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peer review demolishes Winters M-173
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Clyde Winters: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Mike111: [qb] [b]Haplogroup R1a[/b] [IMG]http://realhistoryww.com/world_history/ancient/Misc/Data/R1a.jpg[/IMG] R1a and R1a1a are believed to have originated somewhere within Eurasia, most likely in the area from Eastern Europe to South Asia. Several recent studies have proposed that South Asia is the most likely region of origin. But on the other hand, as will be discussed below, some researchers continue to treat modern Indian R1a as being largely due to immigration from the Central Eurasian steppes or Southwestern Asia. R1a has been found in high frequency at both the eastern and western ends of its core range, for example in India and Tajikistan on the one hand, and Poland on the other. Throughout all of these regions, R1a is dominated by the R1a1a (R-M17 or R-M198) sub-clade. In South Asia R1a1a has often been observed with high frequency in a number of demographic groups. The main two subclades of R1a1a are R1a1a* and R1a1a7. R1a1a7 is positive for M458 an SNP that separate it from the rest of R1a1a. It is significant because M458 is a European marker and the epicenter is Poland. M458 marker is rare in India. In India, high percentage of this haplogroup is observed in West Bengal Brahmins (72%) to the east, Konkanastha Brahmins (48%) to the west, Khatris (67%) in north and Iyenger Brahmins (31%) of south. It has also been found in several South Indian Dravidian-speaking Adivasis including the Chenchu (26%) and the Valmikis of Andhra Pradesh and the Kallar of Tamil Nadu suggesting that M17 is widespread in Tribal Southern Indians. Besides these, studies show high percentages in regionally diverse groups such as Manipuris (50%) to the extreme North East and in Punjab (47%) to the extreme North West. In Pakistan it is found at 71% among the Mohanna tribe in Sindh province to the south and 46% among the Baltis of Gilgit-Baltistan to the north. While 13% of Sinhalese of Sri Lanka were found to be R1a1a (R-M17) positive. Hindus of Terai region of Nepal show it at 69%. In Afghanistan, R1a1a (R-M17) is found at 51.02% among the Pashtuns (the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan) and 30.36% among the Tajiks, but it is less frequent among the Hazaras (6.67%) and the Turkic-speaking Uzbeks (17.65%). Europe R1a1 among others European haplogrupes In Europe, R1a, again almost entirely in the R1a1a sub-clade, is found at highest levels among peoples of Eastern European descent (Sorbs, Poles, Russians and Ukrainians; 50 to 65%). In the Baltic countries R1a frequencies decrease from Lithuania (45%) to Estonia (around 30%). Levels in Hungarians have been noted between 20 and 60%. There is a significant presence in peoples of Scandinavian descent, with highest levels in Norway and Iceland, where between 20 and 30% of men are in R1a1a. Vikings and Normans may have also carried the R1a1a lineage westward; accounting for at least part of the small presence in the British Isles. In East Germany, where Haplogroup R1a reaches a peak frequency in Rostock at a percentage of 31.3%, it averages between 20%-30%. Haplogroup R1a1a was found at elevated levels amongst a sample of the Israeli population who self-designated themselves as Ashkenazi Jews, possibly reflecting gene flow into Ashkenazi populations from surrounding Eastern European populations, over a course of centuries. This haplogroup finding was apparently consistent with the latest SNP microarray analysis which argued that up to 55 percent of the modern Ashkenazi genome is specifically traceable to Europe. Ashkenazim were found to have a significantly higher frequency of the R-M17 haplogroup Behar reported R-M17 to be the dominant haplogroup in Ashkenazi Levites (52%), although rare in Ashkenazi Cohanim (1.3%) and Israelites (4%). In Southern Europe R1a1a is not common amongst the general population, but it is widespread in certain areas. Significant levels have been found in pockets, such as in the Pas Valley in Northern Spain, areas of Venice, and Calabria in Italy. The Balkans shows lower frequencies, and significant variation between areas, for example >30% in Slovenia, Croatia and Greek Macedonia, but <10% in Albania, Kosovo and parts of Greece. The remains of a father and his two sons, from an archaeological site discovered in 2005 near Eulau "in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany" and dated to about 2600 BCE, tested positive for the Y-SNP marker SRY10831.2. The R1a1 clade was thus present in Europe at least 4600 years ago, in association with one site of the widespread Corded Ware culture. Central and Northern Asia R1a1a frequencies are patchy in Central Asia. This variation is possibly a consequence of population bottlenecks in isolated areas and the movements of Scythians in ancient times and later the Turco-Mongols. High frequencies of R1a1a "R-M17 or R-M198; 50 to 70%" are found among the Ishkashimis, Khujand Tajiks, Panjakent Tajiks, Turkic-speaking Kyrgyzs, and in several peoples of Russia's Altai Republic, but frequencies are relatively lower "16 to 25%" among the Dushanbe Tajiks, Samarkand Tajiks, Yaghnobis and Shughnis. Although levels are comparatively low amongst some Turkic-speaking groups e.g. Turks, Azeris, Kazakhs, Yakuts, levels are high "19 to 28%" in certain Turkic or Mongolic-speaking groups of Northwestern China, such as the Bonan, Dongxiang, Salar, and Uyghurs. In Eastern Siberia, R1a1a is found among certain indigenous ethnic groups including Kamchatkans and Chukotkans, and peaking in Itel'man at 22%. Middle East and Caucasus R1a1a has been found in various forms, in most parts of Western Asia, in widely varying concentrations, from almost no presence in areas such as Jordan, to much higher levels in parts of Kuwait, Turkey and Iran. The Shimar "Shammar" Bedouin tribe in Kuwait show the highest frequency in the Middle East at 43%. [IMG]http://realhistoryww.com/world_history/ancient/Misc/Data/Bedouin_1.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]http://realhistoryww.com/world_history/ancient/Misc/Data/Bedouin_4.jpg[/IMG] Wells et al. (2001), noted that in the western part of the country, Iranians show low R1a1a levels, while males of eastern parts of Iran carried up to 35% R1a. Nasidze et al. (2004) found R1a in approximately 20% of Iranian males from the cities of Tehran and Isfahan. Regueiro et al. (2006), in a study of Iran, noted much higher frequencies in the south than the north. Turkey also shows high but unevenly distributed R1a levels amongst some sub-populations. For example Nasidze et al. (2005) found relatively high levels amongst two Kurdish groups of Turkey, the Kurmanji (13%) and Zazaki (26%). Further to the north of these Middle Eastern regions on the other hand, R1a levels start to increase in the Caucasus, once again in an uneven way. Several populations studied have shown no sign of R1a, while highest levels so far discovered in the region appears to belong to speakers of the Karachay-Balkar language amongst whom about one quarter of men tested so far are in haplogroup R1a1a. [/qb][/QUOTE] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Mike111: [qb] ^So then, putting aside the very "IMAGINATIVE" conclusions of those "WHITE" researchers. Lets us normal people look at the evidence without the bullsh1t. IF THIS MAN: [IMG]http://realhistoryww.com/world_history/ancient/Misc/Data/Cameroon_1.jpg[/IMG] AND THIS MAN: [IMG]http://realhistoryww.com/world_history/ancient/Misc/Data/Bedouin_1.jpg[/IMG] WHO ARE BLACK, SHARE PRETTY MUCH THE EXACT SAME DNA AS THIS MAN: WHO IS "WHITE" [IMG]http://realhistoryww.com/world_history/ancient/Misc/Data/Czar_Nicholas_II.jpg[/IMG] THEN WHAT DOES THAT MEAN???? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Oh wait, I seem to remember running into this same problem a while back. As I recall, these children also shared the exact same DNA, yet one was White and the others were Black. [IMG]http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3043/2868721152_37c731de01_b.jpg[/IMG] . [b]Hmmm, what did that mean again? Oh yes, now I remember! THE WHITE ONE WAS AN ALBINO![/b] [/qb][/QUOTE] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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