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[QUOTE]Originally posted by DD'eDeN: [QB] Ochre as skin UV protection or camouflage? Evaluating the Photoprotective Effects of Ochre on Human Skin by In Vivo SPF Assessment: Implications for Human Evolution, Adaptation and Dispersal Riaan F Rifkin ... Francesco d'Errico 2015 PLoS doi 10.1371/journal.pone.0136090 Archaeological indicators of cognitively-modern behaviour become increasingly prevalent during the African Middle Stone Age (MSA). The exploitation of ochre is viewed as a key feature of the emergence of modern human behaviour, but the uses to which ochre & ochre-based mixtures were put remain ambiguous. Here we explore the efficacy of ochre as a topical photo-protective compound, through the in vivo calculation of the sun protection factor (SPF) values of ochre samples, obtained from Ovahimba women (Kunene Region, N-Namibia) & the Palaeozoic Bokkeveld Group deposits of the Cape Supergroup (W-Cape, SA). We characterise ochre samples, using - visible spectroscopy, - energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF), - X-ray diffraction (XRD) & - granulometric analyses. We confirmed the capacity of ochre to inhibit the susceptibility of humans to the harmful effects of exposure to UV radiation, we identified the mechanisms implicated in the efficacy of ochre as a sun-screen. Did the habitual application of ochre represent a crucial innovation for MSA humans, by limiting the adverse effects of UV exposure? Did this facilitate the colonisation of geographic regions largely unfavourable to the constitutive skin colour of newly arriving populations? [/QB][/QUOTE]
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