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[QUOTE]Originally posted by DD'eDeN: [QB] Common chimps x bonobo chimps = hybridization of Central common chimps, not in West or East African chimps Chimpanzee genomic diversity reveals ancient admixture with bonobos Marc de Manuel ... Christina Hvilsom ... 2016 Science Our closest living relatives, chimpanzees & bonobos have a complex demographic history. We analyzed the high-coverage whole genomes of 75 wild-born chimps & bonobos from 10 countries in Africa: chimpanzee population substructure makes genetic information a good predictor of geographic origin at country & regional scales. Multiple lines of evidence suggest: gene-flow occurred from bonobos into the ancestors of central & eastern chimps between 200 & 550 ka, probably with subsequent spread into Nigeria-Cameroon chimps. Together with another, possibly more recent contact after 200 ka, bonobos contributed < 1 % to the central chimpanzee genomes. Admixture thus appears to have been widespread during hominid evolution. - - - Ethiopian Rift dynamics A pulse of mid-Pleistocene rift volcanism in Ethiopia at the dawn of modern humans William Hutchison cs 2016 Nature The Ethiopian Rift Valley hosts the longest record of human co-existence with volcanoes on Earth, but current understanding of the magnitude & timing of large explosive eruptions in this region is poor. Detailed records of volcanism are essential for - interpreting the palaeo-environments occupied by our hominin ancestors, - evaluating the volcanic hazards posed to the 10 million people currently living within this active rift zone. Here we use new geo-chronological evidence to suggest: a 200 km-long segment of rift experienced a major pulse of explosive volcanic activity between 320 & 170 ka. During this period, - at least 4 distinct volcanic centres underwent large-volume > 10 km3 caldera-forming eruptions, - eruptive fluxes were elevated 5 times above the average eruption rate for the past 700 ka. We propose that such pulses of episodic silicic volcanism would have drastically remodelled landscapes & ecosystems occupied by early hominin populations. - - - Note: !hxaro Khoi-San ostrich eggshell/etch/exchange/charge/cargo The Siberian Times reports that beads made of ostrich eggshells were discovered in Denisova Cave, which is located in the Altai Mountains. The beads measure less than one-half inch in diameter and are thought to be between 45,000 and 50,000 years old. cuevadelapileta at BlogSpot Inuit Eskimo Body Fat Gene Derived From Denisovans A new pre-print finds that a gene that enhances selective fitness in Arctic Inuits related to body fat, which is protective in cold temperatures, has origins in the Denisovan genome. The only prior instance of likely selective fitness enhancing Denisovan introgression was of high altitude adaptation genes in Tibetans. Among other things, this suggests non-Melanesians experienced Denisovan introgression in the area where Denisovan remains were found, even if this ancestry was subsequently highly diluted. A recent study conducted the first genome-wide scan for selection in Inuit from Greenland using SNP chip data. Here, we report that selection in the region with the second most extreme signal of positive selection in Greenlandic Inuit favored a deeply divergent haplotype that is closely related to the sequence in the Denisovan genome, and was likely introgressed from an archaic population. The region contains two genes, WARS2 and TBX15, and has previously been associated with adipose tissue differentiation and body-fat distribution in humans. We show that the adaptively introgressed allele has been under selection in a much larger geographic region than just Greenland. Furthermore, it is associated with changes in expression of WARS2 and TBX15 in multiple tissues including the adrenal gland and subcutaneous adipose tissue, and with regional DNA methylation changes in TBX15. Fernando Racimo, et al., "Archaic adaptive introgression in TBX15/WARS2" doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/033928 . [/QB][/QUOTE]
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