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peer review demolishes Winters M-173
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Clyde Winters: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [qb] [QUOTE] The phylogeographic profile of R1*-M173 supports this ancient migration of Kushites from Africa to Eurasia as suggested by the Classical writers. This expansion of Kushites into Eurasia probably took place over 4 kya. --Clyde Winters The Kushite Spread of Haplogroup R1*-M173 from Africa to Eurasia [/QUOTE]Clyde Hassan 2008 reported that Sudanese Fulani carry R-M173 (x P25) at a 54% frequency You say an expansion of Kushites into Eurasia probably took place over 4 kya. But R-M173 is estimated to be 12,500–25,700 years old. Assuming that Sudanese Fulani are descendants of the Kushites are you saying that there was no R1a outside of Africa until around 4,000 years ago? That doesn't make sense In Europe, the highest frequencies are found in Central and Eastern Europe. Today it is found at its highest levels in Tajiks (64%), Kyrgyz (63%), Poland and Hungary (56%–60%), Ukraine (44-54%) High haplotype diversity was detected in Poland Among the caste groups of India high percentages of this haplogroup are found in West Bengal Brahmins(72%) to the east, Konkanastha Brahmins(48%) to the west, Khatris(67%) in north and Iyenger(31%) Brahmins of south. It has also been found in several South Indian Dravidian-speaking Adivasis including the Chenchu(26%), the Valmikis of Andhra Pradesh and the Kallar of Tamil Nadu [b]Absolute dating methods suggest that this marker is 10–15,000 years old, and the microsatellite diversity is greatest in southern Asia. The modern population of South Asia has the highest level of diversity of the gene making it the likeliest location of its origin [/b] My guess is that the Indians carried this Haplogroup to both Europe and Africa The ancestor of this Haplogroup is R* found in 24 kya Siberia remains R-M173 is at minimum over 12,500 years old. It has a wide range in Eurasia so it could not have first arrived a mere 4000 or so years ago [/qb][/QUOTE]You base your argument on contemporary frequencies of R1a and R1b among Europeans. As has been shown repeatedly on this forum white Europeans did not originate in Europe, they come from Central Asia as a result the frequency of the R haplogroup among this population does not reflect the age of haplogroup R. Granted, Khoisan probably introduced haplogroup R into Europe as early as 24kya. But Khoisan were later replaced by the Anu (Pygmies) and finally the Kushites. This means that the haplogroups carried by these later populations would have influenced the genetic landscape of Eurasia. Since caucasians and mongoloid people do not appear in the archeological record until 2000 BC, and we see the replacement of Black populations in Europe and Central Asia after 1500 by whites (as evidenced by the People of the Sea). By this time the Great Flood had destroyed most Anu centers in Eurasia, and the Kushites had resettled many centers formerly occupied by the Anu. As a result, Europeans carrying the R haplogroups today are the result of mating with the Kushites, who they met on their way from Central Asia into Europe. The only other way we can account for the R haplogroup among whites, is that when they exited their cave homeland in the caucasus mountains the Proto-white people were carrying the R haplogroup of their Khoisan ancestors. If this view is correct, the R haplogroup was the main haplogroup carried by whites during their sojurn in the caves . [/QB][/QUOTE]
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