the loss of silver and gold to buy silk to pamper Roman wives, and the southern route grew to eclipse and then totally supplant the overland trade route.[2] Roman and Greek traders frequented the ancient Tamil country (present day Southern India) and Sri Lanka, securing trade with the seafaring Tamil states of the Pandyan, Chola and Chera dynasties and establishing trading settlements which secured trade with India by the Greco-Roman world since the time of the Ptolemaic dynasty[3] a few decades before the start of the Common Era and remained long after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.[4] As recorded by Strabo, Emperor Augustus of Rome received at Antioch an ambassador from a South Indian King called Pandyan of Dramira. The country of the Pandyas, Pandi Mandala, was described as Pandyan Mediterranea in the Periplus and Modura Regia Pandyan by Ptolemy.[5] They also outlasted Byzantium's loss of the ports of Egypt and the Red Sea[6] (ca. 639-645 CE) under the pressure of the Muslim conquests. Sometime after the sundering of communications between the Axum and Eastern Roman Empire in the 7th century, the Christian kingdom of Axum fell into a slow decline, fading into obscurity in western sources. It survived, despite pressure from Islamic forces, until the 11th century, when it was reconfigured in a dynastic squabble http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Roman_relations Indo-Roman relations From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Roman maritime trade with India according to the Periplus Maris Erythraei, 1st century CE. Indo-Roman relations began during the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus (23 Sept. 63 BCE – 19 Aug. 14 CE). Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus was the first emperor of the Roman Empire, which he ruled alone from 27 BCE until his death in 14 CE. The presence of Romans in India and the relations between Rome and India are still generally little known or understood. Unfortunately, historians lack the sort of accounts or 'histories' written by contemporaries or near-contemporaries which they have for, say, the earlier conquests of Alexander in India, to provide us with some sort of overview. While we have quite extensive and spectacular literary, numismatic and archaeological evidence, it is difficult to assemble anything approaching a comprehensive picture of the relations between India and the Roman Empire. Instead, historians must build up a mosaic of many bits of evidence, mainly relating to the trade between them, and then try to 'connect the dots' to produce a plausible story [IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/East-Hem_200ad.jpg/800px-East-Hem_200ad.jpg[/IMG] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Roman_relations Sino-Roman relations were essentially indirect throughout the existence of both empires. The Roman Empire and Han China progressively inched closer in the course of the Roman expansion into the Ancient Near East and simultaneous Chinese military incursions into Central Asia. However, powerful intermediate empires such as the Parthians and Kushans kept the two Eurasian flanking powers permanently apart and mutual awareness remained low and knowledge fuzzy. Only a few attempts at direct contact are known from records: In CE 97, the Chinese general Ban Chao unsuccessfully tried to send an envoy to Rome.[1][2] Several alleged Roman emissaries to China were recorded by ancient Chinese historians. The first one on record, supposedly from either the Roman emperor Antoninus Pius or the later emperor Marcus Aurelius, arrived in CE 166.[3][4] The indirect exchange of goods on the land (the so-called silk road) and sea routes included Chinese silk and Roman glassware and high-quality cloth.[5] In classical sources, the problem of identifying references to ancient China is exacerbated by the interpretation of the Latin term "Seres," whose meaning fluctuated and could refer to a number of Asian people in a wide arc from India over Central Asia to China.[6] In Chinese records, the Roman Empire came to be known as "Da Qin", Great Qin, apparently thought to be a sort of counter-China at the other end of the world.[7] According to Edwin G. Pulleyblank, the "point that needs to be stressed is that the Chinese conception of Da Qin was confused from the outset with ancient mythological notions about the far west http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢 A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE Quoted in zhuan 30 of the Sanguozhi Published in 429 CE Draft English translation by John E. Hill © September, 2004 “I was not born knowledgeable, I am devoted to antiquity and am quick to seek knowledge.” Kong Qiu 孔丘 (Confucius). Lunyu, 7, 19. Contents Preface Acknowledgements Introduction About this Translation About Fonts and Characters About the Text Translator’s Notes About the Dating and Background of the Text Background Reading About Measurements and Administrative Divisions The Text Section 1. The Di Tribes Section 2. The Zilu Tribes Section 3. The Qiang Tribes Section 4. The three main overland routes to the Western Regions Section 5. The Southern Route Section 6. The Kingdom of Linni (Lumbini) Section 7. The Kingdom of Juli (the ‘Eastern Division’ of the Kushan Empire) Section 8. The Kingdom of Panyue (Pandya) Section 9. The Central Route Section 10. Previous Misconceptions Section 11. Da Qin (Roman territory/Rome) Section 12. Products of Da Qin (Roman territory) – Product List Section 13. The Sea Route to Da Qin (Roman territory) Section 14. Roman Dependencies Section 15. The Kingdom of Zesan (Azania) Section 16. The Kingdom of Lüfen (Leukê Komê or modern Al Wajh) Section 17. The Kingdom of Qielan (Wadi Sirhan) Section 18. The Kingdom of Xiandu (‘Aynūnah = Leukos Limên?) Section 19. The Kingdom of Sifu (Petra) Section 20. The Kingdom of Yuluo (Karak) Section 21. The Kingdom of Siluo Section 22. The Far West Section 23. The New Route of the North Section 24. The Kingdom of Northern Wuyi (Khujand) Section 25. The Kingdoms of Liu, Yan, and Yancai (the Alans) Section 26. The Kingdom of Hude Section 27. The Kingdom of Jiankun (Khirgiz) Section 28. The Kingdom of Dingling Section 29. The Kingdom of Duanren (‘Pygmies’) Section 30. The Author’s Comments Abbreviations and Bibliography http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-third-century-china-saw-rome-a-land-ruled-by-minor-kings-3386550/?no-ist= How Third-Century China Saw Rome, a Land Ruled by “Minor Kings” Translations of a 3rd century Chinese text describe Roman life By Colin Schultz smithsonian.com September 3, 2013 303 31 0 1 205 1 592 303 31 1 205 0 592 Tourists explore the Crescent Moon Spring along the historic Silk Road trade route. Photo: Wo Shing Au When archaeologists work to understand an ancient civilization, they often use that civilization’s texts to get a clue as to how they saw themselves. But these people didn’t live in isolation. They traded; they invaded. They carried inventions and knowledge back and forth down the Silk Road, the Tea Road and Roman roads. They also, sometimes, wrote down what they thought of each other. A few years ago, the University of Washington’s John E. Hill drafted an English copy of the Weilüe, a third century C.E. account of the interactions between the Romans and the Chinese, as told from the perspective of ancient China. “Although the Weilue was never classed among the official or ‘canonical’ histories, it has always been held in the highest regard by Chinese scholars as a unique and precious source of historical and geographical information,” says Hill. The translated text gives a curious look at the way of life of third century Rome, a land ruled by “numerous minor kings.” The chronicle even comes with extensive directions on how to get there—go across the Indian Ocean, cut up to Egypt, duck through the Nile, sail across the Mediterranean (about six days) until you find yourself in Da Qin, the Roman Empire. The text describes the organization of Roman society, and a list of the products they had on offer. This country (the Roman Empire) has more than four hundred smaller cities and towns. It extends several thousand li in all directions. The king has his capital (that is, the city of Rome) close to the mouth of a river (the Tiber). The outer walls of the city are made of stone. …The ruler of this country is not permanent. When disasters result from unusual phenomena, they unceremoniously replace him, installing a virtuous man as king, and release the old king, who does not dare show resentment. The common people are tall and virtuous like the Chinese, but wear hu (‘Western’) clothes. They say they originally came from China, but left it. They have always wanted to communicate with China but, Anxi (Parthia), jealous of their profits, would not allow them to pass (through to China). Apparently, according to Yu Huan, the author of the Weilue, getting around ancient Rome was pretty dangerous: The people (of these countries) are connected to each other. Every 10 li (4.2 km) there is a ting (relay shed or changing place), and every 30 li (12.5 km) there is a zhi (postal station). There are no bandits or thieves, but there are fierce tigers and lions that kill those travelling on the route. If you are not in a group, you cannot get through. This was not the first translation of the Weilue, says Hill. The section on the Romans was previously translated back in 1885, with other sections coming after http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weilue [/QB][/QUOTE]
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