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Europe's little known mini-ice age in history
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Mindovermatter: [QB] More sources corroborating and simply supporting my claims and positions in this thread: http://buentgen.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Buentgen_etal.2016_NatureGS.pdf [QUOTE] [b]Cooling and societal change during the Late Antique Little Ice Age from 536 to around 660 AD.. Climatic changes during the first half of the Common Era have been suggested to play a role in societal reorganizations in Europe, and Asia. In particular, the sixth century coincides with rising and falling civilizations ,pandemics, human, migration and political turmoil. Our understanding of the magnitude and spatial extent as well as the possible causes and concurrences of climate change during this period is, however, still limited. Here we use tree-ring chronologies from the Russian Altai and European Alps to reconstruct summer temperatures over the past two millennia. We find an unprecedented, long-lasting and spatially synchronized cooling following a cluster of large volcanic eruptions in 536, 540 and 547 AD (ref. 14), which was probably sustained by ocean and sea-ice feed backs, as well as a solar minimum. We thus identify the interval from 536 to about 660 AD as the Late Antique Little Ice Age. Spanning most of the Northern Hemisphere, we suggest that this cold phase be considered as an additional environmental factor contributing to the establishment of the Justinian plague ,transformation of the eastern Roman Empire and collapse of the Sassanian Empire, , movements out of the Asian steppe and Arabian Peninsula, spread of Slavic-speaking peoples and political upheavals in China. Absence of precise climate reconstructions for large parts of central Asia has impeded accurate assessment of environmental factors that may have driven momentous interactions between steppe pastoralists and peripheral sedentary civilizations.[/b] At the same time, summer warmth between June and August (JJA) is known to control tree-ring formation at higher altitudes in the Altai Mountains, where continental climate supports the preservation of dead wood on the ground. Despite a long history of habitation by pastoral nomads, 60% of this region is still forested, with Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ldb.) being the dominant species. [b] Although widespread steppe environments constitute an enzootic wildlife reservoir for the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis, it remains unclear whether historical pandemics in Europe originated from natural infection foci in Asia, and what role climate might have played in their epidemic onset. Moreover, root causes for human migrations out of the central Asian steppes between the fourth and seventh centuries AD have not been unambiguously identified. Of the 20 coldest central Asian (European) summers, occurred in the sixth century after 536 AD. Thirteen out of the 20 coldest decades in the Altai (Alpine) record fall in the sixth and seventh centuries. Newly dated bipolar ice cores describe a large volcanic eruption at northern high latitudes in March 536 AD, which injected huge amounts of aerosol into the stratosphere (an estimated global forcing of −11.3 W m−2 ). Another (tropical) eruption in 540 (−19.1 W m−2) exceeded the forcing of Tambora in April 1815 (−17.2 W m−2 ), and was followed by a smaller but still substantial eruption in 547 AD. The abrupt summer cooling after this unique sequence of eruptions was probably sustained by positive feedback loops of ocean-heat content and sea-ice extension (Supplementary Information), with additional forcing probably contributed by the exceptional seventh-century. Of the 20 coldest central Asian (European) summers, 13 occurred in the sixth century after 536 AD. Thirteen out of the 20 coldest decades in the Altai (Alpine) record fall in the sixth and seventh centuries. Newly dated bipolar ice cores describe a large volcanic eruption at northern high latitudes in March 536 AD, which injected huge amounts of aerosol into the stratosphere (an estimated global forcing of −11.3 W m−2 ). Another (tropical) eruption in 540 AD exceeded the forcing of Tambora in April 1815, and was followed by a smaller but still substantial eruption in 547 AD.[/b] The abrupt summer cooling after this unique sequence of eruptions was probably sustained by positive feedback loops of ocean-heat content and sea-ice extension, with additional forcing probably contributed by the exceptional seventh-century... Solar minimum. [b]As a result, the striking cold phase from 536 to ∼660 AD is hereafter termed the Late Antique Little Ice Age. Independent evidence for this episode, which conceivably exceeded the severity of all cold events that occurred during the Little Ice Age is found in a wide range of diverse proxy archives from the Northern Hemisphere. Owing to changes in the Earth axis (a stronger inclination angle), extra-tropical summer short-wave insulation was higher than present, making the LALIA cooling even more outstanding. Superposed epoch analyses centered on the 20 largest volcanic forcing’s of the AD detect distinct post eruption depressions in both the Alpine and Altai reconstructions. Sharp and immediate summer cooling was stronger under the continental climate of central Asia in comparison with Europe where ocean-induced thermal inertia has a mitigating effect. Patterns of volcanic-driven summer cooling also differ in space and time. Although the thermal shock after the cluster of eruptions in 536, 540 and 547 AD is evident in both reconstructions, the early-nineteenth century cooling after the unnamed eruption in 1809 and Tambora in 1815 is less prominent in the Altai. Cross-spectral analysis indicates maximum coherency between the Alpine and Altai records on longer timescales, which might be explained by a Eurasian-wide wave-train-like teleconnection. The generally warmer conditions prevailing in the first centuries AD until ∼300 AD, from ∼800–1200 AD, and again in the twentieth century were interrupted by the LALIA and several cold events between ∼1300 and 1850 AD. Independent hydro climatic proxies from Europe and Asia describe dry conditions in the twelfth century, and from ∼1400–1700 AD… Although associated with uncertainty, the LALIA—during which the fraction of pastoral and agricultural land use in central Europe and the Mediterranean seems exceptionally low, probably exceeded the rate of change and magnitude of any other AD cold phase. The LALIA can therefore be considered as an additional environmental driver of crop failure, famine and plague, as well as a possible trigger for political, societal and economic turmoil. Outbreak of the Justinian plague between 541 and 543 AD across the Later Roman Empire, as well as its subsequent pandemic development, followed widespread food shortages right after the onset of the LALIA. Spreading apparently from Asia, this persisting disease killed many millions of people and possibly contributed to the reduction of the eastern Roman Empire. At the same time, shorter growing seasons and subsequent nutritional deficiencies in people and livestock probably initiated large-scale pastoral movements towards China.[/b] Although the [b]political situation in Mongolia during the sixth century is not fully understood, it is presumed that conflicts among nomadic groups and regimes in northern China culminated in the replacement of the Rouran as the dominant steppe power by the Türks in 551 AD. This suggests that there were major upheavals taking place in central Asia as early as the 550s, which gradually embroiled much of the central Eurasian steppe region, continuing into the 560s and 580s. The Avars arrived north of the Black Sea ∼550 AD, entered into diplomatic relations but also military conflict with the Romans, and ultimately settled in modern Hungary. Renewed turmoil in central Asia reached the peripheral sedentary empires in the 620s. The Türk ruler Illig Qaghan raided and invaded north China in the 620s, but after 626 experienced internal wars and Tang counterattacks, leading to the defeat and collapse of the eastern Türk Empire in 630 AD. The western Türk’s, expanding across central Asia, apparently reached the frontiers of empires east of the Black Sea where, in 625, Emperor Heraclius established diplomatic contacts with Türk’s from the East. This alliance prompted the Türk’s attacks on Persia through the Caspian Gates that probably played an important role in Heraclius’s strategic victory over the Persians. In a period partly overlapping with the LALIA, the Proto-Slavic dialects spread from a yet unknown homeland across most of continental Europe. Archaeological evidence of Slavic populations in the sixth and seventh centuries suggests that they originated in the greater Carpathian region, but the motivation for their expansion remains unclear. Westward-moving steppe people such as the Avars, as well as opportunities for trading or developing unexploited border regions abandoned by the Roman administration, have been suggested as impetus for the movement of Slavic-speaking people. The Avars’ arrival in Pannonia may also have reinforced the political opportunity seized by the departing Lombards who went on to invade Italy in 568 AD. Insofar as cooling affected the Arabian Peninsula, the expected precipitation surplus together with reduced evapotranspiration during parts of the LALIA could have boosted scrub vegetation as fodder over arid areas, and thus indirectly contributed to the rise of the Islamic Empire. Larger camel herds may have facilitated transportation of the Arab armies and their supplies during the substantial conquests in the seventh century, during which the reconstructed fraction of human land use seems relatively high in the Arabian Peninsula. Although any hypothesis of a causal nexus between the volcanic-induced sixth-century unprecedented thermal shock and subsequent plague outbreaks, rising and falling empires, human migrations, and political upheaval requires caution, our newly obtained knowledge of the multidimensional impact of the LALIA fits in well with the main transformative events that occurred in Eurasia during that time.[/b] In light of a still inadequate understanding of the various push–[b]pull factors that may have been involved in long-distance population movements, and of the role they have played in human history, our ability to bring into historical analyses what we do know about past climatological and ecological consequences is particularly relevant. To overcome reductionist approaches, the use of palaeoclimatic evidence in historical arguments has to be combined with multifactor analyses and nondeterministic explanations. Case-by-case assessment will further increase our perception of the environmental conditions under which historical events occurred.[/b][/QUOTE]and: [URL=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcf4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT53&lpg=PT53&dq=Huns+climate+change&source=bl&ots=iv6SArRrJd&sig=iF0fTRfRJQIVjhja7-l-WnREM_Y&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiamY7frKTOAhXHQBoKHUnyDxYQ6AEIZTAJ#v=onepage&q=climate&f=false]https://books.google.com/books?id=mcf4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT53&lpg=PT53&dq=Huns+climate+change&source=bl&ots=iv6SArRrJd&sig=iF0fTRfRJQIVjhja7-l-WnREM_Y&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiamY7frKTOAhXH QBoKHUnyDxYQ6AEIZTAJ#v=onepage&q=climate&f=false[/URL] [QUOTE][b] More recently it has been proposed that the Huns started moving West out of the Altai in the fourth century AD, not because of renewed military pressure from the east (for instance from the Rouran), but because of radical deterioration in the Altai region in that century…the drastic change in climate in the fourth century may have had an impact on the sudden thrust of the Huns remaining in the Altai region in a South-westerly direction into Central Asia. As La Vaissiere shows in his excellent analysis of the Chinese sources on the Chinese sources on the early migration of the White Huns, the Huns from the Altai suddenly moved south in the 350’s AD. The invasion of these Huns rapidly swallowed up what was left of the Kangju state, and put immense pressure on the eastern borders of the Sassanian and Kushan remnants in Southern Central Asia. [/b][/QUOTE][URL=https://books.google.com/books?id=U22IAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=Huns+climate+change&source=bl&ots=AEmwNtb9x5&sig=PNWZZh-N0PQtS7s9mAO1JCXD-E0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiWwNDer6TOAhWIKcAKHTQfDrk4ChDoAQgqMAM#v=onepage&q=Huns%20climate%20change&f=true]https://books.google.com/books?id=U22IAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=Huns+climate+change&source=bl&ots=AEmwNtb9x5&sig=PNWZZh-N0PQtS7s9mAO1JCXD-E0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiWwNDer6TOAhWI KcAKHTQfDrk4ChDoAQgqMAM#v=onepage&q=Huns%20climate%20change&f=true[/URL] [QUOTE][b] Even so, it is permissible to infer that the Huns themselves were considerably more numerous than the presumed forebears who had turned westwards from the Tien Shan three centuries before. For most of a largely balmy fourth century, they will have grazed extensive steppe lands cast of the Volga with rainfall averages then between 300 and 600 mm per year. One can imagine the numbers of animals and people rising steadily, only to stand the more exposed to a secular reversion to worse aridity and cold after 370, say. No doubt too, Malthusian pressure would have been aggravated in this situation, as in so many similar, by ecological degradation caused by overgrazing against a background of droughtiness. The natural impact reinforced the human and vice versa. Some consideration is given in Chapter 10, as to whether the sequence of Hunnish depredations in the late fourth century to early fifth lends itself to interpretation in terms of our modern knowledge of drought cycles in the South Russian/Ukrainian sectors. But the sharp decline of the Huns in Europe after Atilla’s death, left other tribal groupings more freedom of action. Among them were the denizens of the Gothic heartland defined, from the first-century AD, by the wielbark culture in Pomerania and the Vistula basin. In the interim, their population had continually risen as the low-intensity agriculture they practiced on land with poor natural drainage benefited from the generally diminished rainfall. Come the fifth century, Gothic social and political organization was well developed. No doubt, too, the reversion to wetter conditions noted above will have precipitated an agrarian crisis in the old heartland just defined. Henceforth expansion from it, in more or less all directions. A key to the balance of advantage on the Mongolian front will have been the perennial fluctuations of the gobi desert. Even a small encroachment of the sands could make the nomads desperate to attack, though a deeper one might have left them too weak to do so. The grassy plains of Manchuria were a wider nomad basin.[/b][/QUOTE] http://www.medievalists.net/2014/02/03/did-a-megadrought-force-the-huns-to-invade-europe/ [QUOTE] [b]DID A MEGADROUGHT FORCE THE HUNS TO INVADE EUROPE? BY THE LATE-FOURTH CENTURY THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE EXPERIENCED AN INVASION BY NOMADIC PEOPLES FROM ASIA – THE HUNS. THIS INVASION WOULD INTENSIFY IN THE YEARS 447 TO 453 UNDER THE HUN LEADER ATTILA. THIS WOULD BE THE START OF SEVERAL INVASIONS INTO EUROPE FROM THE EAST DURING THE MIDDLE AGES, ENDING WITH THE MONGOL EMPIRE.[/b] [IMG]http://i.blogs.es/902f4b/sea_surface_temperature_-_november_2007/450_1000.jpg[/IMG] [b]While the arrival of the Mongols in Eastern Europe is better known, historians have few clues to why the Huns and Avars migrated from Central Asia. A recent article by Edward R. Cook, a climate research specialist at Columbia University, offers some new insights. In his article, ‘Megadroughts, ENSO, and the Invasion of Late-Roman Europe by the Huns and Avars’, Cook analyzes records related to the El-Nino Southern Oscillation – A PERIODIC EPISODE WHEN WARMER WATERS OFF THE WEST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA CAUSE SIGNIFICANT CLIMATE CHANGE ACROSS THE PACIFIC REGION. RESEARCHERS HAVE BEEN ABLE TO TRACK THE EFFECTS OF THE EL-NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION SYSTEM GOING BACK OVER TWO THOUSAND YEARS BY EXAMINING TREE RING PATTERNS FROM BOTH NEW MEXICO AND NEW ZEALAND.[/b] Using data from these records and a couple of surviving ancient tree ring specimens from North-Central China, [b]COOK SUGGESTS THAT THREE MEGA DROUGHTS STRUCK CENTRAL ASIA BETWEEN 360 AND 550, THE FIRST OF WHICH WAS THE WORST DROUGHT IN THE HISTORY OF THE REGION IN THE LAST 2000 YEARS. COOK NOTES THAT THE EL-NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION CAUSES A WEATHER EFFECT KNOWN AS THE LA NIÑA, WHICH IN MODERN TIMES DISRUPTS RAINFALL IN CENTRAL ASIA DURING PERIOD OF MARCH TO JUNE. COOK WRITES, “ITS CONCEIVABLE THAT THIS PERIOD OF INTENSE ARIDITY SPURRED THE NOMADIC HUNS TO SEEK BETTER LIVING CONDITIONS WESTWARD OF THEIR HOME TERRITORY TO AS FAR AS THE EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE, WITH INVASION AND CONQUEST A NATURAL PART OF THIS MIGRATORY PROCESS.” THE FIRST AND WORST MEGA DROUGHT TOOK PLACE AROUND 360 AD, FOLLOWED BY A SECOND DECLINE STARTING IN THE 430S, REACHING ITS DRIEST PERIOD AROUND 480.”INTERESTINGLY,” COOKS ADDS, “THE FOURTH AND FIFTH CENTURY MEGA DROUGHTS ARE ALSO SEPARATED BY ABOUT 50 YEARS OF MOSTLY ABOVE AVERAGE WETNESS. THIS ‘PLUVIAL’ PERIOD IS LIKELY TO HAVE PRODUCED BETTER LIVING CONDITIONS FOR THE HUNS IN THEIR CENTRAL ASIAN HOMELANDS, THUS ALLOWING THEM TO BUILD UP THEIR CAPACITY FOR THE INVASION OF LATE-ROMAN EASTERN EUROPE.”[/b] The article also [b]NOTES THAT ANOTHER MEGA DROUGHTS OCCURRED AROUND 550 AD, WHEN ANOTHER NOMADIC GROUP KNOWN AS THE AVARS MADE THEIR WAY INTO EASTERN EUROPE. COOK EXPLAINS, “WHILE NOT AS EXTREME AS THE TWO PREVIOUS MEGA DROUGHTS, THIS PERIOD OF DRYNESS MAY AGAIN HAVE INCITED THE NOMADIC AVARS TO MIGRATE WESTWARD IN SEARCH OF BETTER CONDITIONS AND PLUNDERED WEALTH.” The article ‘Megadroughts, ENSO, and the Invasion of Late-Roman Europe by the Huns and Avars’, appears in The Ancient Mediterranean Environment between Science and History, edited by W.V. Harris, and published by Brill. This collection of eleven essays that climate and environmental change in the Roman World and Early Middle Ages.[/b][/QUOTE]and lastly: HTTP://WWW.DANDEBAT.DK/ENG-DAN4.HTM The ancient Migrations were caused by climate change: [QUOTE] [b]Refugees from the Plains in Europe and China[/b] It is so with the central parts of the world's continents, that they gradually become still more dry and desert-like. Thousands of years ago, there were lakes and rivers on locations in the Sahara dessert, where no one can survive today. Rock Paintings show pictures of deer and humans. Each year, the desert is expanding to the south and north. [b]Central Asia was greener in the distant past, than it is today. Ruins of the lost cities in the current Chinese province of Xin Jiang can to day be found far out in the Taklamakan desert, where not a blade of green grass can be eyed for miles. This climatic deterioration may have progressed mainly gradually, but also sometimes more dramatically. Some years have brought drought disasters, which may have forced exposed people to leave their ancient land.[/b] On the African continent the Bantus migrated from their original homeland, around roughly the northern Cameroon, as the desert expanded. They populated most of Africa. [b]On the Eurasian plains many of the Indo-European peoples chose to go for a future elsewhere on the continent, as the climate deteriorated. One by one they arrived in Europe or China. About 100 AC a people landed on the shores of the eastern coast of the Danish island of Funen. They were beaten in battle, probably by the local Heruls, and their equipment and weapons were sacrificed to the victor's gods by being immersed in the holy lake, Vimose. It must have been such an Indo-European people from the heart of Eurasia, who had chosen to seek their fortune elsewhere. Nobody knows the name of the defeated people; they may never have been registered in the history. After the defeat, the survivors possibly continued to Norway, here are made findings, which resemble those from Vimose. Among their equipment was a small comb using a cross with antique hooks, a symbol of Central Asia, a very old symbol, possibly a symbol of the sun. The ancient swastika still has a Buddhist significance in Asia, it symbolizes the eternal alternation between death and reborn. The picture shows a similar comb from Nydam. In the Taklamakan Desert of the modern Chinese province Xin Jiang swastika motifs also have been found, that are assumed to be of Indo-European origin.[/b] [IMG]http://www.dandebat.dk/images/477p.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]http://www.dandebat.dk/images/478p.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]http://www.dandebat.dk/images/217p.jpg[/IMG] [i]Left: Comb from the Nydam Boat 200 - 400 AC with carved swastika. Mid: The - Budha found in the Oseberg Ship in Norway 200 - 400 AC. Right: Svastika motif found in the Taklamakan desert in Central Asia.[/i] [b]About 300 to 450 AC the climatic situation on Great Plains of Eurasia for one reason or another may had become particularly bad. The plains must have become almost uninhabitable. Refugees streamed across the border into the North China and into the Roman Empire in Europe. A people named Sava in the present southern Afghanistan and Iran went to India. HH Lamb writes in his "Climate History and the Modern World": [i] "Through the centuries, in Roman times from about 150 BC to 300 AC or a few decades later, camel caravans traveled along the great Silk Road through Asia to trade in luxury goods from China. But from the fourth century AC, as we know from the changes in water levels in the Caspian Sea and studies of irregularities in rivers, lakes and abandoned cities in Sinkiang and Central Asia, drought developed to such an extent that it stopped the traffic on that route. Other serious stages of this drought occurred between 300 AC and 800 AC, and especially around these dates as it can be seen from the old coastlines and ancient port structures near the big lakes, which indicates a very low water levels in the Caspian Sea around these times."(Page 159)[/i] Just About 300 AC China had problems with refugees from the plains. "The five Hu" people from the north, Xiong Nu, Xianbei, Di, Qiang and Jie, sought refuge in the Middle Empire behind the Great Wall. The mandarins ordered them to return to their homelands, they answered back with force and created their own migration states. This began the period in Chinese history known as "The Sixteen States". (About 300 AC to 400 AC)[/b] [IMG]http://www.dandebat.dk/images/480p.jpg[/IMG] [i]Xiong Nu - the Huns - attack China.[/i] [b]In the same way as the migration peoples of Europe admired the Roman Empire and the Emperor, so admired the newly arrived peoples in China the Emperor and the Chinese culture. They named their new states after famous dynasties from the past, the Kingdom of Han, the Kingdom of Qin, the Kingdom of Xia and so on. The newcomers quickly learned Chinese culture and language. Their noble and royal families married into Chinese families. It is noted in the history that in the year of 317 AC millions of northern Chinese migrated to South China, allegedly because of the invasion from the plains. A new Jin Dynasty was proclaimed in Nanjing. Entire clans of northern Chinese fled to the south, along with 60 to 70 percent of the nobility. Complete daoist monasteries moved to the south with all the monks and religious leaders. In Europe the Ostro-Goths and the Visi-Goths left their old land on the Eurasian plains and aimed for a new land and a new life in Western Europe. The Vandals began the migration time by crossing the frozen river Rhine on New Year's Eve 406 AC. Parts of the Xiong Nu people chose to find their way from Asia along the Silk Road to Europe. In Europe they were called by their real name, as they called themselves, "the Huns". Also the Indo-Europeans peoples left their old land on the Eurasian plains and sought a new future in the west. They were among other names called "Alans" and "White Huns". Also some Indo-European peoples sought refuge and survival to the East, in China. H. H. Lamb skriver i sin "Climate History and the Modern World", page 150: [i]"These extreme winters are usually, as the progress in the disastrous wet years in the 580's (AC) in Europe, considered as isolated events, so therefore there is not considered development any significantly colder climatic regime at any time during the millennium, we look at. Recent studies in the Alps, especially by Ruthlisberger and Schneebeli from Geographical Institute at Zurich University and in Norway and northern Sweden by Vibjørn Karlen, suggest that this view needs revision. Carbon 14 analysis of the end moraines of the ancient glaciers in the bottom of the valley of Val de Bagneres in southwestern Switzerland, reveal the locations that were reached by the glaciers, as they came down from the heights before and after 600-700 AC and perhaps again as late as 850 AC, as it is recorded as the well-known "Little Ice Age" period between 1550 and 1850 AC.[/i][/b] [IMG]https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-CY5JCgrWE9A/Vy-oLaioC9I/AAAAAAAAGtU/0e8Ryl_Wb64nrZyoYlAgoPfhgWqBFbQHACLcB/s640/798p.jpg[/IMG] [i]Density of growth rings in larch trees at Zermat in the Alps - from Climate History and the Modern World by H. H. Lamb.[/i] [b]These glaciers cut clearly an ancient Roman route across the mountains from Italy, which passes down through this valley. Further, studies of growth rings on larch trees that grew near the upper tree line near Zermatt indicate, what appears to be a gradual building up heat in the century of 300 (AC) followed by a fairly sharp variation between 400 and 415 AC and a significant cold period thereafter. Therefore, if this dating is dependable, the Roman administration was facing further difficulties in addition to the growing threat from the barbaric migrations at the time, when the Western empire collapsed." The very fact that the Vandals crossed the frozen Rhine in 406 AC, suggests that it has been a very cold period. I do not recall, that the Rhine has been frozen in recent years. Perhaps the problem on the Plains was as in Mongolia and Siberia in the winter of 2001, large amounts of snow, and freezing temperatures down to minus 40 or more. It was too cold for the cattle, which died in large numbers. The Asian ancestors of the modern Danes were also such an Indo-European people among many, who in the beginning of the first millennium chose to seek new land in Europe. Our ancient poem, "Ragnarok", says: "Tell about Ragnarok - about that great news are to bring up. The first is, that the Fimbul Winter is coming. Then the snow will be drifting from all sides. There will be a lot of frost and biting winds. The sun does not work. There will be three such winters after each other without summers in between." It sounds, as if our ancestors had experience of that such thing can happen. The Indo-Europeans were not driven away from the Great Plains by new and tougher peoples. The Mongols, the Turks, the Kirgiz' and the Manchus first showed up from the big Sirbirian freezer more than hundred years after the beginning of the time of the big migrations. At that time the climate there again had eased, and the Eurasian plains were green, empty and inviting. When the Turkish peoples took possession of the practically un inhabitated plains in the years of 500-600 AC, they were met with very little resistance, and therefore they could populate the plains in a very short span of years.[/b] Ellsworth Huntington (1876 - 1947) was professor in geography in the American Yale University. He took part in several expedition to Central Asia and Palestine. His main work is the book "The Pulse of Asia", where he wrote: [b]"The relapse of Europe in the Dark Ages - was apparently due to a rapid change of climate in Asia and probably all over the world, - a change which caused vast areas which were habitable at the time of Christ to become uninhabitable a few centuries later. The barbarian inhabitants were forced to migrate, and their migrations were the dominant factor in the history of the known world for centuries. We in present time shall do well to ascertain whether we are facing the problems, which the Romans did. - The data, which I obtained in Central Asia - confirm the surmise of the historians. There is a strong reason to believe that during the last two thousand years there has been a widespread and pronounced tendency toward aridity.[/b] [IMG]http://www.dandebat.dk/images/675p.jpg[/IMG] [i]Result of ice-core drilling from the Greenland ice cap - Camp Century.[/i] [b]In dryer regions the extent of land available for pasturage and cultivation has been seriously curtailed; and the habitability of the country has decreased. - After a period of rapidly decreasing rainfall and rising temperature during the early centuries of the Christian era, there is evidence of a slight reversal, and of a tendency toward more abundant rainfall and lower temperature during the Middle Ages. In relatively dry regions increasing aridity is a dire calamity, giving rise to famine and distress. These in turn are causes of wars and migrations, which engender the fall of dynasties and empires, the rise of new nations, and the growth of new civilizations." Ellsworth Huntington measured growth-rings on the big old trees in the U.S. national parks to find evidence for his theory of cyclical climate changes as key drivers of history.[/b] [IMG]http://www.dandebat.dk/images/674p.jpg[/IMG] [i]Graph showing temperature in the Sargasso Sea as function of time.[/i] Unfortunately, his results were not convincing related to the Migration Age and the Germanic peoples invasion of the Roman Empire around 400 AC. However Greenland ice-core drillings seem to show a temperature minimum in the fifth century. [b]Also the temperature in the Sargasso Sea was very low in the years 400 to 500 AC. A group of scientists has concluded that the surface temperature of the Farewell Lake, in Alaska during the Roman Warm Period (0-300 AC) was as high as today, but that it nevertheless fell steadily by a total of 3.5 degrees and reached a minimum in 600 AC. Geologists from the University of Wisconsin have analyzed a stalactite from the Soreq Cave near Jerusalem and concluded that the climate was drier in the Eastern Mediterranean area between 100 AC and 700 AC, with marked decreases in rainfall around 100 AC and 400 AC. But whatever the scientific climate data for the time of the migrations, then it cannot be that whole peoples break up with wives, children, domestic animals and all their belongings from their ancient land, without having very compelling reasons to do so. Logically, it must have been a matter of life or death, otherwise sane people do not do such thing.[/b][/QUOTE]Once more I am being vindicated of my position and claims in this thread, of which I am being attacked and flamed at for; BY ACTUAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH! Who knew and thought, that CLIMATE CHANGE, would facilitate and create the declines and decimation and troubles of many great civilizations and empires; like that of Ancient China, Persia, and the Greco-Roman cultures. Who knew that CLIMATE CHANGE AND CLIMATIC SHIFTS, would create and cause great migrations and movements of peoples, which would demographically undermine, and change, many regions and civilizations, from Europe to Persia to China? Such that that the core appearances and phenotype's and cultures and identities and peoples would entirely change of entire empires/civilizations, in regions like Europe to the Middle East to Eastern Asia, as a result of destructive and hostile climatic shift events like the Little Ice age of antiquity? Climate change, and climate change shift events like the Little Ice Age of Antiquity, to the later actual little ice age, would cause the collapse and outright elimination and corrosion and destruction of the original peoples that would create and construct and run the Greco-Roman civilizations and empires; such that Eurasian steppe barbarian peoples would later displace them, replace them, mix them out, and assume the mantles and rulership of the Greco-Roman civilization they overwhelmed and mass invaded, as a result of Climate change decimating the Roman empire and civilization, but also causing great Eurasian steppe barbarian invasions of it as a result of Climate change destroying and ruining their original Eurasian steppe habitats. Climate change and disastrous climatic weather shift events like both the Little Ice of antiquity and the Little Ice age, are things that characterize a big elephant in the room. That is that, these events and episodes in the past, explains these sudden important and great turmoil-esque periods in history of great change and upheaval's in regions of the world like Europe. Such as the great peoples migration of the Eurasian white peoples throughout Europe and how they took down and took over advanced powerful empires and civilizations like the Roman empire, and the mass invasions and expansions and migrations of many other barbarian peoples and the creation of their own empires (Goths, Arabs, Slavs, Mongols etc) as a result of said climate change weather pattern taking place, like the two events I mentioned. By ignoring this big elephant in the room, and attacking me for bringing it up; you are simply making yourselves look like extreme ignorant arrogant idiots, especially because it's so obvious that it is a huge and important factor and affect-or of the course of how history played out in the European region. But also because so many, SO MANY, credible and mainstream researchers and scientists, and scholars are simply coming out to state, support, agree, and publish articles that simply corroborate and repeat exactly my position and claims that are being made in this thread! [/QB][/QUOTE]
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