...
Post A Reply
my profile
|
directory
login
|
register
|
search
|
faq
|
forum home
»
EgyptSearch Forums
»
Deshret
»
Melanin, Afrocentricity and Pseudoscience
» Post A Reply
Post A Reply
Login Name:
Password:
Message Icon:
Message:
HTML is not enabled.
UBB Code™ is enabled.
[QUOTE]Originally posted by Ish Gebor: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Quetzalcoatl: [qb] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Mike111: [qb] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Doug M: [qb] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Quetzalcoatl: [qb] I'm not clear what you are after? As Doug M has just pointed out there are black people outside of Africa because of the environment not because they just arrived from Africa in the last 5000 years. [/qb][/QUOTE]That point of confusion is common in many circles. Just because a population has features similar to Africans doesn't mean they just arrived from Africa recently. Case in point the Aeta, Papuans and Andaman Islanders are not genetically close to any African population even though they look African. However, it does support the argument that black African tropically adapted people are the first settlers of the planet as all humans ultimately derive from those types of populations. [/qb][/QUOTE]Quote: Case in point the Aeta, Papuans and Andaman Islanders are not genetically close to any African population even though they look African. Just goes to show how the Albinos shape opinion and though with their teachings. And because certain populations TRUST the Albinos, they never question their definitions or meanings. As this Y-dna chart clearly demonstrates CLOSENESS or PROXIMITY is determined by the SUPPOSED date and order of mutations. [IMG]https://rokus01.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/ydna-genetic-tree.jpg[/IMG] But it doesn't really work: [b]As we can see from the chart, (A) is the first defined mutation, and (R) is the last and most recent human mutation. With C/F & D/E closer to A than to R. So lets see just exactly these people are:[/b] [/qb][/QUOTE]There is a very fundamental misunderstanding here: The tree shows the major macrohaplogroups BUT (very importantly) these macrohaplogroups continue to have mutations that define new haplogroups and haplotypes. Therefore there will be haplotypes of very old haplogroups (i.e A, B ,E) that are of more recent origins than haplotypes that are further down the tree (i.e. P,O, R etc..) For example African haplogroups E1b1a7 and E1b1a associated with the Bantu expansion originated 3.4-5.2 KYA,; while haplogroup R1b originated in Asia about 18KYA. Contrary to the Egypt Search interpretation-- "Africa has the most diverse haplotype variation" This means that new haplotypes have evolved in Africa starting with Macrohaplogroup A 200 KYA, and this is the accumulated variation. [/qb][/QUOTE]Contrary to the Egypt Search interpretation :confused: :D [QUOTE] Fluctuation in population size might be a mark of the out of Africa group because migration and challenges of adapting to new environments subject the population to both influences of drift and inbreeding. Cases of low census size and a larger inbreeding effective size are known in mammalian populations and attributed to recent population reductions [44]. Although the difference between the current and expected census for Australians was not statistically significant it still indicates an interesting feature of this isolated group. It is not clear why Australia was colonized with a higher population size than the populations that colonized other regions. Henn et al., [45] contemplated this in the light of lineage specific acceleration. Our findings, however, indicate that the population of Australia may have maintained a legacy of high Ne originally carried by the ancestral group that left Africa and seen in the number of haplotypes that survived in their gene pool. This may suggest that both census and effective size of the group that made it to Australia was large enough to counteract the effect of drift and permit survival of relics of these original haplotypes. [b]It is not only genetic data that lends support to an east African origin of humans but the unparalleled ethnic and linguistic diversity that remains one of the highest worldwide. Interestingly the two most ancestral sequences in the NJ tree figure refer to Nubian individuals. Nubia is currently identified with one of the most ancient human settlements, the Say culture. Recently, a related compound associated with a lithic middle Stone Agindustry was discovered in Dhofar Oman and taken as an evidence of human migration out of Africa through an Arabian route [46]. Overall, the various genetic markers used in the current analysis support the observation of human effective population size larger than previously estimated, and emphasize the importance of sampling populations of putative deep ancestry.[/b] [/QUOTE][...] [QUOTE] [i][b]According to the current data East Africa is home to nearly 2/3 of the world genetic diversity independent of sampling effect. Similar figure have been suggested for sub-Saharan Africa populations [1]. [/b] The antiquity of the east African gene pool could be viewed not only from the perspective of the amount of genetic diversity endowed within it but also by signals of uni-modal distribution in their mitochondrial DNA (Hassan et al., unpublished) usually taken as an indication of populations that have passed through ‘‘recent’’ demographic expansion [33], although in this case, may in fact be considered a sign of extended shared history of in situ evolution where alleles are exchanged between neighboring demes [34].[/i] [IMG]http://oi58.tinypic.com/2w567ut.jpg[/IMG] [list] [*]Figure S1 Neighbor joining (NJ). NJ tree of the world populations based on MT-CO2 sequences. The evolutionary relationship of 171 sequences and evolutionary history was inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method. The optimal tree with the sum of branch length = 0.20401570 is shown. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Maximum Composite Likelihood method and are in the units of the number of base substitutions per site. Codon positions included were 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated from the dataset. There were a total of 543 positions in the final dataset. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted in MEGA4. Red dots: east Africa, Blue: Africa, Green: Asia, Yellow: Australia, Pink: Europe and gray: America. (TIF) [/list] [IMG]http://oi59.tinypic.com/sl44ud.jpg[/IMG] [list] [*]Figure S2 Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). The 2nd and 3rd coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 nuclear microsatellite loci from 469 individuals of 24 world populations. MDS uses pairwise IBS data based on the 848 loci generated by PLINK software and plotted using R version 2.15.0. [b]The figure, besides a separate clustering of east Africans, indicates the substantial contribution of Africans and east Africans to the founding of populations of Europe and Asia.[/b] (TIF) [/list] [IMG]http://oi62.tinypic.com/s5v8uu.jpg[/IMG] [list] [*]Figure S3 Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). The 3rd and 4th coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 Microsatellite loci, across the human genome in 469 individuals from 24 populations from Africa, Asia and Europe. MDS uses pairwise IBS data based on the 848 loci generated by PLINK software and plotted using R version 2.15.0. [b]The central position of east Africans and some other Africans emphasizes the founding role of east African gene pool and the disparate alignment on coordinates along which the world populations were founded including populations of Aftica aligning along the 4th dimension.[/b] (TIF) [/list] [i]Figure 4. Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). A. First and second coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 Microsatellite Marshfield data set across the human genome for 24 populations from Africa, Asia and Europe. MDS plot was constructed from pairwise differences FST generated by Arlequin program (Table S3). B. First and second coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 Microsatellite loci, across the human genome in 469 individuals from 24 populations from Africa, Asia and Europe. [b]MDS uses pairwise IBS data based on the 848 loci generated by PLINK software and plotted using R version 2.15.0. East Africans cluster to the left of the plot, while Beja (red cluster in the middle), assumes intermediate position.[/b] doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097674.g004[/i] [list] [*]Figure S4 Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). First and second coordinates of an MDS plot based on MT-CO2 data set constructed from pairwise differences FST generated by Arlequin v3.11. Population code as follows: Nara: Nar, Kunama (Kun), Hidarb (Hid), Afar (Afa), Saho (Sah), Bilen (Bil), Tigre (Tgr), Tigrigna (Tig), Rashaida (Rsh), Nilotics (Nil), Beja (Bej), Ethiopians(Eth), Egyptians (Egy), Moroccans (Mor), Southern Africans (Sth), Pygmy (Pyg), Saudi Arabia (Sdi), Asia (Asi), Europe (Eur), Native Americans (NA), Australians (Ast), Nubians (Nub), Nuba (Nba) (TIF) [/list] [/QUOTE]--Jibril Hirbo, Sara Tishkoff et al. The Episode of Genetic Drift Defining the Migration of Humans out of Africa Is Derived from a Large East African Population Size PLoS One. 2014; 9(5): e97674. Published online 2014 May 20. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097674 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4028218/pdf/pone.0097674.pdf [/QB][/QUOTE]
Instant Graemlins
Instant UBB Code™
What is UBB Code™?
Options
Disable Graemlins in this post.
*** Click here to review this topic. ***
Contact Us
|
EgyptSearch!
(c) 2015 EgyptSearch.com
Powered by UBB.classic™ 6.7.3