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[QUOTE]Originally posted by DD'eDeN: [QB] [Early Americans or First Americans?] Ancient DNA shows European wipe-out of early Americans 2.4.16 The first largescale study of ancient DNA from early American people has confirmed the devastating impact of European colonisation on the Indigenous American populations of the time. Bastien Llamas cs (2016 Science Advances) looked directly into the DNA of 92 pre-Columbian mummies & skeletons, between 500 & 8600 years old. They reveal a striking absence of the pre-Columbian genetic lineages in modern Indigenous Americans, showing extinction of these lineages with the arrival of the Spaniards: "Surprisingly, none of the genetic lineages we found in almost 100 ancient humans were present, or showed evidence of descendants, in today's Indigenous populations. This separation appears to have been established as early as 9000 years ago, and was completely unexpected, so we examined many demographic scenarios to try & explain the pattern. The only scenario that fit our observations was: - shortly after the initial colonisation, populations were established that subsequently stayed geographically isolated from one another, - a major portion of these populations later became extinct following European contact. This closely matches the historical reports of a major demographic collapse immediately after the Spaniards arrived in the late 1400s." Llamas cs sequenced whole mtDNAs, extracted from bone & teeth samples from 92 pre-Columbian (mainly S.American) human mummies & skeletons. [b] The ancient genetic signals also provide a more precise timing of the first people entering the Americas--via the Beringian land-bridge that connected Asia & the NW tip of N.America during the last Ice Age. Alan Cooper: "Our genetic reconstruction confirms that the first Americans entered c 16 ka via the Pacific coast, skirting around the massive ice sheets that blocked an inland corridor route, which only opened much later. They spread south-ward remarkably swiftly, reaching S-Chile by 14.6 ka." [/b] Lars Fehren-Schmitz: "Genetic diversity in these early people from Asia was limited by the small founding populations, which were isolated on the Beringian land bridge for c 2400 to 9000 years. It was at the peak of the last Ice Age, when cold deserts & ice sheets blocked human movement, and limited resources would have constrained population size. This long isolation of a small group of people brewed the unique genetic diversity observed in the early Americans." Wolfgang Haak: "Our study is the first real-time genetic record of these key questions regarding the timing & process of the peopling of the Americas. To get an even fuller picture, however, we will need a concerted effort to build a comprehensive data-set from the DNA of people alive today & their pre-Columbian ancestors, to further compare ancient & modern diversity." http://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.be/2016/04/ancient-dna-shows-europea n-wipe-out-of.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed :+TheArchaeologyNewsNetwork+(The+Archaeology+News+Network)#.VwGXeD_gKt8 [/QB][/QUOTE]
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