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[QUOTE]Originally posted by DD'eDeN: [QB] History of poison arrow use by African San bushmen http://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2016/02/new-research-sharpens-understanding-of.html#.VrUcvZqFOJA Poison is slow-acting paralysis chemical from the cocoon of a desert beetle, used by all San hunters, it slows the prey, allowing hunter to follow ad kill. The investigation reports poison use for nine San nations in Botswana and Namibia: G|​ui, G||ana, G||​olo, Hai||on, Ju’|hoansi, Kua, Naro, Tsila and Xao-ǁ’aen. New research sharpens understanding of poison-arrow hunting in Africa Caroline (pink shirt) sifting out beetles from sand dug up by San hunter (right), Nyae Nyae Conservancy, Kalahari, Namibia [Credit: University of Kansas] "Arrow-hunting appears in ancient rock-paintings of the San, but it is unclear when poisons might have been adopted," Chaboo said. "We suspect poisons were adopted very early." She said the San use arrows to hunt large game like antelope, buffalo, cheetah, eland, elephant, gazelle, giraffe, impala, lion, puku, springbok, warthog, wildebeest and zebra. As an entomologist specializing in leaf-beetle species, Chaboo was especially interested how the San collect beetle poison, prepare it and apply it to arrows. "In general, the beetle larvae are harvested by digging up soil around the host, sifting out the cocoons to take home," she said. "Later, the cocoons are cracked open and the beetle larvae extracted. Some San hunters squeeze the beetle body fluids out onto the arrowhead, or they make a concoction with other plant juices. The arrow preparer is very careful in handling all the materials and in storing the poisoned arrows and remaining cocoons away from the community." According to the KU researcher, the biological purpose of the poison in beetles and plants remains unclear. "This is the next big glaring question to answer," Chaboo said. "We can guess that this protein toxin has some physiological value to the insect, perhaps protecting it from the harsh dry climate above ground or possibly even an anti-predatory defense. These beetle larvae already have two other levels of defenses -- their hard cocoons and their underground location." New research sharpens understanding of poison-arrow hunting in Africa KU Professor Caroline Chaboo (pink shirt) sets up a photo-shoot with Hai|​|​om hunters in the Nyae Nyae Conservancy, Kalahari, Namibia [Credit: University of Kansas] Chaboo said the poison slowly brings about paralysis in the prey of San hunters, although the biological mechanism remains unclear. "The poison is a slow-acting paralyzing poison," she said. "The animal continues to run after being hit, but over the next few hours, the animal becomes increasingly unable to move well, and it finally falls over. Then the hunter can finish off the animal. Cell breakdown and interference with cell membrane channels are implicated." Indeed, this slow chase by the hunter is the basis for the San's famous tracking culture. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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