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peer review demolishes Winters M-173
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [QB] http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0007447 2009 [b]Updating Phylogeny of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup M in India: Dispersal of Modern Human in South Asian Corridor Adimoolam Chandrasekar et al[/b] Published: October 13, 2009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.000744 [b]Abstract[/b] To construct maternal phylogeny and prehistoric dispersals of modern human being in the Indian sub continent, a diverse subset of 641 complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes belonging to macrohaplogroup M was chosen from a total collection of 2,783 control-region sequences, sampled from 26 selected tribal populations of India. On the basis of complete mtDNA sequencing, we identified 12 new haplogroups - M53 to M64; redefined/ascertained and characterized haplogroups M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M8′C′Z, M9, M10, M11, M12-G, D, M18, M30, M33, M35, M37, M38, M39, M40, M41, M43, M45 and M49, which were previously described by control and/or coding-region polymorphisms. Our results indicate that the mtDNA lineages reported in the present study (except East Asian lineages M8′C′Z, M9, M10, M11, M12-G, D ) are restricted to Indian region.The deep rooted lineages of macrohaplogroup M suggest in-situ origin of these haplogroups in India. Most of these deep rooting lineages are represented by multiple ethnic/linguist groups of India. Hierarchical analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA) shows substantial subdivisions among the tribes of India (Fst = 0.16164). The current Indian mtDNA gene pool was shaped by the initial settlers and was galvanized by minor events of gene flow from the east and west to the restricted zones. Northeast Indian mtDNA pool harbors region specific lineages, other Indian lineages and East Asian lineages. We also suggest the establishment of an East Asian gene in North East India through admixture rather than replacement. [b]Origin of Macrohaplogroup M[/b] L3 lineages other than M and N are absent in India and among non-African mitochondria in general [2][3], [49]. M, N and R haplogroups of mtDNA have no indication of an African origin. However, it is proposed that the origin of haplogroup M is in Africa [34], in view of its high frequency in Ethiopia. But in 2006, by [35] demonstrated that the presence of M1 and U6 in Africa is due to a back migration. Sequencing of 81 entire human mitochondrial DNAs belonging to haplogroups M1 and U6 revealed that these predominantly North African Clades arose in Southwestern Asia and moved together to Africa about 40,000 to 45,000 years ago. Only some sub-sets of M1a (with an estimated coalescence time of 28.8±4.9ky), U6a2 (with an estimated coalescence time of 24.0±7.3ky), and U6d (with an estimated coalescence time of 20.6±7.3ky) diffused to East and North Africa through the Levant, leaving the origin of macrohaplogroup M unresolved. Haplogroup M has been found ubiquitous in India, although its frequency is somewhat higher in southern Indian populations than in northern Indian populations and to a large extent autochthonous because neither the East nor the West Eurasian mtDNA pools include such lineages at notable frequencies [37], [58]. Our findings, (for example, deep time depth >50,000 years of western, central, southern and eastern Indian haplogroups M2, M38, M54, M58, M33, M6, M61, M62 and distribution of macrohaplogroup M) do not rule out the possibility of macrohaplogroup M arising in Indian population. Migration routes of modern human Recent mtDNA evidence on modern human out of Africa migration route suggests a single dispersal by a southern coastal route to India and further, to East Asia and Australia [17], [20], [22], [23], [66], [69]. The North Asian route could not get support from mtDNA due to the lack of basal M, R, N lineages in northern Asians, thereby ruling out the existence of a northern Asian route [29][30], [70][71]. Proven back migration of sub lineages of M and U into Africa [35], and the absence of L3 lineages or ancestral lineage for L3, M and N in India, leaves two issues unresolved: evidences for the southern route hypothesis from India and origin of M haplogroup. However, in the present study, the basal diversity (37 nodes) and founder ages (57,00075,000 years) of macrohaplogroup M in India reveals initial settlement of African exodus in India. Our database also reveals evidences that Andaman islanders and Australians have ancestral maternal roots in India [24], [43]. In summary, the present study provides evidence that several Indian mtDNA M lineages are deep rooted and in situ origin. In North East India the coalescent time of East Asian lineages dates back to Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Further, the combination of virtually all previously reported lineages from South and East Asia and our newly produced Indian complete mtDNA sequences have helped to define several novel (sub) haplogroups. The present work further ascertained previously reported haplogroups, and refined the phylogenetic tree of South Asia. This updated phylogenetic tree provides an essential reference guide for diseases, anthropological and forensic studies among Asian populations. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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