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Europe's little known mini-ice age in history
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Mindovermatter: [QB] Mike and other's here, Europe WAS DENSELY POPULATED; and the whole episode w/ the BLACK DEATH PLAGUE AND OTHER PLAGUES BEFORE IT IN EUROPE, PROVES THIS WITHOUT A SHADOW OF A DOUBT; THIS LITTLE ICE AGE THREAD EXPLAINS HOW BLACK EUROPEANS WERE DISPLACED BY WHITE EURASIAN MIGRANTS FROM THE EURASIAN STEPPES AND THE FACTORS DESCRIBED HERE IS THE ONLY RATIONAL NATURAL EXPLANATION OF HOW BLACK EUROPEANS ENDED GETTING DISPLACED! If the people on this forum are really stupid and ignorant enough to ACTUALLY BELIEVE THAT EUROPE WAS NOT DENSELY POPULATED BY ANCIENT GRECO-ROMANS TIMES TO THE MIDDLE AGES AND TO THE CLASSICAL PERIOD, PARTICULARLY SOUTHERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE; HOW COME, then, did plagues LIKE THE BLACK DEATH and EARLIER PLAGUES in Europe killed so many, SO MANY MEDIEVAL-MIDDLE AGES EUROPEANS AND HAVE SUCH A LARGE CASUALTY IMPACT IN EUROPE DURING THIS SELECT TIME PERIOD? Because plague and viral outbreaks, ONLY TO MOSTLY OCCUR, whenever there is a HIGH CONCENTRATION, DENSITY AND CLUSTERING OF SIGNIFICANT AMOUNTS OF HUMANS IN A GIVEN AREA! Plagues and disease outbreaks, ARE NATURE'S WAY OF CULLING AND ELIMINATING AND CONTROLLING HUMAN POPULATIONS, SO THAT THEY DON'T END UP OVER-POPULATING REGIONS! Now before I continue please take a look at this article about Pandemics/outbreaks that affected Europe during the classical, medieval, and early Middle ages period: http://jmvh.org/article/the-history-of-plague-part-1-the-three-great-pandemics/ [QUOTE][b] There have been three great world pandemics of plague recorded, in 541, 1347, and 1894 CE, each time causing devastating mortality of people and animals across nations and continents. On more than one occasion plague irrevocably changed the social and economic fabric of society. In most human plague epidemics, infection initially took the form of large purulent abscesses of lymph nodes, the bubo [L. bubo = ‘groin’, Gr. boubon = ‘swelling in the groin’], this was bubonic plague. When bacteraemia followed, it caused haemorrhaging and necrosis of the skin rapidly followed by septicaemic shock and death, septicaemic plague. If the disease spread to the lung through the blood, it caused an invariably fatal pneumonia, pneumonic plague, and in that form plague was directly transmissible from person to person. The three great plague pandemics had different geographic origins and paths of spread. The Justinian Plague of 541 started in central Africa and spread to Egypt and the Mediterranean. The Black Death of 1347 originated in Asia and spread to the Crimea then Europe and Russia. The third pandemic, that of 1894, originated in Yunnan, China, and spread to Hong Kong and India, then to the rest of the world.2 The causative organism, Yersinia pestis, was not discovered until the 1894 pandemic and was discovered in Hong Kong by a French Pastorien bacteriologist, Alexandre Yersin. Four years later in 1898 his successor, Paul-Louis Simond, a fellow Asia and migrated westward on the sea routes from China and India. The brown rat flourished in Europe where there were open sewers and ample breeding grounds and food and in the 18th and 19th centuries replaced the black rat as the main disease host.4, 9 The primary vectors for transmission of the disease from rats to humans were the Oriental or Indian rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis, and the Northern or European rat flea, Nosopsyllus fasciatus. The human flea, Pulex irritans, and the dog and cat fleas, Ctenocephalides canis and felis, were secondary vectors. In the pandemics, the infected fleas were able to spread the plague over long distances as they were carried by rats and by humans travelling along trade routes at sea and overland, and also by infesting rice and wheat grain, clothing, and trade merchandise. When infected, the proventriculus of the flea becomes blocked by a mass of bacteria. The flea continues to feed, biting with increasing frequency and agitation, and in an attempt to relieve the obstruction the flea regurgitates the accumulated blood together with a mass of Yersinia pestis bacilli directly into the bloodstream of the host. The fleas multiply prolifically on their host and when the host dies they leave immediately, infesting new hosts and thus creating the foundations for an epidemic.10, 11 The Justinian Plague of 541-544 The first great pandemic of bubonic plague where people were recorded as suffering from the characteristic buboes and septicaemia was the Justinian Plague of 541 CE, named after Justinian I, the Roman emperor of the Byzantine Empire at the time. The epidemic originated in Ethiopia in Africa and spread to Pelusium in Egypt in 540. It then spread west to Alexandria and east to Gaza, Jerusalem and Antioch, then was carried on ships on the sea trading routes to both sides of the Mediterranean, arriving in Constantinople [now Istanbul] in the autumn of 541.12, 13 The Byzantine court historian, Procopius of Caesarea, in his work History of the Wars, described people with fever, delirium and buboes He wrote that the epidemic was one ‘by which the whole human race came near to be annihilated’. Procopius wrote of the symptoms of the disease : “ … with the majority it came about that they were seized by the disease without becoming aware of what was coming either through a waking vision or a dream. … They had a sudden fever, some when just roused from sleep, others while walking about, and others while otherwise engaged, without any regard to what they were doing. And the body showed no change from its previous colour, nor was it hot as might be expected when attacked by a fever, nor indeed did any inflammation set in, but the fever was of such a languid sort from its commencement and up till evening that neither to the sick themselves nor to a physician who touched them would it afford any suspicion of danger. It was natural, therefore, that not one of those who had contracted the disease expected to die from it. But on the same day in some cases, in others on the following day, and in the rest not many days later, a bubonic swelling developed; and this took place not only in the particular part of the body which is called boubon, that is, “below the abdomen,” but also inside the armpit, and in some cases also beside the ears, and at different points on the thighs.”14 The focus of the Justinian pandemic was Constantinople, reaching a peak in the spring of 542 with 5,000 deaths per day in the city, although some estimates vary to 10,000 per day, and it went on to kill over a third of the city’s population. Victims were too numerous to be buried and were stacked high in the city’s churches and city wall towers, their Christian doctrine preventing their disposal by cremation. Over the next three years plague raged through Italy, southern France, the Rhine valley and Iberia. The disease spread as far north as Denmark and west to Ireland, then further to Africa, the Middle East and Asia Minor. Between the years 542 and 546 epidemics in Asia, Africa and Europe killed nearly 100 million people.15, 16 The pandemic had a drastic effect and permanently changed the social fabric of the Western world. It contributed to the demise of Justinian’s reign. Food production was severely disrupted and an eight year famine followed. The agrarian system of the empire was restructured to eventually become the three field feudal system. The social and economic disruption caused by the pandemic marked the end of Roman rule and led to the birth of culturally distinctive societal groups that later formed the nations of medieval Europe.12 Further major outbreaks occurred throughout Europe and the Middle East over the next 200 years – in Constantinople in the years 573, 600, 698 and 747, in Iraq, Egypt and Syria in the years 669, 683, 698, 713, 732 and 750 and Mesopotamia in 686 and 704. In 664 plague laid waste to Ireland, and in England it came to be known as the Plague of Cadwaladyr’s Time, after a Welsh king who contracted plague but survived it in 682. The plague continued in intermittent cycles in Europe into the mid-8th century and did not re-emerge as a major epidemic until the 14th century. The ‘Black Death’ of Europe in 1347 to 1352 The Black Death of 1347 was the first major European outbreak of the second great plague pandemic that occurred over the 14th to 18th centuries. In 1346 it was known in the European seaports that a plague epidemic was present in the East. In 1347 the plague was brought to the Crimea from Asia Minor by the Tartar armies of Khan Janibeg, who had laid siege to the town of Kaffa [now Feodosya in Ukraine], a Genoese trading town on the shores of the Black Sea. The siege of the Tartars was unsuccessful and before they left, from a description by Gabriel de Mussis from Piacenza, in revenge they catapulted over the walls of Kaffa corpses of people who had died from the Black Death. In panic the Genoese traders fled in galleys with ‘sickness clinging to their bones’ to Constantinople and across the Mediterranean to Messina, Sicily, where the great pandemic of Europe started. By 1348 it had reached Marseille, Paris and Germany, then Spain, England and Norway in 1349, and eastern Europe in 1350. The Tartars left Kaffa and carried the plague away with them spreading it further to Russia and India.17 A description of symptoms of the plague was given by Giovanni Boccaccio in 1348 in his book Decameron, a set of tales of a group of Florentines who secluded themselves in the country to escape the plague : “.. in men and women alike it first betrayed itself by the emergence of certain tumours in the groin or armpits. Some of which grew as large as a common apple, others as an egg, some more, some less, which the common folk called gavocciolo. From the two said parts of the body this deadly gavocciolo soon began to propagate and spread itself in all directions indifferently; after which the form of the malady began to change, black spots or livid making their appearance in many cases on the arm or the thigh or elsewhere,..“17 The term “Black Death” was not used until much later in history and in 1347 was simply known as “the pestilence” or “pestilentia”, and there are various explanations of the origin of the term. Butler [11] states the term refers to the haemorrhagic purpura and ischaemic gangrene of the limbs that sometimes ensued from the septicaemia. Ziegler17 states it derives from the translation of the Latin pestis atra or atra mors, ‘atra’ meaning ‘terrible’ or ‘dreadful’, the connotation of which was ‘black’, and ‘mors’ meaning ‘death’, and so ‘atra mors’ was translated as meaning ‘black death’. The social impacts of the Black Death in Europe during the 14th century The overall mortality rate varied from city to city, but in places such as Florence as observed by Boccaccio up to half the population died, the Italians calling the epidemic the mortalega grande, ‘the great mortality’. [18] People died with such rapidity that proper burial or cremation could not occur, corpses were thrown into large pits and putrefying bodies lay in their homes and in the streets. People were as much afraid they would suffer a spiritual death as they were a physical death since there were no clergy to perform burial rites: “Shrift there was none; churches and chapels were open, but neither priest nor penitents entered – all went to the charnelhouse. The sexton and the physician were cast into the same deep and wide grave; the testator and his heirs and executors were hurled from the same cart into the same hole together.”18 Transmission of the disease was thought to be by miasmas, disease carrying vapours emanating from corpses and putrescent matter or from the breath of an infected or sick person. Others thought the Black Death was punishment from God for their sins and immoral behaviour, or was due to astrological and natural phenomena such as earthquakes, comets, and conjunctions of the planets. People turned to patron saints such as St Roch and St Sebastian or to the Virgin Mary, or joined processions of flagellants whipping themselves with nail embedded scourges and incanting hymns and prayers as they passed from town to town.17, 19, 20 “When the flagellants – they were also called cross brethren and cross bearers – entered a town, a borough or a village in a procession their entry was accompanied by the pealing of bells, singing, and a huge crowd of people. As they always marched two abreast, the procession of the numerous penitents reached farther than the eye could see.” [20] The only remedies were inhalation of aromatic vapours from flowers and herbs such as rose, theriaca, aloe, thyme and camphor. Soon there was a shortage of doctors which led to a proliferation of quacks selling useless cures and amulets and other adornments that claimed to offer magical protection. In this second pandemic, plague again caused great social and economic upheaval. Often whole families were wiped out and villages abandoned. Crops could not be harvested, travelling and trade became curtailed, and food and manufactured goods became short. As there was a shortage of labour, surviving villager labourers, the ‘villeins’, extorted exorbitant wages from the remaining aristocratic landowners. The villeins prospered and acquired land and property. The plague broke down the normal divisions between the upper and lower classes and led to the emergence of a new middle class.17, 9 The plague lead to a preoccupation with death as evident from macabre artworks such as the ‘Triumph of Death’ by Pieter Breughel the Elder in 1562, which depicted in a panoramic landscape armies of skeletons killing people of all social orders from peasants to kings and cardinals in a variety of macabre and cruel ways. In the period 1347 to 1350 the Black Death killed a quarter of the population in Europe, over 25 million people, and another 25 million in Asia and Africa.[15] Mortality was even higher in cities such as Florence, Venice and Paris where more than half succumbed to the plague. A second major epidemic occurred in 1361, the pestis secunda, in which 10 to 20% of Europe’s population died.13 Other virulent infectious disease epidemics with high mortalities occurred during this time such as smallpox, infantile diarrhoea and dysentery. By 1430, Europe’s population was lower than it had been in 1290 and would not recover the pre-pandemic level until the 16th century.13, 21 Quarantine In 1374 when another epidemic of the Black Death re-emerged in Europe, Venice instituted various public health controls such as isolating victims from healthy people and preventing ships with disease from landing at port. In 1377 the republic of Ragusa on the Adriatic Sea [now Dubrovnik in Yugoslavia] established a ships’ landing station far from the city and harbour in which travellers suspected to have the plague had to spend thirty days, the trentena, to see whether they became ill and died or whether they remained healthy and could leave. The trentena was found to be too short and in 1403 in Venice, travellers from the Levant in the eastern Mediterranean were isolated in a hospital for forty days, the quarantena or quaranta giorni, from which we derive the term quarantine.8,18 This change to forty days may have also been related to other biblical and historical references such as the Christian observance of Lent, the period for which Christ fasted in the desert, or the ancient Greek doctrine of “critical days” which held that contagious disease will develop within 40 days after exposure.22 In the 14th and 15th centuries following, most countries in Europe had established quarantine, and in the 18th century Habsburg established a cordon sanitaire, a line between infected and clean parts of the continent which ran from the Danube to the Balkans. It was manned by local peasants with checkpoints and quarantine stations to prevent infected people from crossing from eastern to western Europe.8 The leather costume of the plague doctors at Nijmegen In the 15th and 16th centuries doctors wore a peculiar costume to protect themselves from the plague when they attended infected patients, first illustrated in a drawing by Paulus Furst in 1656 and later Jean-Jacques described a similar costume worn by the plague doctors at Nijmegen, an old Dutch town in Gelderland, in his 1721 work Treatise on the Plague. They wore a protective garb head to foot with leather or oil cloth robes, leggings, gloves and hood, a wide brimmed hat which denoted their medical profession, and a beak like mask with glass eyes and two breathing nostrils which was filled with aromatic herbs and flowers to ward off the miasmas. They avoided contact with patients by taking their pulse with a stick or issued prescriptions for aromatic herb inhalations passing them through the door, and buboes were lanced with knives several feet long.19 The Great Plague of London of 1665 to 1666 Plague continued to occur in small epidemics throughout the world but a major outbreak of the pneumonic plague occurred in Europe and England in 1665 to 1666. The epidemic was described by Samuel Pepys in his diaries in 1665 and by Daniel Defoe in 1722 in his A Journal of a Plague Year. People were incarcerated in their homes, doors painted with a cross. The epidemic reached a peak in September 1665 when 7,000 people per week were dying in London alone. Between 1665 and 1666 a fifth of London’s population died, some 100,000 people.[17] The Great Fire of London in 1666 and the subsequent rebuilding of timber and thatch houses with brick and tile disturbed the rats’ normal habitat and led to a reduction in their numbers, and may have been a contributing factor to the end of the epidemic.9 An old English nursery rhyme published in Kate Greenaway’s book Mother Goose 1881 reminds us of the symptoms of the plague : ‘Ring, a-ring, o’rosies, [a red blistery rash] A pocket full of posies [fragrant herbs and flowers to ward off the ‘miasmas’] Atishoo, atishoo [the sneeze and the cough heralding pneumonia] We all fall down.’ [all dead] Plague waxed and waned in Europe until the late 18th century, but not with the virulence and mortality of the 14th century European Black Death.[/b][/QUOTE]So many MANY plagues and diseases and viruses WERE CARRIED INTO EUROPE FROM PLACES LIKE CENTRAL ASIA AND AFRICA! Central Asia and Siberia was the homeland of White Indo-European peoples BEFORE THEY DECIDED TO MASS MIGRATE TO EUROPE! So in all likelihood, when Whites began migrating INTO EUROPE FROM THE EURASIAN STEPPES, their is/was a HIGHLY LIKELY CHANCE, that they carried all sorts of diseases and plague germs and animals that were vectors FOR IT INTO EUROPE AS EARLY AS 1200 BC! [b] HOWEVER! The Plagues and viral outbreaks ONLY AROSE, WHEN THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT POPULATION OR CITY WITHIN A GIVEN REGION! And it is for this reason that MOST OF THE EARLY PLAGUES THAT BROKE OUT IN THE GRECO-ROMAN AREAS AND EUROPE IN GENERAL, WERE IN POPULATION CENTERS IN SOUTHERN EUROPE AND NOT REALLY ANYWHERE ELSE IN EARLY EUROPE! Most of the Pandemics that broke out in the Byzantine empire, MOSTLY BROKE OUT IN THE POPULATION CENTERS IN SOUTHERN EUROPE! However NORTHERN, NORTH-WEST, EASTERN, NORTH-CENTRAL EUROPE DID NOT HAVE PLAGUE OUTBREAKS AND PANDEMICS, WHEN PLAGUE OUTBREAKS OCCURRED IN SOUTHERN EUROPE IN THE GRECO-ROMAN CITIES AND POPULATION CENTERS DURING THE EARLY TO LATE MEDIEVAL PERIOD. NORTHERN/NORTH-WEST/NORTH-EAST/EASTERN/WESTERN EUROPE DID NOT HAVE VIRAL OUTBREAKS AMONG THEIR POPULATIONS, RIGHT EXACTLY AT THE SAME TIME THAT PANDEMICS BROKE OUT IN THE EARLY MEDIEVAL TIME PERIOD IN MAJOR EUROPEAN CITIES AND POPULATIONS, WHICH WERE PRINCIPALLY AND PRIMARY LOCATED IN SOUTHERN EUROPE IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES TO ANCIENT ERA! Plague and viral outbreaks, DID NOT OCCUR in areas with ISOLATED POPULATIONS OR AREAS, AREAS WITH LOW POPULATION DENSITIES AND AREAS/REGIONS OF EUROPE WITH LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF PEOPLE, AND AREAS/REGIONS WITH LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF BIG TOWNS OR CITIES![/b] And we see this ADMITTED ABOVE! And we this PROVED HERE AND ADMITTED BY THE EUROPEAN ALBINO'S IN STATEMENTS LIKE THIS ON THEIR PRIMARY SOURCES: http://www.ancientgreece.co.uk/knowledge/challenge/cha_set.html [QUOTE][b] A killer plague Between 430 and 426 BC, Athens suffered outbreaks of a terrible plague, which killed almost a third of the population. Scientists now believe that the plague may have arrived in Athens by ships from North Africa. The city was very overcrowded because of the Peloponnesian War and this meant the plague spread quickly. At the time no one was sure why the plague was happening. People in Athens had different opinions as to what had caused the mysterious disease - and what might cure it.[/b][/QUOTE]AND HERE: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19787658 [QUOTE][b] In 430 BC, a plague struck the city of Athens, which was then under siege by Sparta during the Peloponnesian War [431-404 BC]. In the next 3 years, most of the population was infected, and perhaps as many as 75,000 to 100,000 people, 25% of the city's population, died. The Athenian general and historian Thucydides left an eye-witness account of this plague and a detailed description to allow future generations to identify the disease should it break out again. Because of the importance of Thucydides and Athens in Western history and culture, the Plague of Athens has taken a prominent position in the history of the West for the past 2500 years. Despite Thucydides' careful description, in the past 100 years, scholars and physicians have disagreed about the identification of the disease. Based on clinical symptoms, 2 diagnoses have dominated the modern literature on the Athenian plague: smallpox and typhus. New methodologies, including forensic anthropology, demography, epidemiology, and paleopathogy, including DNA analysis, have shed new light on the problem. Mathematical modeling has allowed the examination of the infection and attack rates and the determination of how long it takes a disease to spread in a city and how long it remains endemic. The highly contagious epidemic exhibited a pustular rash, high fever, and diarrhea. Originating in Ethiopia, it spread throughout the Mediterranean. It spared no segment of the population, including the statesman Pericles. The epidemic broke in early May 430 BC, with another wave in the summer of 428 BC and in the winter of 427-426 BC, and lasted 4.5 to 5 years. Thucydides portrays a virgin soil epidemic with a high attack rate and an unvarying course in persons of different ages, sexes, and nationalities. The epidemiological analysis excludes common source diseases and most respiratory diseases. The plague can be limited to either a reservoir diseases [zoonotic or vector-borne] or one of the respiratory diseases associated with an unusual means of persistence, either environmental/fomite persistence or adaptation to indolent transmission among dispersed rural populations. The first category includes typhus, arboviral diseases, and plague, and the second category includes smallpox. Both measles and explosive streptococcal disease appear to be much less likely candidates. In 2001, a mass grave was discovered that belonged to the plague years. Ancient microbial typhoid [Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi] DNA was extracted from 3 skeletons. Because typhoid was endemic in the Greek world, it is not the likely cause of this sudden epidemic. Mt Sinai J Med 76:456-467, 2009. [c] 2009 Mount Sinai School of Medicine.[/b][/QUOTE]Clearly ^^^^if SERIOUS PLAGUE AND VIRAL OUTBREAKS OCCURRED IN EARLY EUROPEAN POPULATION CENTERS IN SOUTHERN EUROPE, SUCH AS ATHENS, AS EARLY AS 430 BC; [b]THAT MEANS THAT EUROPE DID HAVE POPULATION CENTERS AND CITIES WITH HIGH POPULATION DENSITIES AND CONCENTRATIONS! Because plague outbreaks, like the one that occurred in 430 BC, ONLY OCCUR AND TAKE FORM, INSIDE IN PLACES/REGIONS WHERE THERE ARE HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF PEOPLE OR HIGH POPULATION DENSITIES OF PEOPLE, WITHIN A GIVEN AREA OR REGION RELATIVE TO THE SIZE OF THE REGION AND THE TIME PERIOD! And because a plague/viral outbreak, DID OCCUR AS EARLY AS 430 BC, that MEANS THAT EUROPE WAS DENSELY POPULATED, BUT ONLY IN CERTAIN REGIONS SUCH AS SOUTHERN EUROPE, SINCE THAT'S WHERE THE EARLIEST MAJOR CITIES AND TOWNS AND POPULATION CENTERS OF EUROPE AROSE FIRST! However, even up to the period to the Middle ages and Medieval period and classical period IN EUROPE; THE REGIONS OF NORTHERN EUROPE, NORTH-EASTERN EUROPE, NORTH-WEST EUROPE, NORTH-CENTRAL EUROPE, DID NOT SUFFER HIGH MASS CAUSALITIES OR LOSSES OR EVEN SUFFER FROM MAJOR PLAGUE OUTBREAKS AND PANDEMICS, AS SOUTHERN EUROPE DID IN THE ANCIENT TO EARLY-TO-LATE MIDDLE AGES PERIODS!! Because the above aforementioned regions of Europe WERE ISOLATED AND DID NOT HAVE ANY MAJOR CITIES OR TOWNS, AND HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF PEOPLE AND POPULATION DENSITIES, during the Ancient to early-to-late Medieval period; THEY DID NOT SUFFER FROM MAJOR PLAGUE OUTBREAKS AND PANDEMICS, OR SUFFER HIGH CASUALTY AND LOSS RATES AS SOUTHERN EUROPE DID; WHERE MOST OF THE MAJOR TOWNS AND CITIES OF EUROPE WERE DURING THE ANCIENT TO MIDDLE AGES PERIOD![/b] And this is ADMITTED AND SHOWN in sources like below: http://history.stackexchange.com/questions/16699/why-was-poland-spared-from-the-black-death [QUOTE][b] The featured image of the Wikipedia page for the Black Death is a gif showing the spread of the bubonic plague throughout Europe. There are a few places where the plague never spread to, including the area around Milan. But most notably, the entire Kingdom of Poland is spared, even as virtually every other region is infected. The Wikipedia page itself just says the following: The plague spared some parts of Europe, including the Kingdom of Poland, the majority of the Basque Country and isolated parts of Belgium and the Netherlands. But it never gives an explanation why Poland would be spared. Was Poland just lucky, or was something else at play?[/b][Quote] [quote][b] Your map is misleading. The black death was an urban syndrome. People living in rural circumstances were not affected nearly so much. I know the average monk writing about it thought cities and towns were the whole world, but believe or not, farmers are people too. – Tyler Durden Oct 20 '14 at 1:08[/b][/QUOTE]And this: http://history.stackexchange.com/questions/16699/why-was-poland-spared-from-the-black-death [QUOTE][b] Poland wasn't actually "spared", it was merely less affected than the rest of Europe. That graphic is incorrect [or rather, incomplete], since a substantial number of both Poland and Milan's population did in fact die of the plague. Their death rates were only "low" in comparison to the rest of Europe - if it happened today, it would be horrifying to us. Poland lost about a quarter of its population to the plague...Milan's death rate was less than 15%, probably the lowest in Italy save a few Alpine villages. - Gottfried, Robert S. Black Death. New York: The Free Press, 1983. Nonetheless, it is true that Poland did survive the Black Death relatively unscathed. In addition to Poland's relatively sparse population, a key factor is that King Casimir the Great wisely quarantined the Polish borders. By holding the plague off at the borders, the disease's impact on Poland was softened. During Kazimierz's reign, the Black Death, a pandemic infection, swept across Europe, killing millions. But Poland established quarantines at its borders, and the plague skirted Poland almost entirely. - Zuchora-Walske, Christine, Poland, North Mankato: ABDO Publishing, 2013. The quarantine's effectiveness was further enhanced by Poland's relative isolation. While heavily hit regions such as the Mediterranean coast were densely interlinked with trade, the same was generally not true of Poland. When the Black Death arrived, this isolation helped insulate the Poles from the plague. [M]uch larger areas, such as central Poland ... locations 'off the beaten trail' and not along the more popular trade routes were more likely to be on the lookout for ill travelers, 'foreigners', or perhaps not even be visited by outsiders at all. We believe that it was the exclusion of medieval traders and pilgrims that would significantly account for the lightly-affected Medieval Black Death regions - Welford, Mark, and Brian H. Bossak. "Revisiting the Medieval Black Death of 1347–1351: Spatiotemporal Dynamics Suggestive of an Alternate Causation." Geography Compass 4.6 [2010]: 561-575. Additionally, it has often been claimed that that Poland fared better due to having fewer rats. Two popular explanations offered for this theory is that Poland had more cats, or alternatively less food for rats. The absence of plague in Bohemia and Poland is commonly explained by the rats' avoidance of these areas due to the unavailability of food the rodents found palatable. - Cantor, Norman F. In the Wake of the Plague: The Black Death and the World It Made. Simon and Schuster, 2001. It is, however, more likely that the local climate was simply less conductive to the plague's spread.[/b][/QUOTE]and: [QUOTE][b] There are three types of plague, Pneumonic, Bubonic, and Septicemic all of which are caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. People infected by fleas get the bubonic form of the plague. However, if the bacteria reaches the lungs, it becomes pneumonic plague which is more virulent spreading via person to person by coughing then no rats are needed since the virus becomes airborne Quite a lot of scientists now think that the plague was in fact airborne and not spread by rats, but by infected people with the Pneumonic form of the plague. This version spreads much faster and kills quicker. Thankfully antibiotics can today prevent the disease from becoming pneumonic [air-born] Yersinia pestis can survive for at least 24 days in contaminated soil Up to 5 days on other materials link The travel times and relative isolation were probably enough to stop most of the spread [explained in comments below] ... Considering peasants were not allowed to travel in those days, most likely the plague was spread by traders, this is why the more dense populations were more affected. With more remote populations kept safe especially since it could kill within 24 hrs of catching it probably those infected died before reaching their destination. So to help get an idea of travel times: how the distances saved the population I’ve used this map - old travel routes of Europe [IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Late_Medieval_Trade_Routes.jpg[/IMG] so for instance Prague to Krakow [240 miles on google maps] on horse would be 8 days travel [assuming that the roads are flat and that the modern road follows the same path of the medieval trade route. With a wagon pulled by horse 15 - 25 miles/day takes 9.6 - 16 days.] With a wagon pulled by oxen 10 - 12 miles/day takes 24 - 20 days [most people who were infected with the plague died within 24-72 hrs so it becomes easy to see that most would die on the way before reaching the more dense populations.] its not so surprising small towns were least effected,People travelled to trade in the big cities, no one travelled for fun. Travel was very hard for any distance. People could only travel by foot, horse, boat or wagon. To go any distance took a long time. For instance to travel 30 miles by horse took 3 days one way on flat ground, so I suppose you could draw a line in on a map, look at the radius that a person could travel in the amount of time that a virus could survive outside a host Polands size and isolation most likely saved it. – Natalie Oct 20 '14 at 18:57 Mortality continued to rise throughout the bitterly cold winter, when fleas could not have survived, and there is no evidence of enough rats. Black rat skeletons have been found at 14th-century sites, but not in high enough numbers to make them the plague carriers, he said. In sites beside the Thames, where most of the city's rubbish was dumped and rats should have swarmed, and where the sodden ground preserves organic remains excellently, few black rats have been found.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/17/black-death-rats-off-hook – Natalie Oct 20 '14 at 20:29[/b][/QUOTE]and: [QUOTE][b] One factor to consider also is that Poland had a much smaller population than western Europe. Around the time of the black death, the polish population was something like 2-3 million, while the French population was about 14 Millon or even higher. It's common sense that disease spreads easier in higher population density areas, especially when hygiene was poor like in the middle ages.[/b][/QUOTE][All of the quotes above are from the same websource that I linked to above the first quote BTW]. Now back then Poland was a kingdom, when the Black death broke, a country located in North-east Europe that encompassed major areas of the steppes of Eastern-North-East Europe and it had a coastline to the Baltic sea; which is a big inland lake located in Northern Europe: [IMG]http://www.euratlas.net/history/europe/1500/entity_2750.jpg[/IMG] Now as I said, [b]the entire Northern European regional BELT DID NOT SUFFER MAJOR CASUALTIES OR LOSSES DURING THE OUTBREAK OF PANDEMICS AND PLAGUE OUTBREAKS LIKE THE BLACK DEATH AND ANCIENT PLAGUES THAT TOOK PLACE DURING THE GREEK ERA AND THE PLAGUES THAT HIT THE BYZANTINE ROMAN EMPIRE! As stated above, VARIOUS REASONS WHY THE ABOVE SCENARIO TOOK PLACE, INCLUDE THE FACT THAT THE NORTHERN EUROPEAN REGION, DID NOT HAVE MANY MAJOR CITIES AND TOWNS, AND HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF PEOPLE WITHIN PARTICULAR ZONES! And because Northern Europe, WAS ISOLATED FROM THE MAJOR POPULATION CENTERS AND CIVILIZATIONS OF SOUTHERN EUROPE [like the Greco-Roman civilizations]; WHICH GOES BACK ALL THE WAY TO THE ANCIENT PERIOD IN EUROPE, WHEN MAJOR PLAGUE OUTBREAKS OCCURRED IN EUROPE DURING THE ANCIENT TO MIDDLE AGES PERIOD; Northern Europe, where the vast majority of Ancient White Indo-European settled in BEFORE THEY MIGRATED TO THE OTHER PARTS OF EUROPE, was SPARED FROM MAJOR PLAGUE AND VIRAL OUTBREAKS AND THEIR RESULTANT DEVASTATION! The Northern European region DID NOT SUFFER from HIGH LOSSES IN POPULATIONS AND CASUALTY RATES WHEN VIRAL AND PLAGUE OUTBREAKS STRUCK MAJOR EUROPEAN POPULATION CENTERS DURING THE ANCIENT TO MIDDLE AGES PERIOD![/b] HOWEVER, Northern Europe and the Northern European regions, particularly around the Baltic and North seas; WERE THE AREAS WHERE ANCIENT WHITE INDO-EUROPEANS MASS MIGRATED AND SETTLED TO FIRST, WHEN THEY MIGRATED TO EUROPE FROM THE EURASIAN STEPPES! Before White European tribes like the Germanics, Goths, Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Suebians, Heruls, Gepids, Vandals, Jutes, Saxons, Danes, Geats etc etc MASS MIGRATED THROUGHOUT EUROPE DURING THE MIGRATION PERIOD, DURING THE MIDDLE AGES/DARK AGES AND THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE PERIOD, TO SETTLE THROUGHOUT THE REST OF EUROPE FROM [b]SCANDINAVIA, THEY WERE ALL SETTLED IN AND THEY INHABITED THE REGION OF NORTHERN EUROPE. NOT SOUTHERN EUROPE WHERE MOST OF THE EARLY ADVANCED CIVILIZATIONS AND HIGH POPULATION DENSITY CITIES OF EUROPE WERE LOCATED IN DURING THE MIGRATION PERIOD OF WHITES LIKE GERMANICS DURING THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE AND MIDDLE AGES; BUT NORTHERN EUROPE WHICH DID NOT HAVE ANY MAJOR CITIES AND TOWNS UNLIKE SOUTHERN EUROPE DURING ANCIENT TIMES! This is why regions like Poland were SPARED AND AVOIDED THE MAJOR HIGH MASS CASUALTY RATES AND LOSSES IN POPULATION NUMBERS, DUE TO PLAGUE OUTBREAKS LIKE THE BLACK DEATH AND OTHER PREVIOUS PLAGUES THAT STRUCK EARLY EUROPE! Because Northern Europe was relatively isolated, did not have major infrastructure or cities or towns or urban centers with HIGH densities of populations UNLIKE SOUTHERN EUROPE! And Northern Europe was where the vast majority of White Indo-Europeans lived in, BEFORE THEY MASS MIGRATED AND PROLIFERATED THROUGHOUT THE REST OF EUROPE, DURING THE GREAT PEOPLES MIGRATION MOVEMENT OF WHITE INDO-EUROPEANS, LIKE THE GERMANIC/GOTHIC TRIBES THROUGHOUT EUROPE, DURING THE START OF THE DARK AGES AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE PERIOD! Now for proof of above, take a look at this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths [QUOTE][b] The Roman historian Jordanes provides an important source of knowledge of the Goths in his Getica, a semi-fictional account written in the 6th century. Jordanes describes the migration of the Goths from southern Scandza [Scandinavia], into Gothiscandza – believed to be the lower Vistula region in modern Pomerania – and from there to the coast of the Black Sea. Archaeological evidence from the Pomeranian Wielbark culture and the Chernyakhov culture, northeast of the lower Danube, confirms that some such migration did in fact take place. In the 3rd century the Goths crossed either the lower Danube or the Black Sea, ravaged the Balkans and Anatolia as far as Cyprus, and sacked Athens, Byzantium, and Sparta.[3] By the 4th century the Goths had captured Dacia[4][5] and divided into at least two distinct groups separated by the Dniester River: the Thervingi [led by the Balti dynasty] and the Greuthungi [led by the Amali dynasty]. [IMG]http://wreferat.baza-referat.ru/1_565574790-52418.wpic[/IMG] "The expansion of the Germanic tribes 750 BC – AD 1, after the Penguin Atlas of World History 1988" According to Jordanes' Getica, written in the mid-6th century, the earliest migrating Goths sailed from Scandza [Scandinavia] under King Berig[20] in three ships[21] and named the place at which they landed after themselves: "Today [says Jordanes] it is called Gothiscandza" ["Scandza of the Goths"].[22] Although the exact location of Gothiscandza is unclear, Jordanes tells us that one shipload "dwelled in the province of Spesis on an island surrounded by the shallow waters of the Vistula."[23] From there, the Goths then moved into an area along the southern coast of the Baltic Sea which was inhabited by the "Ulmerugi" [Rugii], expelled them,[24] and also subdued the neighboring Vandals. According to the Gallaecian Christian priest, historian and theologian Paulus Orosius, the Goths were of the same stock as the Suiones ["Swedes"], the Vandals and the other tribes of Scandinavia.[25] The Goths, according to Isidore of Seville, were descended from Gog and Magog, and of the same race as the Getae.[26][27] According to Tacitus, the Goths and the neighboring Rugii and Lemovii carried round shields and short swords, and obeyed their regular authority. [24][28][29] Pliny[30] recounts a report of Pytheas, an explorer who visited Northern Europe in the 4th century BC., that the "Gutones, a people of Germany," inhabit the shores of an estuary of at least 6,000 stadia called Mentonomon [i.e., the Baltic Sea], where amber is cast up by the waves. Lehmann [cited in the section on Etymology, above] accepts this, although one version of Pliny's manuscript uses the word "Guiones" instead of "Gutones."[31] In Pliny's only other mention of the Gutones,[32] he states that the Vandals are one of the five races of Germany, and that the Vandals comprise four distinct groups, the Burgodiones, the Varinnae, the Charini and the Gutones. He does not specify where the Vandals lived, but his description is consistent with his contemporary Ptolemy's description of the east Germanic tribes.[33] Since we have only Pliny's report of what Pytheas said about the Gutones, and not Pytheas's report itself, the 4th century BC date is unconfirmed, but not necessarily invalid. The earliest known material culture associated with the Goths on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea is the Wielbark culture,[34] centered on the modern region of Pomerania in northern Poland. This culture replaced the local Oksywie or Oxhöft culture in the 1st century, when a Scandinavian settlement was established in a buffer zone between the Oksywie culture and the Przeworsk culture.[35] The culture of this area was influenced by southern Scandinavian culture beginning as early as the late Nordic Bronze Age and early Pre-Roman Iron Age [c. 1300 – c. 300 BC].[36] In fact, the Scandinavian influence on Pomerania and today's northern Poland from c. 1300 BC [period III] and onwards was so considerable that some see the culture of the region as part of the Nordic Bronze Age culture.[37] The Goths are believed to have crossed the Baltic Sea sometime between the end of this period [ca 300 BC] and AD 100. Early archaeological evidence in the traditional Swedish province of Östergötland suggests a general depopulation during this period.[38] However, this is not confirmed in more recent publications.[39] The settlement in today's Poland may correspond to the introduction of Scandinavian burial traditions, such as the stone circles and the stelae especially common on the island of Gotland and other parts of southern Sweden.[/b][/QUOTE]So the so called White Indo-European peoples like the Goths, MASS MIGRATED OUT OF NORTHERN EUROPE TO POPULATE THE REST OF EUROPE DURING THE MIDDLE AGES AND FALL OF ROMAN EMPIRE TIME PERIOD! And Northern Europe, was where THE VAST MAJORITY OF WHITE INDO-EUROPEAN TRIBES SETTLED IN EUROPE WHEN THEY MASS MIGRATED TO EUROPE FROM THE STEPPES OF EURASIA! However since Northern Europe was isolated and did not have major population centers during the Ancient time period and the Middle ages period, NORTHERN EUROPE WAS SPARED FROM THE EFFECTS OF MAJOR PLAGUE OUTBREAKS IN EUROPE DURING THE ANCIENT TO MIDDLE AGES PERIOD! And Northern Europe was where most Ancient White Indo-European peoples LIVED IN EUROPE BEFORE THEY MASS MIGRATED THROUGHOUT THE REST OF EUROPE! [b] However, SOUTHERN EUROPE WAS FILLED WITH LOTS OF CITIES AND MAJOR TOWNS WITH THE HIGHEST DENSITY POPULATION CENTERS OF EUROPE! SOUTHERN EUROPE WAS WHERE BLACKS FROM AFRICA FIRST SETTLED IN EUROPE TO CREATE CIVILIZATIONS AND DENSELY POPULATED URBAN CENTERS THERE, AND SOUTHERN EUROPE WAS THE CENTER OF BLACK EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION DURING THE ANCIENT PERIOD TO THE MIDDLE AGES PERIOD; WHICH WAS A REGION THAT WAS DENSELY POPULATED AS PROVED BY PLAGUE OUTBREAKS OCCURRING IN SOUTHERN EUROPE AS EARLY AS 430 BC! Therefore Europe WAS DENSELY POPULATED BY BLACKS, mostly in the Southern European region in Ancient times; and the combined factors of CLIMATE CHANGE WHICH CREATED MASSIVE DROUGHTS AND ELIMINATED MUCH OF THE BLACK EUROPEAN POPULATION CENTERS IN SOUTHERN EUROPE, AS MENTIONED IN THE OP ARTICLE; AND PLAGUE AND DISEASE OUTBREAKS THAT HIT AND DECIMATED LARGE SEGMENTS OF THE BLACK EUROPEAN DENSELY POPULATED URBAN CENTERS AND REGIONS IN SOUTHERN EUROPE, DURING ANCIENT TIMES TO THE MIDDLE AGES TO CLASSICAL PERIOD IN EUROPEAN HISTORY! THAT, is what killed off many Black Europeans during the Middle ages and Ancient times, and made them vulnerable and easy for WHITE EURASIAN INDO-EUROPEANS FROM THE EURASIAN STEPPES AND NORTHERN EUROPE TO LATER DISPLACE AND ENSLAVE THEM AND BRING THEM DOWN ULTIMATELY! Not some incredibly stupid, idiotic, and ignorant idea involving Europe NOT BEING DENSELY POPULATED IN ANY OF IT'S REGIONS DURING ANCIENT TIMES TO THE MIGRATION PERIOD DURING THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE![/b] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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