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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Quetzalcoatl: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Clyde Winters: [qb] [ The papers prove nothing. Raghavan et al. (2015) did not study ancient DNA they analyzed[b] whole genome sequences of 31 present day individuals[/b] from the Americas. These tell us nothing about the prehistoric populations. Plus we know that other researchers have found evidence of a relationship so the study is flawed. . [/qb][/QUOTE]Clyde, I can’t believe that you don’t know this! Aparently you are going to your old practice of using ink like the octopus and/or throwing things at a wall to see if they will stick. [URL]http://dna-explained.com/category/full-genome-sequence/[/[URL] [QUOTE]The first article in Science, “Genomic evidence for the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans” by Raghaven et al published this week provides the following summary ...): How and when the Americas were populated remains contentious. Using [b]ANCIENT and modern genome-wide data,[/b] we find that the ancestors of all present-day Native Americans, including Athabascans and Amerindians, entered the Americas as a single migration wave from Siberia no earlier than 23 thousand years ago (KYA), and after no more than 8,000-year isolation period in Beringia. Following their arrival to the Americas, ancestral Native Americans diversified into two basal genetic branches around 13 KYA, one that is now dispersed across North and South America and the other is restricted to North America. Subsequent gene flow resulted in some Native Americans sharing ancestry with present-day East Asians (including Siberians) and, more distantly, Australo-Melanesians. Putative ‘Paleoamerican’ relict populations, including the historical Mexican Pericúes and South American Fuego-Patagonians, are not directly related to modern Australo-Melanesians as suggested by the Paleoamerican Model. . . . . . The researchers also state that [b]they utilized 17 specimens from relict groups such as the Pericues from Mexico and Fuego-Patagonians from the southernmost tip of South America. They also sequenced two pre-Columbian mummies from the Sierra Tarahumara in northern Mexico. In total, 23 ancient samples from the Americas were utilized. They then compared these results with a reference panel of 3053 individuals from 169 populations which included the ancient Saqqaq Greenland individual at 400 years of age as well as the Anzick child from Montana from about 12,500 years ago and the Mal’ta child from Siberia at 24,000 years of age.[/QUOTE][/b] See that [b]full genome was used to verify mtDNA because a full genome INCLUDES mtDNA And Y-Chromosome and a lot more.[/b] also notice thaT NO REFERENCE WAS MADE TO AFRICA AS A POSSIBILITY. Continuing: [QUOTE] The researchers suggest that the variance in the strength of this Oceanic signal suggests that the introduction of the Australo-Melanese occurred after the initial peopling of the Americas. The ancient samples cluster with the Native American groups and do not show the Oceanic markers and show no evidence of gene flow from Oceana. The researchers also included cranial morphology analysis, which I am omitting since cranial morphology seems to have led researchers astray in the past, specifically in the case of Kennewick man. [b]One of the reasons cranial morphology is such a hotly debated topic is because of the very high degree of cranial variance found in early skeletal remains. One of the theories evolving from the cranial differences involving the populating of the Americans has been that the Australo-Melanese were part of a separate and earlier migration that gave rise to the earliest Americans who were then later replaced by the Asian ancestors of current day Native Americans. If this were the case, then the now-extinct Fuego-Patagonains samples from the location furthest south on the South American land mass should have included DNA from Oceana, but it didn’t.[QUOTE/][/b] You say others disagree-- please post exact quotes with full references of the peer reviewed articles that disagree. Meanwhile, where are the African genes in these ancient cases? Skoglund, P. et al 2015 “Genetic evidence for two founding population of the Americas,” [b]Nature[/b] 525: 104-108 [QUOTE]Table S6 population Age BP mtDNA Pericue 800-300 B2g1,CZ,B2g1,C1c1, CZ,B2g1 Mummies >500 C,C1b Fuego-Patagonia 132 D4h3a,D4h3a,D4h3a,D1g,D4h3a Kaweskar Fuego-Patagonia ~200 D4h3a,C1b,D1g5 Fuego-Patagonia ~200 D4h3a,Dh43a,C1b Selknam Enoque65 3635-3483 A2e Chinchorro 5922-5765 A2 MARC1492 258-516 Aq+(64) 939 6260-5890 D4h3a7[/QUOTE] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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