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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Quetzalcoatl: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by tropicals redacted: [qb] @Professor Ortiz de Montellano You said in your response to Kdolo^^ (third post in this thread) that in your 1993 writing on African Mitochondrial Eve, you were doing what responsible scholars do: "Report the state of the literature as up-to-date as possible, and give both sides until one is proven to be correct." Why then, when writing on ancient Egyptian biological affinities, did you not include reference to limb lengths? Your paper was written in 1993, so after the Robins and Shute publication (1986) confirming that the ancient Egyptians had tropical limb lengths. In your pages on the Egyptians you wrote: "[T]he claim that all Egyptians, or even all the pharaohs, were black, is not valid. Most scholars believe that Egyptians in antiquity looked pretty much as they look today, with a gradation of darker shades toward the Sudan. Evidence for the racial composition of Egypt comes from a variety of sources. Berry et al. (1967), using a “measure of divergence” based on 30 nonmetrical skeletal variants, found that there were significant differences between negroid populations (Ashanti, Sudan), Mediterra- nean populations (Palestine), and all ancient Egyptian samples. They also found a remarkable degree of constancy in the population of Egypt over a period of 5,000 years. Recent multivariate analysis of crania (Keita, 1990) showed a pattern com- mon to both northern Late Dynastic Egypt and the Maghreb (North Africa west of Egypt) in which both tropical African and European phenotypes, as well as inter- mediate patterns, were present. Early southern Predynastic Egyptian crania showed affinities with tropical African patterns and differed notably from the Maghreb pattern. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Nile valley was pri- marily settled by immigrants from both the Sahara and from more southern areas and that Egyptian culture was formed by the fusion of Saharan and Nilotic peoples (Hassan, 1988). The mixture of phenotypes suggested by the archaeological and skeletal evidence is amply supported by representations in art and sculpture (Ver- coutter, 1978; O’Connor, 1971; “rigger, 1978; Kelly, 1991). Brace et al. offer fur- ther review of Egyptian biological status (this volume). Egypt was a multiracial society that did not discriminate internally on the basis of color, but looked down on all foreigners regardless of color (Yurco, 1989,1990; Snowden, 1970,1989,1992; Young, 1992; Levine, 1992; Coleman, 1992). Even Martin Bernal, the most artic- ulate proponent of Egyptian influence on Greece, agrees that in the pharaonic period Egypt was a racially mixed society with a higher incidence of negroid phenotypes in Upper Egypt (Young, 1992; Kelly, 1991; Bernal, 1992)" (pp34-35). However, there was no reference to limb lengths. Could you explain why? [/qb][/QUOTE]It's been 18 years since I wrote the paper. I guess it's due to the fact that the thrust of the paper was the wide variety of "magical" attributions to the melanin molecule and not a focus on the precise color of Egyptians. I still think that Egyptians are a cline darker from Alexandria to Nubia and that modern Egyptians resemble Ancient Egyptians, but I have pretty well kept out of the heated debate about that topic. What is important is culture not the biological characteristics. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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