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Who are Americas Black People?
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Mike111: [QB] [b]The Black Scots[/b] The first foreign born Blacks in Virginia (as opposed to Native American Blacks) were probably the Black Scotsman of Virginia, who were defeated by Oliver Cromwell in his invasions of Scotland in the 1600s. They are detailed in the book: " White People, Indians, and Highlanders: Tribal Peoples and Colonial Encounters in Scotland and America by Colin G. Calloway". Quote from the book: When Oliver Cromwell defeated the Scots at Worcester, Cromwell transported hundreds of Scots prisoners as indentured servants to Virginia and the West Indies" Page 26. The fact that these Scotsman were Black men is confirmed by many publications of those times: and is detailed by quotes from them: The Journal of a tour to the Hebrides, with Samuel Johnson - by James Boswell 1810 edition. (It should be noted that apparently all versions after 1810, and the “Project Gutenberg” version, have all had references to Blacks deleted, so care should be taken in which version you use). Page 123 Quote: There was great diversity in the faces of the circle around us: Some were as black and wild in their appearance as any American savages whatever. One woman was as comely almost as the figure of Sappho, as we see it painted. A Description of THE WESTERN ISLANDS of Scotland (CIRCA 1695) By Martin Martin, Gent. Quote: The Complexion of the Islanders of the Isle of Arran, Quote: The inhabitants of this isle are well proportioned, generally brown, and some of a black complexion. It was Thomas Cromwell who destroyed all evidences of Black Rule in Britain. Article from the Daily Telegraph Media Group Limited 2015 Main Quote: No one can be sure of the exact figure, but it is estimated that the destruction started and legalized by Cromwell amounted to 97% of the English art then in existence. Statues were hacked down. Frescoes were smashed to bits. Mosaics were pulverized. Illuminated manuscripts were shredded. Wooden carvings were burned. Precious metalwork was melted down. Shrines were reduced to rubble. This vandalism went way beyond a religious reform. It was a frenzy, obliterating the artistic patrimony of centuries of indigenous craftsmanship with an intensity of hatred for imagery and depicting the divine that has strong and resonant parallels today. The United States War of Independence (1775–1783) - The Black Loyalists When the American Revolutionary War started, many Black British did the opposite of Crispus Attucks, they remained loyal to the British side. The British recognized early the opportunity to weaken the rebellion by encouraging the slaves of rebelling British citizens to run away and join the British side. [IMG]http://realhistoryww.com./world_history/ancient/Misc/Crests/Black_americans/Loyalists.jpg[/IMG] Lord Dunmore's Proclamation Dunmore's Proclamation, also known as Dunmore's "Emancipation Proclamation," is a historical document signed on November 7, 1775, by John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore, royal governor of the British Colony of Virginia. The proclamation declared martial law and promised freedom for slaves of American revolutionaries who left their owners and joined the royal forces. Quote: And I hereby further declare all indented servants, Negroes, or others (appertaining to Rebels) free, that are able and willing to bear arms, they joining His Majesty's Troops, as soon as may be, for the more speedily reducing the Colony to a proper sense of their duty, to this Majesty's crown and dignity. The units formed by these Black Loyalists included 'Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment' and a Black mounted cavalry established in Virginia in 1782. Black soldiers took part in active combat, and were used as shock troops. Because of their knowledge of the terrain, some also acted as guides for the British troops, and others fulfilled a variety of roles, working (among other things) as sailors, miners, nurses and laborer’s. [IMG]http://realhistoryww.com./world_history/ancient/Misc/Crests/Black_americans/Dunmore_proc.JPG[/IMG] When the defeated British withdrew from New York, Charleston and Savannah at the end of the war in 1783, an estimated 60,000 Loyalists went with them, including at least 14,000 Black men (no numbers from other ports). Some went to Nova Scotia, in Canada, or to the West Indies, but most traveled to Britain. They were condemned as traitors by the United States Assembly, which passed an Act of confiscation, depriving both Black and White Loyalists of their property. The African-Americans arriving in Britain were refugees who had left everything behind, and they frequently found themselves in poverty. A small number of them - the minority who had held some property in America, most of whom were free-born - applied to a new Parliamentary commission for compensation. The registers of the commission record the applications of 47 Black and 5,000 White claimants. The documents show that Black Loyalists were often denied relief - and when they were granted money, the amounts awarded were almost always lower than those given to even the poorest White Loyalists. The commissioners justified their decisions on the grounds that Black claimants rarely had documentary evidence or 'reliable witnesses' to support their claims for compensation, while in many cases White Loyalists were able to provide such proof. The pension examiners, giving reasons for their judgments in the 'Decision' section of the case records, suggested that 'the Blacks should think themselves fortunate to have gained their liberty…' and cast doubt on their claims to be free-born. It seems that in many cases the commission was suggesting that the freedom granted by Lord Dunmore's proclamation was sufficient reward for Black Loyalists and that they were entitled to nothing more - despite the fact that Black men had risked life and limb for the British Crown, that many had left their families behind, and that many now faced poverty in Britain. Note: some of them wound up in the African nation of Sierra Leone. Note: for the purposes of our calculations, we will ignore the Blacks who left the United States after the British defeat. http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/work_community/loyalists.htm [/QB][/QUOTE]
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