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Europe's little known mini-ice age in history
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Mindovermatter: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova: [qb] Mindovermatter says: [b]Ice age I am 99.8% sure that this killed off major segments of Black Europe's ORIGINAL population. This likely played a part in Black Europeans losing control to Eurasian barbarians and Albino groups from Northern Europe. The so-called "Little Ice Age" was between 1300 and 1700. So you are telling us with this strawman setup that the "original negroes" died off between that time.. Yes you are 99.8% sure... Right... .8..[/b][/QUOTE]Let's see...... No you haven't really disproved anything I said in this thread at all, in terms OF THE MAIN IDEA OF THE LITTLE ICE AGE EVENT BEING A MAJOR DEPOPULATION AND POPULATION ELIMINATION/ERADICATION EVENT IN EUROPE WHEN IT TOOK PLACE! Yes the little Ice age DID INDEED play a MAJOR part in helping eliminate and destroy Black European populations from that date in time as well as various other factors; AND YES EUROPE WAS DENSELY POPULATED BY BLACKS AS MY OTHER PROOF'S ABOVE THAT I HAVE SHOWN! EUROPE WAS DENSELY AS EARLY AS THE NEOLITHIC TIME PERIOD, WHEN FARMING AND AGRICULTURE WAS FIRST TRANSPORTED TO EUROPE FROM THE MIDDLE EAST REGION, RELATIVE TO THE TIME PERIOD OF DURING THE NEOLITHIC, TO THE ANCIENT GRECO-ROMAN PERIOD! http://www.history.com/news/little-ice-age-big-consequences [QUOTE][b] Great Famine Beginning in the spring of 1315, cold weather and torrential rains decimated crops and livestock across Europe. Class warfare and political strife destabilized formerly prosperous countries as millions of people starved, setting the stage for the crises of the Late Middle Ages. According to reports, some desperate Europeans resorted to cannibalism during the so-called Great Famine, which persisted until the early 1320s. Thirty Years’ War Among other military conflicts, the brutal Thirty Years’ War between Protestants and Catholics across central Europe has been linked to the Little Ice Age. Chilly conditions curbed agricultural production and inflated grain prices, fueling civil discontent and weakening the economies of European powers. These factors indirectly plunged much of the continent into war from 1618 to 1648, according to this model. French Revolution As the 18th century drew to a close, two decades of poor cereal harvests, drought, cattle disease and skyrocketing bread prices had kindled unrest among peasants and the urban poor in France. Many expressed their desperation and resentment toward a regime that imposed heavy taxes yet failed to provide relief by rioting, looting and striking. Tensions erupted into the French Revolution of 1789, which some historians have connected to the Little Ice Age.[/b][/QUOTE] http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/lia/little_ice_age.html [QUOTE][b] Impact on Agriculture Lamb (1966) points out that the growing season changed by 15 to 20 percent between the warmest and coldest times of the millenium. That is enough to affect almost any type of food production, especially crops highly adapted to use the full-season warm climatic periods. During the coldest times of the LIA, England's growing season was shortened by one to two months compared to present day values. The availability of varieties of seed today that can withstand extreme cold or warmth, wetness or dryness, was not available in the past. Therefore, climate changes had a much greater impact on agricultural output in the past. Fig. 16 and 17 show the price of wheat and rye, respectively, in various European countries during the LIA. [IMG]http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/lia/16.gif[/IMG] ^^^ [i]Figure 16: Prices of wheat expressed in Dutch guilders per 100 kg. in various countries vs. time. (Source: Lamb, 1995)[/i] [IMG]http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/lia/17.gif[/IMG] ^^^[i]Figure 17: Price of rye in Germany vs. time expressed as an index. (Source: Lamb, 1995)[/i] Each of the peaks in prices corresponds to a particularly poor harvest, mostly due to unfavorable climates with the most notable peak in the year 1816 - "the year without a summer." One of the worst famines in the seventeenth century occurred in France due to the failed harvest of 1693. Millions of people in France and surrounding countries were killed. The effect of the LIA on Swiss farms was also severe. Due to the cooler climate, snow covered the ground deep into spring. A parasite, known as Fusarium nivale, which thrives under snow cover, devastated crops. Additionally, due to the increased number of days of snow cover, the stocks of hay for the animals ran out so livestock were fed on straw and pine branches. Many cows had to be slaughtered. Fig. 18 shows a chronology of dearth and famine in Scotland during the LIA. Broken lines are years with reported dearth and full lines are years with reported famine. [IMG]http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/lia/18.gif[/IMG] [i]Figure 18: Dearth and famine in Scotland during the LIA. (Source: Lamb, 1995)[/i] dots represent years with severe losses of stock (sheep and cattle), usually because of snow. Impact on Wine Production People keep records of their most important crops, grapes for wine-making being no exception. Ladurie (1971) notes that there were many "bad years" for wine during the LIA in France and surrounding countries due to very late harvests and very wet summers. The cultivation of grapes was extensive throughout the southern portion of England from about 1100-1300. This area is about 300 miles farther north than the areas in France and Germany that grow grapes today. Grapes were also grown in northern France and Germany at that time, areas which even today do not sustain commercial vineyards. At the time of the compilation of the Domesday Survey in the late eleventh century, vineyards were recorded in 46 places in southern England, from East Anglia through to modern-day Somerset. By the time King Henry VIIIth ascended the throne there were 139 sizeable vineyards in England and Wales - 11 of them owned by the Crown, 67 by noble families and 52 by the church (English-wine.com). In fact, Lamb (1995) suggests that during that period the amount of wine produced in England was substantial enough to provide significant economic competition with the producers in France. With the coming cooler climate in the 1400's, temperatures became too cold for grape production and the vineyards in southern England gradually declined. German wine production also declined during the cooling experienced after the MWP and during the LIA. Between 1400 and 1700 German wine production was never above 53% of the production before 1300 and at times was as low as 20% of that production (Lamb, 1995.) Impact on Forests During the Little Ice Age A study of the tree populations in forests of Southern Ontario by Campbell and McAndrews (1993) shows how the tree population in Europe might have been changed by the LIA. Their analysis of pollen demonstrated that after the year 1400, beech trees, the formerly dominant warmth-loving species, were replaced first by oak and subsequently by pine. Further, the forest under study appears to have remained in disequilibrium with the prevailing climate of today. That suggests that tree population distribution takes hundreds of years to recover from major climate changes. AS MENTIONED EARLIER, DEARTH AND FAMINE KILLED MILLIONS AND POOR NUTRITION DECREASED THE STATURE OF THE VIKINGS IN GREENLAND AND ICELAND. COOL, WET SUMMERS LED TO OUTBREAKS OF AN ILLNESS CALLED ST. ANTHONY'S FIRE. WHOLE VILLAGES WOULD SUFFER CONVULSIONS, HALLUCINATIONS, GANGRENOUS ROTTING OF THE EXTREMITIES, AND EVEN DEATH. GRAIN, IF STORED IN COOL, DAMP CONDITIONS, MAY DEVELOP A FUNGUS KNOWN AS ERGOT BLIGHT AND ALSO MAY FERMENT JUST ENOUGH TO PRODUCE A DRUG SIMILAR TO LSD. (IN FACT, SOME HISTORIANS CLAIM THAT THE SALEM, MASSACHUSETTS WITCH HYSTERIA WAS THE RESULT OF ERGOT BLIGHT.) MALNUTRITION LED TO A WEAKENED IMMUNITY TO A VARIETY OF ILLNESSES. IN ENGLAND, MALNUTRITION AGGRAVATED AN INFLUENZA EPIDEMIC OF 1557-8 IN WHICH WHOLE FAMILIES DIED. IN FACT, DURING MOST OF THE 1550'S DEATHS OUTNUMBERED BIRTHS (LAMB, 1995.) THE BLACK DEATH (BUBONIC PLAGUE) WAS HASTENED BY MALNUTRITION ALL OVER EUROPE. ONE MIGHT NOT EXPECT A TYPICALLY TROPICAL DISEASE SUCH AS MALARIA TO BE FOUND DURING THE LIA, BUT REITER (2000) HAS SHOWN THAT IT WAS AN IMPORTANT CAUSE OF ILLNESS AND DEATH IN SEVERAL PARTS OF ENGLAND. THE ENGLISH WORD FOR MALARIA WAS AGUE, A TERM THAT REMAINED IN COMMON USAGE UNTIL THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. GEOFFREY CHAUCER (1342-1400) WROTE IN THE NUN'S PRIEST TALE: [i]YOU ARE SO VERY CHOLERIC OF COMPLEXION. BEWARE THE MOUNTING SUN AND ALL DEJECTION, NOR GET YOURSELF WITH SUDDEN HUMOURS HOT; FOR IF YOU DO, I DARE WELL LAY A GROAT THAT YOU SHALL HAVE THE TERTIAN FEVER'S PAIN, OR SOME AGUE THAT MAY WELL BE YOUR BANE. IN SIXTEENTH CENTURY ENGLAND, MANY MARSHLANDS WERE NOTORIOUS FOR THEIR AGUE-STRICKEN POPULATIONS. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE (1564-1616) MENTIONED AGUE IN EIGHT OF HIS PLAYS. OLIVER CROMWELL (1599-1658) DIED OF AGUE IN SEPTEMBER 1658, WHICH WAS ONE OF THE COLDEST YEARS OF THE LIA.[/i] FIVE INDIGENOUS SPECIES OF MOSQUITO ARE CAPABLE OF TRANSMITTING MALARIA IN ENGLAND WHERE THEY PREFER THE BRACKISH WATER ALONG RIVER ESTUARIES. THE ANAEROBIC BACTERIAL FLORA OF SALINE MUD PRODUCES A STRONG SULFUR ODOR THAT WAS WIDELY BELIEVED TO BE THE CAUSE OF AGUES IN SALT MARSH AREAS (I.E. SHAKESPEARE'S "UNWHOLESOME FENS.") THE TERM MALARIA COMES FROM THE ITALIAN TERM "MALA ARIA" MEANING "BAD AIR." Impact on Health The cooler climate during the LIA had a HUGE IMPACT on the health of Europeans. Impact on Economics In addition to increasing grain prices and lower wine production, there were many examples of economic impact by the dramatic cooling of the climate. Due to famine, storms, and growth of glaciers ,many farmsteads were destroyed, which resulted in less tax revenues collected due to decreased value of the properties (Lamb, 1995.) Cod fishing greatly decreased, especially for the Scottish fisherman, as the cod moved farther south. The cod fishery at the Faeroe Islands began to fail around 1615 and failed altogether for thirty years between 1675 and 1704 (Lamb, 1995.) In the Hohe Tauern mountains of the Austrian Alps, advancing glaciers closed the gold mines of the Archbishop of Salzburg who was one of the wealthiest dukes in the empire. The succession of two or three bad summers where the miners could not rely on work in the mines caused them to find employment elsewhere, which resulted in an abrupt end to the mining operations (Bryson, 1977.) Not all of the economic impact was bad. The fertile fishing grounds of the present day Newfoundland Banks were thought to have been found by fisherman in the late 1400's who were looking for the fish stocks that had deserted their former grounds as the result of the movement of colder waters from the north (Lamb, 1995.) English fisherman benefited by the southern movement of herring normally found in the waters off Norway. This increase in deep-sea fishing helped to build the maritime population and strength of the country (Lamb, 1995.) The failure of crops in Norway between 1680 and 1720 was a prime reason for the great growth of merchant shipping there. Coastal farmers whose crops failed turned to selling their timber and to constructing ships in order to transport these timbers themselves (Lamb, 1995.) Social Unrest Conditions during the LIA led to many cases of social unrest. The winter of 1709 killed many people in France. Conditions were so bad, a priest in Angers, in west-central France, wrote:[i]"The cold began on January 6, 1709, and lasted in all its rigor until the twenty-fourth. The crops that had been sewn were all completely destroyed.... Most of the hens had died of cold, as had the beasts in the stables. When any poultry did survive the cold, their combs were seen to freeze and fall off. Many birds, ducks, partidges, woodcock, and blackbirds died and were found on the roads and on the thick ice and frequent snow. Oaks, ashes, and other valley trees split with cold. Two thirds of the vines died.... No grape harvest was gathered at all in Anjou.... I myself did not get enough wine from my vineyard to fill a nutshell." (Ladurie, 1971) In March the poor rioted in several cities to keep the merchants from selling what little wheat they had left. The winter of 1739-40 was also a bad one. After that there was no spring and only a damp, cool summer which spoiled the wheat harvest. The poor rebelled and the governor of Liège told the rich to "fire into the middle of them. That's the only way to disperse this riffraff, who want nothing but bread and loot."[/i](Ladurie, 1971) Lamb (1995) reports the occurrence of cattle raids on the Lowlanders by Highlanders who were stressed by the deteriorating climate. In 1436, King James I of Scotland was murdered while hunting on the edge of the Highland region near Perth. The clan warfare grew so bad that it was decided that no place north of Edinburgh Castle was safe for the king so Edinburgh became the capital of the country. In England, the effect of starvation and the poor condition of the country encouraged men to enlist during the War of the Roses (1455-1485.) As tillable land was converted to other uses such as sheep rearing, the landlords who organized the conversions became the focus of many hostilities. One group in particular suffered from the poor conditions - people thought to be witches (Behringer, 1999.) Weather-making was thought to be among the traditional abilities of witches and during the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries many saw a great witch conspiracy. Extensive witch hunts took place during the most severe years of the LIA, as people looked for scapegoats to blame for their suffering. One of history's most notorious quotes might have been due in part to a rare extremely warm period during the LIA. In northern France in 1788, after an unusually bad winter, May, June, and July were excessively hot, which caused the grain to shrivel. On July 13, just at harvest time, a severe hailstorm (which typically occurs when there is very cold air aloft) destroyed what little crops were left. From that bad harvest of 1788 came the bread riots of 1789 which led to Marie Antoinette's alleged remark "Let them eat cake," and the storming of the Bastille. Frequency of Storms Fig. 20 shows the number of reported severe sea floods per century in the North Sea region. [IMG]http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/lia/20.gif[/IMG] [i]Figure 20: Number of reported sea floods per century in the North Sea region. (Source: Lamb, 1995[/i] During the LIA, there was a high frequency of storms. As the cooler air began to move southward, the polar jet stream strengthened and followed, which directed a higher number of storms into the region. At least four sea floods of the Dutch and German coasts in the thirteenth century were reported to have caused the loss of around 100,000 lives. Sea level was likely increased by the long-term ice melt during the MWP which compounded the flooding. Storms that caused greater than 100,000 deaths were also reported in 1421, 1446, and 1570. Additionally, large hailstorms that wiped out farmland and killed great numbers of livestock occurred over much of Europe due to the very cold air aloft during the warmer months. Due to severe erosion of coastline and high winds, great sand storms developed which destroyed farmlands and reshaped coastal land regions.[/b][/QUOTE]and: https://www.phactual.com/6-causes-9-effects-of-the-little-ice-age/ [QUOTE][b] The Little Ice Age spanned the early 14th and late 19th centuries as the Earth cooled enough to coat itself with ice. A painting (by Abraham Hondius) depicts ice skaters on the frozen River Thames in London around 1677. Entire villages near the Alps were engulfed by growing glaciers, which greatly affected the Northern Hemisphere. Scientists aren’t exactly sure what caused this extended, planetary cold snap, but many theories persist. Possible Causes of the Little Ice Age 1. High volcanic activity: Ash clouds coating the earth’s atmosphere could block out the sun’s radiation and reduce temperatures. Volcanoes also emit sulfur, which transforms into sulfuric acid particles once it reaches the stratosphere. These particles reflect the sun’s radiation and therefore cause a cooling effect. 2. Decreased solar activity: This is a longshot of a theory, but scientists once believed that low sunspot activity (down to the Maunder minimum) could cause lower temperatures on Earth. This theory has since been debunked. 3. Orbital cycles: Differences in the Earth’s cycles could have caused enough of an axis shift to cool the atmosphere by 0.02 per century. 4. Changing ocean current flows: During the preceding Medieval Warm Period, enough melted freshwater ice could have altered the entire ocean and caused the water to cool down and stop circulating (in its usual conveyor belt pattern). 5. Decreased human population: Major population declines caused by rampant plagues and high infant mortality may have had the effect of decreased agricultural activity and reforestation. In turn, this would have altered the balance of CO2 and O2 in the atmosphere and created a cooling effect. 6. Inherent variability of global climate: Put simply, sometimes the Earth’s climate can fluctuate for no discernible reason at all, other than chaos theory. [IMG]https://www.phactual.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/littleiceage6.jpg[/IMG] Effects of the Little Ice Age GREAT FAMINE: THE ICY WEATHER DRASTICALLY REDUCED CROPS AND LIVESTOCK. FACED WITH STARVATION FROM AROUND 1315-1320, MANY REGIONS OF THE EARTH ENTERED CRISIS. HUMAN CANNIBALISM WAS NOT UNHEARD OF DURING THESE YEARS. THIRTY YEAR’S WAR: PROTESTANTS AND CATHOLICS WENT TO WAR OVER RISING GRAIN PRICES, WHICH CAUSED CIVIL STRIFE WITHIN COUNTRIES AND DROVE ECONOMIES INTO THE (FROZEN) DUST. BUBONIC PLAGUE: RATS (AND THEIR FLEAS) WERE ABLE TO SURVIVE THE COLDER TEMPERATURES AS HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEMS TOOK A HIT. THE PLAGUE WIPED OUT AROUND 30-60% OF THE EUROPEAN POPULATION. WITCH HUNTS: THE POWERS THAT BE WANTED TO BLAME SOMEONE FOR THE FRIGID TEMPERATURES AND AFTEREFFECTS. AROUND 1484 UNTIL THE END OF THE 17TH CENTURY, POPE INNOCENT VIII BLAMED WITCHES FOR THESE ILLS, WHICH RESULTED IN MASS HYSTERIA AND EXECUTIONS ALL OVER EUROPE. POTATO DOMINANCE: THIS HARDY CROP MADE THE TRANSITION TO EXCLUSIVE SPANISH CROP TO A FOOD THAT COULD BE GROWN IN THE COLDEST OF TEMPERATURES. FRENCH REVOLUTION: DECADES OF POOR HARVESTS, HIGH DISEASE, AND INCREASED TAXES RESULTED IN CIVIL UNREST. THESE CONFLICTS EVENTUALLY CULMINATED IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1789. RISE OF THE BICYCLE: HORSES WERE UNABLE TO SURVIVE AFTER CROP HARVESTS DWINDLED TO NOTHING, WHICH LEFT HUMANS WITHOUT TRANSPORTATION. THIS DILEMMA PROMPTED KARL DRAIS VON SAUERBRONN TO INVENT THE FIRST BICYCLE. IN THE UNITED STATES, A MIGRATION: NEW ENGLAND ENDURED SNOWSTORMS IN JUNE, WHICH CAUSED RESIDENTS TO MOVE INTO THE MIDWEST. GREAT FAMINE: THE ICY WEATHER DRASTICALLY REDUCED CROPS AND LIVESTOCK. FACED WITH STARVATION FROM AROUND 1315-1320, MANY REGIONS OF THE EARTH ENTERED CRISIS. HUMAN CANNIBALISM WAS NOT UNHEARD OF DURING THESE YEARS. THIRTY YEAR’S WAR: PROTESTANTS AND CATHOLICS WENT TO WAR OVER RISING GRAIN PRICES, WHICH CAUSED CIVIL STRIFE WITHIN COUNTRIES AND DROVE ECONOMIES INTO THE (FROZEN) DUST. BUBONIC PLAGUE: RATS (AND THEIR FLEAS) WERE ABLE TO SURVIVE THE COLDER TEMPERATURES AS HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEMS TOOK A HIT. THE PLAGUE WIPED OUT AROUND 30-60% OF THE EUROPEAN POPULATION. WITCH HUNTS: THE POWERS THAT BE WANTED TO BLAME SOMEONE FOR THE FRIGID TEMPERATURES AND AFTEREFFECTS. AROUND 1484 UNTIL THE END OF THE 17TH CENTURY, POPE INNOCENT VIII BLAMED WITCHES FOR THESE ILLS, WHICH RESULTED IN MASS HYSTERIA AND EXECUTIONS ALL OVER EUROPE. POTATO DOMINANCE: THIS HARDY CROP MADE THE TRANSITION TO EXCLUSIVE SPANISH CROP TO A FOOD THAT COULD BE GROWN IN THE COLDEST OF TEMPERATURES. FRENCH REVOLUTION: DECADES OF POOR HARVESTS, HIGH DISEASE, AND INCREASED TAXES RESULTED IN CIVIL UNREST. THESE CONFLICTS EVENTUALLY CULMINATED IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1789. RISE OF THE BICYCLE: HORSES WERE UNABLE TO SURVIVE AFTER CROP HARVESTS DWINDLED TO NOTHING, WHICH LEFT HUMANS WITHOUT TRANSPORTATION. THIS DILEMMA PROMPTED KARL DRAIS VON SAUERBRONN TO INVENT THE FIRST BICYCLE. IN THE UNITED STATES, A MIGRATION: NEW ENGLAND ENDURED SNOWSTORMS IN JUNE, WHICH CAUSED RESIDENTS TO MOVE INTO THE MIDWEST. GREAT FAMINE: THE ICY WEATHER DRASTICALLY REDUCED CROPS AND LIVESTOCK. FACED WITH STARVATION FROM AROUND 1315-1320, MANY REGIONS OF THE EARTH ENTERED CRISIS. HUMAN CANNIBALISM WAS NOT UNHEARD OF DURING THESE YEARS. THIRTY YEAR’S WAR: PROTESTANTS AND CATHOLICS WENT TO WAR OVER RISING GRAIN PRICES, WHICH CAUSED CIVIL STRIFE WITHIN COUNTRIES AND DROVE ECONOMIES INTO THE (FROZEN) DUST. BUBONIC PLAGUE: RATS (AND THEIR FLEAS) WERE ABLE TO SURVIVE THE COLDER TEMPERATURES AS HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEMS TOOK A HIT. THE PLAGUE WIPED OUT AROUND 30-60% OF THE EUROPEAN POPULATION. WITCH HUNTS: THE POWERS THAT BE WANTED TO BLAME SOMEONE FOR THE FRIGID TEMPERATURES AND AFTEREFFECTS. AROUND 1484 UNTIL THE END OF THE 17TH CENTURY, POPE INNOCENT VIII BLAMED WITCHES FOR THESE ILLS, WHICH RESULTED IN MASS HYSTERIA AND EXECUTIONS ALL OVER EUROPE. POTATO DOMINANCE: THIS HARDY CROP MADE THE TRANSITION TO EXCLUSIVE SPANISH CROP TO A FOOD THAT COULD BE GROWN IN THE COLDEST OF TEMPERATURES. FRENCH REVOLUTION: DECADES OF POOR HARVESTS, HIGH DISEASE, AND INCREASED TAXES RESULTED IN CIVIL UNREST. THESE CONFLICTS EVENTUALLY CULMINATED IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1789. RISE OF THE BICYCLE: HORSES WERE UNABLE TO SURVIVE AFTER CROP HARVESTS DWINDLED TO NOTHING, WHICH LEFT HUMANS WITHOUT TRANSPORTATION. THIS DILEMMA PROMPTED KARL DRAIS VON SAUERBRONN TO INVENT THE FIRST BICYCLE. IN THE UNITED STATES, A MIGRATION: NEW ENGLAND ENDURED SNOWSTORMS IN JUNE, WHICH CAUSED RESIDENTS TO MOVE INTO THE MIDWEST.[/b][/QUOTE] https://www.britannica.com/science/Little-Ice-Age [QUOTE] [IMG]https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/15/149415-004-3FCD1F93.jpg[/IMG] [b] Little Ice Age (LIA) medieval warm period: estimates of temperature variations for the Northern Hemisphere and central England from 1000 to 2000 CE [Credit: ]climate interval that occurred from the early 14th century through the mid-19th century, when mountain glaciers expanded at several locations, including the European Alps, New Zealand, Alaska, and the southern Andes, and mean annual temperatures across the Northern Hemisphere declined by 0.6 °C (1.1 °F) relative to the average temperature between 1000 and 2000 ce. The term Little Ice Age was introduced to the scientific literature by Dutch-born American geologist F.E. Matthes in 1939. Originally the phrase was used to refer to Earth’s most recent 4,000-year period of mountain-glacier expansion and retreat. Today some scientists use it to distinguish only the period 1500–1850, when mountain glaciers expanded to their greatest extent, but the phrase is more commonly applied to the broader period 1300–1850. The Little Ice Age followed the Medieval Warming Period (roughly 900–1300 ce) and preceded the present period of warming that began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[/b] Geographic extent Information obtained from “proxy records” (indirect records of ancient climatic conditions, such as ice cores, cores of lake sediment and coral, and annual growth rings in trees) as well as historical documents dating to the Little Ice Age period indicate that cooler conditions appeared in some regions, but, at the same time, warmer or stable conditions occurred in others. [b]For instance, proxy records collected from western Greenland, Scandinavia, the British Isles, and western North America point to several cool episodes, lasting several decades each, when temperatures dropped 1 to 2 °C (1.8 to 3.6 °F) below the thousand-year averages for those areas. However, these regional temperature declines rarely occurred at the same time. Cooler episodes also materialized in the Southern Hemisphere, initiating the advance of glaciers in Patagonia and New Zealand, but these episodes did not coincide with those occurring in the Northern Hemisphere. Meanwhile, temperatures of other regions of the world, such as eastern China and the Andes, remained relatively stable during the Little Ice Age. Still other regions experienced extended periods of drought, increased precipitation, or extreme swings in moisture. Many areas of northern Europe, for instance, were subjected to several years of long winters and short, wet summers, whereas parts of southern Europe endured droughts and season-long periods of heavy rainfall. Evidence also exists of multiyear droughts in equatorial Africa and Central and South Asia during the Little Ice Age. For these reasons the Little Ice Age, though synonymous with cold temperatures, can also be characterized broadly as a period when there was an increase in temperature and precipitation variability across many parts of the globe.[/b] Effects on civilization [b] The Little Ice Age is best known for its effects in Europe and the North Atlantic region. Alpine glaciers advanced far below their previous (and present) limits, obliterating farms, churches, and villages in Switzerland, France, and elsewhere. Frequent cold winters and cool, wet summers led to crop failures and famines over much of northern and central Europe. In addition, the North Atlantic cod fisheries declined as ocean temperatures fell in the 17th century. During the early 15th century, as pack ice and storminess increased in the North Atlantic, Norse colonies in Greenland were cut off from the rest of Norse civilization; the western colony of Greenland collapsed through starvation, and the eastern colony was abandoned. Iceland became increasingly isolated from Scandinavia when the southern limit of sea ice expanded to encapsulate the island and locked it in ice for longer and longer periods during the year. Sea ice grew from zero average coverage before the year 1200 to eight weeks in the 13th century and 40 weeks in the 19th century. In North America between 1250 and 1500, the Native American cultures of the upper Mississippi valley and the western prairies began a general decline as drier conditions set in, accompanied by a transfer from agriculture to hunting. Over the same period in Japan, glaciers advanced, the mean winter temperature dropped 3.5 °C (6.3 °F), and summers were marked by excessive rains and bad harvests.[/b][/QUOTE] http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/10/111003-science-climate-change-little-ice-age/ [QUOTE] Little Ice Age Shrank Europeans, Sparked Wars Study aims to scientifically link climate change to societal upheaval. By Brian Handwerk, for National Geographic News [IMG]http://news.nationalgeographic.com/content/dam/news/photos/000/412/41266.adapt.590.1.jpg[/IMG] [i]London's River Thames, frozen over in 1677.[/i] [b] POCKMARKED WITH WARS, INFLATION, FAMINES AND SHRINKING HUMANS, THE 1600S IN EUROPE CAME TO BE CALLED THE GENERAL CRISIS. BUT WHEREAS HISTORIANS HAVE BLAMED THOSE TUMULTUOUS DECADES ON GROWING PAINS BETWEEN FEUDALISM AND CAPITALISM, A NEW STUDY POINTS TO ANOTHER CULPRIT: THE COLDEST STRETCH OF THECLIMATE CHANGE PERIOD KNOWN AS THE LITTLE ICE AGE. THE LITTLE ICE AGE CURBED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND EVENTUALLY LED TO THE EUROPEAN CRISIS, ACCORDING TO THE AUTHORS OF THE STUDY—SAID TO BE THE FIRST TO SCIENTIFICALLY VERIFY CAUSE-AND-EFFECT BETWEEN CLIMATE CHANGE AND LARGE-SCALE HUMAN CRISES. PRIOR TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, ALL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES WERE BY AND LARGE AGRARIAN, AND AS STUDY CO-AUTHOR DAVID ZHANG POINTED OUT, "IN AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES, THE ECONOMY IS CONTROLLED BY CLIMATE," SINCE IT DICTATES GROWING CONDITIONS. A TEAM LED BY ZHANG, OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG, PORED OVER DATA FROM EUROPE AND OTHER THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE REGIONS BETWEEN A.D. 1500 TO 1800. THE TEAM COMPARED CLIMATE DATA, SUCH AS TEMPERATURES, WITH OTHER VARIABLES, INCLUDING POPULATION SIZES, GROWTH RATES, WARS AND OTHER SOCIAL DISTURBANCES, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION FIGURES AND FAMINES, GRAIN PRICES, AND WAGES. THE AUTHORS SAY SOME EFFECTS, SUCH AS FOOD SHORTAGES AND HEALTH PROBLEMS, SHOWED UP ALMOST IMMEDIATELY BETWEEN 1560 AND 1660—THE LITTLE ICE AGE'S HARSHEST PERIOD—DURING WHICH GROWING SEASONS SHORTENED AND CULTIVATED LAND SHRANK. OTHERS EFFECTS—SUCH AS FAMINES, THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR (1618-48), OR THE 164 MANCHU CONQUEST OF CHINA—TOOK DECADES TO MANIFEST. "TEMPERATURE IS NOT A DIRECT CAUSE OF WAR AND SOCIAL DISTURBANCE," ZHANG SAID. "THE DIRECT CAUSE OF WAR AND SOCIAL DISTURBANCE IS THE GRAIN PRICE. THAT IS WHY WE SAY CLIMATE CHANGE IS THE ULTIMATE CAUSE." THE NEW STUDY IS BOTH HISTORY LESSON AND WARNING, THE RESEARCHERS ADDED. AS OUR CLIMATE CHANGES DUE TO GLOBAL WARMING (SEE INTERACTIVE), ZHANG SAID, "DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WILL SUFFER MORE, BECAUSE LARGE POPULATIONS IN THESE COUNTRIES [DIRECTLY] RELY ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION." AS ARABLE LAND CONTRACTED, SO TOO DID EUROPEANS THEMSELVES, THE STUDY NOTES. AVERAGE HEIGHT FOLLOWED THE TEMPERATURE LINE, DIPPING NEARLY AN INCH (TWO CENTIMETERS) DURING THE LATE 1500S, AS MALNOURISHMENT SPREAD, AND RISING AGAIN ONLY AS TEMPERATURES CLIMBED AFTER 1650, THE AUTHORS FOUND.[/b][/QUOTE][b] ^^^^This Little Ice age event, CLEARLY AND ADMITTEDLY AS SHOWN AND ILLUSTRATED BY EVIDENCE FROM MAINSTREAM SOURCES, paved and created the pattern and wave of a MAJOR DEVASTATING DEPOPULATION CYCLE AND EFFECT, ON THE MAJOR POPULATION CENTERS AND CITIES AND TOWNS, OF THE TIME THAT THE LITTLE ICE STARTED SETTING IN; OF THE ORIGINAL EUROPEANS, POPULATION CENTERS AND CITIES AND TOWNS WHICH WERE MOSTLY TO ALL POPULATED BY THE ORIGINAL EUROPEANS! You know what? Looking at the EVIDENCE AND SOURCES ABOVE, I AM NOW 100% SURE THAT THIS EVENT ACCELERATED AND LED TO THE DECLINE AND DISPLACEMENT, AND ELIMINATION OF THE ORIGINAL EUROPEANS OF ANTIQUITY AND ANCIENT TIMES, WHOM MOSTLY POPULATED EUROPE'S EARLY POPULATION CENTERS AND CITIES AND TOWNS DURING THE TIME OF THE ONSET OF THE LITTLE ICE AGE EVENT; since THE FIRST BUILDERS, HOLDER'S AND CONTINUE-RS OF CIVILIZATIONS AND CITIES, AND URBAN CENTERS AND TOWNS IN ANCIENT TO MEDIEVAL EUROPE, WERE MOSTLY THE ORIGINAL EUROPEANS OF ANTIQUITY! HOWEVER THIS CLIMATIC EVENT AND SHIFT ADMITTEDLY AS MY SOURCES SHOW, LED THEIR DECLINE AND DISPLACEMENT, AND WAS A KEY FACTOR IN THEIR DE-POPULATION AND ELIMINATION![/b] See I really don't understand why this is such a hard concept to grasp, when THERE ARE EVEN MAINSTREAM SCIENTISTS AND HISTORIANS, BOTH EUROPEAN AND NON-EUROPEAN ALBINO, SAYING THIS MAJOR CLIMATIC EVENT IN EUROPE PAVED THE WAY FOR MAJOR DE-POPULATION EVENTS LIKE THE THIRTY YEARS WAR ETC TO TAKE INTO FORM, IN EUROPE, AND ACTUALLY TAKE PLACE. Clearly, EVERYTHING that I've said, ascertained, assumed, and surmised in this thread, HAS BEEN VALIDATED AND PROVEN TO BE CORRECT BY THE ABOVE "MAINSTREAM" SOURCES. It seems as though you were too much of a idiotic bone head, like you are from time to time, that you didn't READ ALL OF THE MATERIAL I POSTED THAT SUPPORTED MY POSITIONS AND CLAIMS IN THE THREAD; SOURCES WHICH CLEARLY ILLUSTRATE THAT IT IS A FACT, AND EVIDENCE BASED REALITY, THAT THIS CLIMATIC EVENT WAS A MAJOR DEPOPULATION FACTOR OF EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION, AT THE TIME PERIOD OF WHEN THIS CLIMATIC SHIFT TOOK PLACE, AS MY DIRECT LOGICAL EVIDENCE HERE SHOWS! And yes, THE ORIGINAL BLACK EUROPEAN CIVILIZATIONS IN EUROPE WERE HURT THE MOST, BY THIS CLIMATIC EVENT, BECAUSE THEY STARTED AND RAN MOST TO IF NOT ALL OF EUROPE'S FIRST AND ORIGINAL AGRARIAN BASED CIVILIZATIONS DURING BOTH THE EARLY-MIDDLE AGES/MEDIEVAL PERIOD TO THE CLASSICAL PERIOD IN EUROPE! They were the major populations of most if not all of Europe's DENSELY POPULATED TOWNS AND CITIES DURING THE START OF THE LITTLE ICE AGE IN EUROPE! And if you want various proof of that, then please go through the Black in European art thread, as well as the various threads that have been posted in ES in the past proving just that. Europe's DENSELY POPULATED CITIES AND URBAN CENTERS WERE DAMAGED AND DECIMATED THE MOST BY THE ONSET OF THE LITTLE ICE AGE EVENT, which were again pre-industrial revolution; MOSTLY BASED ON AGRARIAN CULTURE AND PRODUCTION AND CIVILIZATION... As the saying goes, First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win! And this is none the more truer then what I've seen in this thread so far, from your moronic childish post and idiotic bonehead cognitive inability to fully grasp and understand the major implications and effects and background and workings, surrounding and involving this MAJOR historical event; to your major disregard and outright ignoring of all the FACTUAL AND EVIDENCE BASED past posts (amazon comments, video, website sources etc) in my thread, CLEARLY SUPPORTING MY CLAIMS AND POSITIONS IN THIS THREAD, TO ACTUAL DANGEROUS IGNORANCE OF THE CONFIRMATION OF MY CLAIMS BY MAINSTREAM SOURCES AS THIS POST SHOWS! Clearly you are too angry that you didn't discover or thought to use/insert this idea originally before me, so you are struggling through all this mental gymnastics and hamster like rationalizations, to figure out a way to bring me down and refute my OP argument in the thread and the idea espoused; since you are too SET IN in your original pre-conceived ignorant idiotic narrow-minded ideas of history to accept such an idea that is supporting my position, in the first place. [QUOTE]Originally posted by Mike111: [QB] ^Do what you have to do zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova, but please try to be gentle. [/qb][/QUOTE]Yes ^^^do what you do Zaharan, and make yourself look like a complete and ignore moronic fool from time to time involving FACT AND EVIDENCE BASED POSITIONS AND CLAIMS, and your complete disregard of it from time to time like right now; to falsely and idiotically attack new and TRUE ideas and historical realities that you weren't aware about in the first place. Simply because you were IGNORANT AND UNAWARE of it in the first place, simply because you are too much of a bonehead to understand the major effects and implications of it in the historical scheme of things, and simply because it goes against your rigid narrow-minded and idiotic pre-set fixed ideas and accepted narrative and understanding of the complex realities and facts surrounding such topics as in this thread. Please keep doing this and proving what an absolute ignoramus you are again and again as illustrated in this very thread.... It seems some people just do not want to change or accept new IDEAS AND FACTS that simply erode away old and outdated assumptions and accepted ideas. Even with all the evidence and facts in the world supporting such new ideas and facts, EVEN FROM MAINSTREAM SOURCES; because some people REFUSE to change and change their views because of their frail vulnerable ego's and because they don't want to admit they were actually wrong and unaware about major factual realities surrounding the change of such original rigid fixed ideas in the first place..... OBLIGATORY: http://realhistoryww.com/world_history/ancient/Misc/Crests/History_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_3.htm [QUOTE][b] The Thirty Years War 1618-1648 The Thirty Years War is one of the great conflicts of early modern European history. The Thirty Years War consisted of a series of declared and undeclared wars which raged through the years 1618-1648 throughout central Europe. During the Thirty Years War the opponents were, on the one hand, the House of Austria: the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperors Ferdinand II and Ferdinand III together with their Spanish cousin Philip IV. During the long course of the Thirty Years War the Habsburgs were opposed by various international opponents of House of Austria: the Danish, Dutch and, above all, France and Sweden. In addition to its international dimensions the Thirty Years War was a German civil war. The principalities which made up Germany took up arms for or against the Habsburgs or, most commonly, both at different times during the war’s 30 years. The Thirty Years War was also, at least in part, a religious war among Catholics, Lutherans and Calvinists. Ferdinand II and, to a lesser degree, his primary ally Maximillian I represented the re-Catholicizing zeal of the Jesuit Counter-reformation, while Frederick V of the Palatinate represented the equally militant forces of Calvinism. Foreign powers - The French, English and Dutch formed a league to oppose the Habsburgs. They found their champion in Christian IV of Denmark, who also had extensive possessions in northern Germany. Christian invaded, but was crushingly defeated by the army of the Catholic League and a new Imperial force under the enigmatic Bohemian condottiere Wallenstein. Emboldened by victory, the Emperor issued the Edict of Restitution, requiring the return of all lands expropriated from the Roman church since the 1550’s Faced with increasing pressure from the Habsburgs, the Bohemians rose in revolt. They deposed the Habsburgs and crowned Frederick V of the Palatinate as their King. Initially, the revolt seemed destined for success. However, Ferdinand II struck back, subsidized by his Spanish relatives and in alliance with the Catholic League and with Lutheran Saxony. The Bohemians were utterly defeated near Prague at the White Mountain. Simultaneously the Spanish had invaded and conquered the Lower Palatinate, Frederick’s territories on the Rhine. This enabled the Spanish to secure the land route from their territories in Northern Italy to their lands in modern-day Belgium. Frederick V of the Palatinate and other Protestant rulers sought to regain the Rhenish Palatinate from the Spanish and the Catholic League. These efforts were supported by the Dutch who had been battling the Spaniards for independence since 1568. A strong Spanish presence on the Rhine was a strategic peril they could not ignore. The Peace of Westphalia Over the last four years of the war, the parties were actively negotiating at Osnabrück and Münster in Westphalia. On 24 October, 1648 the Peace of Westphalia was signed, ending the Thirty Years War. The Swedes received a large cash indemnity and control over western Pomerania, Bremen and Verden. The French recieved rights (nature unclear) over Alsace. The control of the Emperor over the German territorial rulers was reduced to nothing. Within the German portion of the Empire, private exercise of non-conforming religion was permitted and the organs of government were rendered religiously neutral. Lands secularized by the Protestants in 1624 were generally allowed to remain so. However, in the Habsburg territories of Bohemia and Austria the Emperor was given a nearly free hand to re-impose Catholicism. Results of the Wars Casualties and disease So great was the devastation brought about by the war that estimates put the reduction of population in the German states at about 25% to 40%. Some regions were affected much more than others. For example, Württemberg lost three-quarters of its population during the war. In the territory of Brandenburg, the losses had amounted to half, while in some areas an estimated two-thirds of the population died. The male population of the German states was reduced by almost half. The population of the Czech lands declined by a third due to war, disease, famine and the expulsion of Protestant Czechs. Much of the destruction of civilian lives and property was caused by the cruelty and greed of mercenary soldiers, many of whom were rich commanders and poor soldiers. Villages were especially easy prey to the marauding armies. Those that survived, like the small village of Drais near Mainz, would take almost a hundred years to recover. The Swedish armies alone may have destroyed up to 2,000 castles, 18,000 villages and 1,500 towns in Germany, one-third of all German towns. The war caused serious dislocations to both the economies and populations of central Europe, but may have done no more than seriously exacerbate changes that had begun earlier. Beggar, probably war veteran circa 1622, by Jacques Callot Pestilence of several kinds raged among combatants and civilians in Germany and surrounding lands from 1618 to 1648. Many features of the war spread disease. These included troop movements, the influx of soldiers from foreign countries, and the shifting locations of battle fronts. In addition, the displacement of civilian populations and the overcrowding of refugees into cities led to both disease and famine. Information about numerous epidemics is generally found in local chronicles, such as parish registers and tax records, that are often incomplete and may be exaggerated. The chronicles do show that epidemic disease was not a condition exclusive to war time, but was present in many parts of Germany for several decades prior to 1618. However, when the Danish and Imperial armies met in Saxony and Thuringia during 1625 and 1626, disease and infection in local communities increased. Local chronicles repeatedly referred to "head disease", "Hungarian disease", and a "spotted" disease identified as typhus. After the Mantuan War, between France and the Habsburgs in Italy, the northern half of the Italian peninsula was in the throes of a bubonic plague epidemic. During the unsuccessful siege of Nuremberg, in 1632, civilians and soldiers in both the Swedish and Imperial armies succumbed to typhus and scurvy. Two years later, as the Imperial army pursued the defeated Swedes into southwest Germany, deaths from epidemics were high along the Rhine River. Bubonic plague continued to be a factor in the war. Beginning in 1634, Dresden, Munich, and smaller German communities such as Oberammergau recorded large numbers of plague casualties. In the last decades of the war, both typhus and dysentery had become endemic in Germany. We view the Thirty Years Wars as the defining Wars in the Albinos efforts to remove Blacks from Europe and end Black Hegemony in Europe. That because by this time, the Americas provided a place to send civilian survivors and prisoners of war. But there were many other wars in Europe which directly, or indirectly, furthered the Albino cause of Black eradication.[/b][/QUOTE]List of Medieval to classical period European wars: [QUOTE][b] 1066 Norman Conquest 1096 - 1291 Crusades 1096 - 1099 First Crusade 1101 Crusade of 1101 1147 - 1149 Second Crusade 1187 - 1191 Third Crusade 1202 - 1204 Fourth Crusade 1209 - 1229 Albigensian Crusade 1212 Children's Crusade (Often believed to be just a story) 1217 - 1221 Fifth Crusade 1228 Sixth Crusade 1248 - 1254 Seventh Crusade 1270 Eighth Crusade 1271 - 1291 Ninth Crusade 1293 - 1323 War between Sweden and Novgorod ended up with Treaty of Nöteborg 1296 - 1328 First War of Scottish Independence 1332 - 1333 Second War of Scottish Independence 1337 - 1453 Hundred Years' War 1341 - 1364 Breton War of Succession 1420 - 1436 Hussite Wars 1454 - 1466 Thirteen Years' War. Between Poland and Teutonic Knights, which finally broke the power of the latter. 1455 - 1485 Wars of the Roses 1474 - 1477 War between the Duchy of Burgundy and the Swiss Confederation 1478 - War between the Principality of Moscow and the Republic of Novgorod. The latter was conquered. 1494 - 1559 Italian Wars 1494 - 1498 Charles VIII's Italian War 1499 - 1500 Louis XII's war with Milan 1500 - 1502 Franco-Spanish Conquest of Naples 1502 - 1505 Franco-Spanish War over Naples 1508 - 1510 War of the League of Cambrai 1510 - 1513 War of the Holy League 1511 - 1514 Anglo-French War 1513 Anglo-Scottish War (Battle of Flodden) 1515 - 1516 Francis I's first Italian war 1521 - 1525 First war of Francis and Charles V 1521-1525 Anglo-French War 1526 - 1529 War of the League of Cognac 1536 - 1538 Third War of Francis and Charles 1542 - 1544 Last War of Francis and Charles 1542 - 1546 Anglo-French War 1542 - 1550 Anglo-Scottish War 1549 - 1550 Anglo-French War 1552 - 1559 Last Italian War 1557 - 1559 Anglo-French War 1495 - 1497 Russo-Swedish War 1499 - 1503 Turkish-Venetian War1509 - 1513 Ottoman Civil War 1514 - 1516 Ottoman-Safavid War 1515 - 1523 Rebellion of the Frisians 1516 - 1517 Ottoman-Mamluk War 1521 - 1523 The Swedish War of Liberation 1521 - 1523 Uprising of the Comuneros in Castile 1521 - 1526 Ottoman-Hungarian War 1522 Ottoman Conquest of Rhodes 1522 The Knights' War in Germany 1524 - 1525 The Peasants' War in Germany 1526 - 1528 Hungarian Civil War 1526 - 1555 Ottoman-Safavid War 1528 - 1533 Ottoman-Habsburg War in Hungary 1531 Swiss Civil War between Zürich and the Catholic cantons 1532 - 1546 Ottoman-Habsburg War in the Mediterranean 1533 - 1536 The Counts' War in Denmark 1537 - 1544 Renewed Ottoman-Habsburg War in Hungary 1546 - 1547 Schmalkaldic War 1551 - 1562 Ottoman-Habsburg War in Hungary 1551 - 1581 Ottoman-Habsburg War in the Mediterranean (Battle of Lepanto (1571)) 1552 - 1555 Charles V's war with Maurice of Saxony 1554 - 1557 Great Russian War 1557 - 1571 Livonian War 1559 - 1560 Scottish Rebellion against the French 1562 - 1598 Wars of Religion in France, also called War of the Three Henries or Huguenot Wars 1562 - 1563 First War of Religion 1567 - 1568 Second War of Religion 1568 - 1570 Third War of Religion 1572 - 1573 Fourth War of Religion 1575 - 1576 Fifth War of Religion 1576 - 1577 Sixth War of Religion 1580 Seventh War of Religion (Lovers' War) 1585 - 1598 Eighth War of Religion 1589 - 1598 Franco-Spanish War 1562 - 1568 Ottoman-Habsburg War in Hungary 1563 - 1570 Northern Seven Years' War also known as Dano-Swedish War 1566 (or 1568) - 1648 Eighty Years' War (war of Dutch independence) 1566(or 1568) - 1609 First Phase 1621 - 1648 Second Phase 1567 - 1573 Scottish Civil War 1568 - 1571 Morisco Revolt in Spain 1570 - 1595 Twenty-five Years' War between Sweden and Russia 1577 - 1582 Livonian War (Poland vs. Russia) 1577 - 1590 Turkish-Persian War 1580 - 1583 Portuguese Civil War 1585 - 1604 Anglo-Spanish War (Spanish Armada, 1588) 1590 - 1606 "Long War" between the Empire and the Turks 1594 - 1603 Tyrone Rebellion in Ireland 1596 - 1597 The Cudgel War in Finland 1600 - 1611 Polish-Swedish War 1602 - 1612 Turkish-Persian War 1609 - 1618 Russo-Polish War 1610 - 1617 Ingrian War between Sweden and Russia 1611 - 1613 War of Kalmar between Sweden and Denmark 1613 - 1617 Russo-Swedish War 1614 - 1621 Polish-Turkish War 1616 - 1618 Turkish-Persian War 1617 - 1629 Polish-Swedish War 1618 - 1648 Thirty Years' War across Europe, ends with the Peace of Westphalia. 1618 - 1625 Bohemian/Palatine Phase 1618 - 1629 Austro-Transylvanian War 1625 - 1629 Danish Phase 1625 - 1630 Anglo-Spanish War 1626 - 1630 Anglo-French War 1627 - 1631 War of the Mantuan Succession 1630 - 1635 Swedish Phase 1635 - 1648 French Phase 1635 - 1659 Franco-Spanish War (ending with the Treaty of the Pyrenees) 1645 Renewed Austro-Transylvanian War 1623 - 1638 Turkish-Persian War 1625 - 1629 Huguenot Uprising in France 1632 - 1634 Russo-Polish War 1634 Polish-Swedish War 1637 Pequot War 1639 - 1652 English Civil War 1639 First Bishops' War 1640 Second Bishops' War 1641 - 1650 Irish War 1642 - 1646 First Civil War 1648 Second Civil War 1650 - 1652 Scottish Uprising 1640 - 1656 Catalan Revolt 1640 - 1668 Portuguese War of Independence 1645 - 1670 Turkish-Venetian War 1648 - 1653 The Fronde 1648 - 1649 First Fronde 1650 - 1653 Second Fronde 1648 - 1660 The Deluge/Northern Wars, A series of wars involving Poland, Sweden, Brandenburg, Russia and Transylvania and Denmark 1648 - 1654 Cossack Revolt against Poland 1654 - 1656 Russo-Polish War 1655 - 1656 Swedish-Brandenburg War 1655 - 1660 Polish-Swedish War 1656 - 1658 Russo-Swedish War 1656 - 1660 Danish-Swedish War 1657 - 1660 Dutch-Swedish War 1658 - 1667 Russo-Polish War 1652 - 1654 First Anglo-Dutch War 1656 - 1659 Anglo-Spanish War 1657 - 1662 Turkish-Transylvanian War 1662 - 1664 Austro-Turkish War 1665 - 1667 Second Anglo-Dutch War preceded by the capture of New Amsterdam, renamed New York City 1667 - 1668 War of Devolution 1671 - 1676 Polish-Turkish War 1672 - 1678 Dutch War 1672 - 1674 Third Anglo-Dutch War 1672 - 1679 War between Brandenburg and Sweden 1675 - 1679 Scanian War between Sweden and Denmark 1675 - 1676 King Philip's War 1678 - 1681 Russo-Turkish War 1682 - 1699 War of the Holy League (Austria, Venice, and Poland vs. Ottomans 1685 Monmouth's Rebellion 1688 - 1697 War of the Grand Alliance 1689 - 1691 Irish Jacobite Uprising 1695 - 1700 Russo-Turkish War 1700 - 1721 Great Northern War between a coalition of Denmark/Norway, Russia and Saxony/Poland on one side and Sweden on the other side 1710 - 1711 Russo-Turkish War, 1710-11, a part of the Great Northern War 1715 - 1717 Polish revolt against King Augustus II 1701 - 1714 War of Spanish Succession 1702 - 1713 Queen Anne's War The North American part of the War of Spanish Succession 1703 - 1711 Hungarian Revolt 1714 - 1718 Turko-Venetian War 1715 - 1716 Jacobite Rebellion also known as "The Fifteen" 1716 - 1718 Austro-Turkish War 1718 - 1720 War of the Quadruple Alliance 1722 - 1723 Russo-Persian War 1722-1723 1722 - 1727 Turco-Persian War 1727 - 1729 largely bloodless Spanish war with England and France 1730 - 1736 Turco-Persian War 1733 - 1738 War of the Polish Succession 1736 - 1739 Russo-Turkish War 1737 - 1739 Austro-Turkish War 1740 - 1748 War of the Austrian Succession 1739 - 1748 War of Jenkins' Ear 1740 - 1742 1st Silesian War 1741 - 1743 Hats' Russian War between Sweden and Russia 1744 - 1748 King George's War The North American part of the War of Austrian Succession 1744 - 1745 2nd Silesian War 1744 - 1748 First Carnatic War 1745 - 1746 "The Forty-five" 1743 - 1747 Turco-Persian War 1749 - 1754 Second Carnatic War 1756 - 1763 Seven Years' War, known as the French and Indian War in the United States, and also 3rd Silesian War 1761 - 1763 Spanish-Portuguese War 1763 - 1766 Pontiac's Rebellion 1768 - 1774 Russo-Turkish War 1768 - 1776 War of the Confederation of Bar in Poland 1773 - 1774 Pugachev's Rebellion 1774 - 1783 First Anglo-Maratha War 1775 - 1783 American Revolutionary War 1778 - 1783 Anglo-French War 1779 - 1783 Anglo-Spanish War 1780 - 1784 Anglo-Dutch War 1777 - 1779 War of the Bavarian Succession 1785 - 1787 Dutch Civil War 1787 - 1791 Austro-Turkish War 1787 - 1792 Russo-Turkish War 1788 - 1790 Gustav III's Russian War also known as Russo-Swedish War 1791 - 1804 Haiti Revolutionary War 1792 War in defence of the constitution in Poland 1792 - 1802 French Revolutionary Wars 1792 - 1797 War of the First Coalition 1792 - 1795 Franco-Prussian War 1792 - 1797 Franco-Austrian War 1793 - 1795 Franco-Spanish War 1793 - 1795 Franco-Dutch War 1793 - 1802 Franco-British War 1798 - 1801 War of the Second Coalition 1798 - 1799 Franco-Russian War 1799 - 1801 Franco-Austrian War 1798 - 1801 Quasi War 1794 Kosciuszko Uprising in Poland 1795 - 1798 United Irishmen Revolt [/b][/QUOTE]^^^^I really really don't understand the hostility that I'm receiving here, WHEN I HAVE MAINSTREAM SOURCES SAYING THAT EVENTS LIKE THE LITTLE ICE AGE CONTRIBUTED, AND MAY HAVE EVEN BEEN A PRIMARY FACTOR IN CREATING EUROPEAN MEDIEVAL WARS LIKE THE THIRTY YEARS WAR, AND VARIOUS OTHER TO MANY MEDIEVAL AND CLASSICAL PERIOD RELIGIOUS WARS IN EUROPE! [b] Is it a coincidence that many, MANY AND MOST OF THESE WARS ABOVE TOOK PLACE WITHIN THE TIME FRAME AND CHRONOLOGICAL TIME PERIOD AND BORDER TIMELINE OF THE LITTLE ICE AGE PERIOD AND WHEN IT WAS ENVELOPING EUROPE? I THINK NOT![/b] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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